Effects of physical activity interventions on cognitive outcomes and academic performance in adolescents and young adults: A meta-analysis

References

• Aguirre-Loaiza, H., Arenas, J., Arias, I., Franco-Jímenez, A., Barbosa-Granados, S., Ramos-Bermúdez, S., Ayala-Zuluaga, F., Núñez, C., & García-Mas, A. (2019). Effect of acute physical exercise on executive functions and emotional recognition: Analysis of moderate to high intensity in young adults. Frontiers in Psychology, 10(2774). https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2019.02774
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Akatsuka, K., Yamashiro, K., Nakazawa, S., Mitsuzono, R., & Maruyama, A. (2015). Acute aerobic exercise influences the inhibitory process in the go/no-go task in humans. Neuroscience Letters, 600, 80–84. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neulet.2015.06.004
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Álvarez-Bueno, C., Pesce, C., Cavero-Redondo, I., Sánchez-López, M., Garrido-Miguel, M., & Martínez-Vizcaíno, V. (2017). Academic achievement and physical activity: A meta-analysis. Pediatrics, 140(6), e20171498. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2017-1498
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Álvarez-Bueno, C., Pesce, C., Cavero-Redondo, I., Sánchez-López, M., Martínez-Hortelano, J. A., & Martínez-Vizcaíno, V. (2017). The effect of physical activity interventions on children’s cognition and metacognition: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 56(9), 729–738. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaac.2017.06.012
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• American College of Sports Medicine. (2013). ACSM’s certification review. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.
   Google Scholar
• Angevaren, M., Vanhees, L., Wendel-Vos, W., Verhaar, H. J. J., Aufdemkampe, G., Aleman, A., & Verschuren, W. M. M. (2007). Intensity, but not duration, of physical activities is related to cognitive function. European Journal of Cardiovascular Prevention & Rehabilitation, 14(6), 825–830. https://doi.org/10.1097/HJR.0b013e3282ef995b
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ardoy, D. N., Fernández‐Rodríguez, J. M., Jiménez‐Pavón, D., Castillo, R., Ruiz, J. R., & Ortega, F. B. (2014). A physical education trial improves adolescents’ cognitive performance and academic achievement: The EDUFIT study. Scandinavian Journal of Medicine & Science in Sports, 24(1), 1. https://doi.org/10.1111/sms.12093
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bacil, E. D. A., Júnior, O. M., Rech, C., Legnani, R. F. D. S., & de Campos, W. (2015). R., dos Santos Legnani, R. F., & de Campos, W. Physical activity and biological maturation: A systematic review. Revista Paulista De Pediatria (English Edition), 33(1), 114–121. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2359-3482(15)30037-3
   Google Scholar
• Basso, J. C., Shang, A., Elman, M., Karmouta, R., & Suzuki, W. A. (2015). Acute exercise improves prefrontal cortex but not hippocampal function in healthy adults. Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society, 21(10), 791–801. https://doi.org/10.1017/S135561771500106X
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Benzing, V., Heinks, T., Eggenberger, N., Schmidt, M., & Verdejo-García, A. (2016). Acute cognitively engaging exergame-based physical activity enhances executive functions in adolescents. PloS One, 11(12), e0167501. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0167501
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Best, J. R. (2010). Effects of physical activity on children’s executive function: Contributions of experimental research on aerobic exercise. Developmental Review, 30(4), 331–351. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dr.2010.08.001
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bland, M. (2013). Do baseline p-values follow a uniform distribution in randomised trials? PloS One, 8(10), e76010. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0076010
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Borenstein, M., Hedges, L. V., Higgins, J. P., & Rothstein, H. R. (2011). Introduction to meta-analysis. John Wiley & Sons.
   Google Scholar
• Brown, D. R., & Blanton, C. J. (2002). Physical activity, sports participation, and suicidal behavior among college students. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 34(7), 1087–1096. https://doi.org/10.1097/00005768-200207000-00006
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Browne, R. A. V., Costa, E. C., Sales, M. M., Fonteles, A. I., & Moraes, F. (2016). Acute effect of vigorous aerobic exercise on the inhibitory control in adolescents. Revista Paulista De Pediatria, 34(2), 154–161. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rpped.2015.08.004
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Budde, H., Voelcker-Rehage, C., Pietrassyk-Kendziorra, S., Machado, S., Ribeiro, P., & Arafat, A. M. (2010). Steroid hormones in the saliva of adolescents after different exercise intensities and their influence on working memory in a school setting. Psychoneuroendocrinology, 35(3), 382–391. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psyneuen.2009.07.015
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Budde, H., Voelcker-Rehage, C., Pietrassyk-Kendziorra, S., Ribeiro, P., & Tidow, G. (2008). Acute coordinative exercise improves attentional performance in adolescents. Neuroscience Letters, 441(2), 219–223. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neulet.2008.06.024
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Butzer, B., van Over, M., Noggle Taylor, J. J., & Khalsa, S. B. S. (2015). Yoga may mitigate decreases in high school grades. Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine, 2015 (259814), 1–8. https://doi.org/10.1155/2015/259814
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chang, Y., & Etnier, J. L. (2009). Exploring the dose-response relationship between resistance exercise intensity and cognitive function. Journal of Sport & Exercise Psychology, 31(5), 640–656. https://doi.org/10.1123/jsep.31.5.640
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chang, Y., Huang, C., Chen, K., & Hung, T. (2013). Physical activity and working memory in healthy older adults: An ERP study. Psychophysiology, 50(11), 1174–1182. https://doi.org/10.1111/psyp.12089
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chang, Y., Tsai, C., Hung, T., So, E. C., Chen, F., & Etnier, J. L. (2011). Effects of acute exercise on executive function: A study with a tower of london task. Journal of Sport & Exercise Psychology, 33(6), 847–865. https://doi.org/10.1123/jsep.33.6.847
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cluskey, M., & Grobe, D. (2009). College weight gain and behavior transitions: Male and female differences. Journal of the American Dietetic Association, 109(2), 325–329. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jada.2008.10.045
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Cohen, J. (1988). Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences (2nd ed.) Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Hillsdale NJ.
   Google Scholar
• Coles, K., & Tomporowski, P. D. (2008). Effects of acute exercise on executive processing, short-term and long-term memory. Journal of Sports Sciences, 26(3), 333–344. https://doi.org/10.1080/02640410701591417
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cooper, S. B., Bandelow, S., Nute, M. L., Dring, K. J., Stannard, R. L., Morris, J. G., & Nevill, M. E. (2016). Sprint-based exercise and cognitive function in adolescents. Preventive Medicine Reports, 4, 155–161. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pmedr.2016.06.004
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Cooper, S. B., Bandelow, S., Nute, M. L., Morris, J. G., & Nevill, M. E. (2012). The effects of a mid-morning bout of exercise on adolescents’ cognitive function. Mental Health and Physical Activity, 5(2), 183–190. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mhpa.2012.10.002
   Google Scholar
• Corder, K., Winpenny, E., Love, R., Brown, H. E., White, M., & van Sluijs, E. (2017). Change in physical activity from adolescence to early adulthood: A systematic review and meta-analysis of longitudinal cohort studies. British Journal of Sports Medicine, 53(8), 496-503.http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bjsports-2016-097330.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Costigan, S. A., Eather, N., Plotnikoff, R. C., Hillman, C. H., & Lubans, D. R. (2016). High-Intensity Interval Training for Cognitive and Mental Health in Adolescents. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, 48(10), 1985–1993. https://doi.org/10.1249/MSS.0000000000000993
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• De Greeff, J. W., Bosker, R. J., Oosterlaan, J., Visscher, C., & Hartman, E. (2018). Effects of physical activity on executive functions, attention and academic performance in preadolescent children: A meta-analysis. Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport, 21(5), 501–507. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsams.2017.09.595
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Diamond, A. (2013). Executive functions. Annual Review of Psychology, 64(1), 135–168. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-psych-113011-143750
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Diamond, A., & Lee, K. (2011). Interventions shown to aid executive function development in children 4 to 12 years old. Science, 333(6045), 959–964. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1204529
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Du Rietz, E., Barker, A. R., Michelini, G., Rommel, A.-S., Vainieri, I., Asherson, P., & Kuntsi, J. (2019). Beneficial effects of acute high-intensity exercise on electrophysiological indices of attention processes in young adult men. Behavioural Brain Research, 359, 474–484. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbr.2018.11.024
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Duarte, L., Gonçalves, M., Mendes, P., Matos, L. C., Greten, H. J., & Machado, J. (2020). Can Qigong improve attention in adolescents? A prospective randomised controlled trial. Journal of Bodywork and Movement Therapies, 24(1), 175–181. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbmt.2019.05.005
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Esteban-Cornejo, I., Tejero-Gonzalez, C. M., Sallis, J. F., & Veiga, O. L. (2015). Physical activity and cognition in adolescents: A systematic review. Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport, 18(5), 534–539. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsams.2014.07.007
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ÉW, G., Mullally, S., Foley, C., Warmington, S. A., O’Mara, S. M., & Kelly, Á. M. (2011). Aerobic exercise improves hippocampal function and increases BDNF in the serum of young adult males. Physiology & Behavior, 104(5), 934–941. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.physbeh.2011.06.005
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fedewa, A. L., & Ahn, S. (2011). The effects of physical activity and physical fitness on children’s achievement and cognitive outcomes. Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport, 82(3), 521–535. https://doi.org/10.1080/02701367.2011.10599785
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gomez-Pinilla, F., & Hillman, C. (2013). The influence of exercise on cognitive abilities. Comprehensive Physiology, 3(1), 403–428. https://doi.org/10.1002/cphy.c110063
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Griffin É.W., Mullally S., Foley C., Warmington S.A., O'Mara S.M., Kelly Á.M. (2011). Aerobic exercise improves hippocampal function and increases BDNF in the serum of young adult males. Physiology & Behavior 104(5), 934–941. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.physbeh.2011.06.005
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Guzmán, J. F., & López-García, J. (2016). Acute effects of exercise and active video games on adults’ reaction time and perceived exertion. European Journal of Sport Science, 16(8), 1197–1203. https://doi.org/10.1080/17461391.2016.1186744
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Haapala, E. (2012). Physical activity, academic performance and cognition in children and adolescents. A systematic review. Baltic Journal of Health and Physical Activity, 4(1), 53. https://doi.org/10.2478/v10131-012-0007-y
   Google Scholar
• Hagins, M., & Rundle, A. (2016). Yoga improves academic performance in urban high school students compared to physical education: A randomized controlled trial. Mind, Brain, and Education, 10(2), 105–116. https://doi.org/10.1111/mbe.12107
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hardy, L. L., Bass, S. L., & Booth, M. L. (2007). Changes in sedentary behavior among adolescent girls: A 2.5-year prospective cohort study. Journal of Adolescent Health, 40(2), 158–165. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jadohealth.2006.09.009
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Haynos, A. F., & O’Donohue, W. T. (2012). Universal childhood and adolescent obesity prevention programs: Review and critical analysis. Clinical Psychology Review, 32(5), 383–399. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpr.2011.09.006
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Heisz, J. J., Clark, I. B., Bonin, K., Paolucci, E. M., Michalski, B., Becker, S., & Fahnestock, M. (2017). The effects of physical exercise and cognitive training on memory and neurotrophic factors. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 29(11), 1895–1907. https://doi.org/10.1162/jocn_a_01164
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Higgins, J. P., Altman, D. G., Gøtzsche, P. C., Juni, P., Moher, D., Oxman, A. D., Savovic, J., Schulz, K. F., Weeks, L., & Sterne, J. A. C. (2011). The Cochrane Collaboration’s tool for assessing risk of bias in randomised trials. BMJ, 343(oct18 2), d5928. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.d5928
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hillman, C. H., Erickson, K. I., & Kramer, A. F. (2008). Be smart, exercise your heart: Exercise effects on brain and cognition. Nature Reviews. Neuroscience, 9(1), 58. https://doi.org/10.1038/nrn2298
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hillman, C. H., Khan, N. A., & Kao, S. (2015). The relationship of health behaviors to childhood cognition and brain health. Annals of Nutrition & Metabolism, 66(Suppl. 3), 1–4. https://doi.org/10.1159/000381237
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Horn, D. B., O’Neill, J. R., Pfeiffer, K. A., Dowda, M., & Pate, R. R. (2008). Predictors of physical activity in the transition after high school among young women. Journal of Physical Activity & Health, 5(2), 275–285. https://doi.org/10.1123/jpah.5.2.275
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hwang, J., Brothers, R. M., Castelli, D. M., Glowacki, E. M., Chen, Y. T., Salinas, M. M., Kim, J., Jung, Y., & Calvert, H. G. (2016). Acute high-intensity exercise-induced cognitive enhancement and brain-derived neurotrophic factor in young, healthy adults. Neuroscience Letters, 630, 247–253. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neulet.2016.07.033
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hwang, J., & Lu, A. S. (2018). Narrative and active video game in separate and additive effects of physical activity and cognitive function among young adults. Scientific Reports, 8(1), 11020. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-018-29274-0
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jaffery, A., Edwards, M. K., & Loprinzi, P. D. (2018). The effects of acute exercise on cognitive function: Solomon experimental design. The Journal of Primary Prevention, 39(1), 37–46. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10935-017-0498-z
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Janssen, I., & LeBlanc, A. G. (2010). Systematic review of the health benefits of physical activity and fitness in school-aged children and youth. International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity, 7(1), 40. https://doi.org/10.1186/1479-5868-7-40
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jeon, Y. K., & Ha, C. H. (2017). The effect of exercise intensity on brain derived neurotrophic factor and memory in adolescents. Environmental Health and Preventive Medicine, 22(1), 27. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12199-017-0643-6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Johann, V. E., Stenger, K., Kersten, S., & Karbach, J. (2016). Effects of motor-cognitive coordination training and cardiovascular training on motor coordination and cognitive functions. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 24, 118–127. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychsport.2016.01.008
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kashihara, K., Maruyama, T., Murota, M., & Nakahara, Y. (2009). Positive effects of acute and moderate physical exercise on cognitive function. Journal of Physiological Anthropology, 28(4), 155–164. https://doi.org/10.2114/jpa2.28.155
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kauts, A., & Sharma, N. (2009). Effect of yoga on academic performance in relation to stress. International Journal of Yoga, 2(1), 39. https://doi.org/10.4103/0973-6131.53860
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kimm, S. Y., Glynn, N. W., Kriska, A. M., FITZGERALD, S. L., AARON, D. J., SIMILO, S. L., McMAHON, R. P., & BARTON, B. A. (2000). Longitudinal changes in physical activity in a biracial cohort during adolescence. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, 32(8), 1445–1454. https://doi.org/10.1097/00005768-200008000-00013
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lambourne, K. (2012). The effects of acute exercise on temporal generalization. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 65(3), 526–540. https://doi.org/10.1080/17470218.2011.605959
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lambourne, K., Audiffren, M., & Tomporowski, P. D. (2010). Effects of acute exercise on sensory and executive processing tasks. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, 42(7), 1396–1402. https://doi.org/10.1249/MSS.0b013e3181cbee11
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lebel, C., Walker, L., Leemans, A., Phillips, L., & Beaulieu, C. (2008). Microstructural maturation of the human brain from childhood to adulthood. Neuroimage, 40(3), 1044–1055. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroimage.2007.12.053
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lees, C., & Hopkins, J. (2013). Peer reviewed: Effect of aerobic exercise on cognition, academic achievement, and psychosocial function in children: A systematic review of randomized control trials. Preventing Chronic Disease, 10, E174. https://doi.org/10.5888/pcd10.130010
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lennemann, L. M., Sidrow, K. M., Johnson, E. M., Harrison, C. R., Vojta, C. N., & Walker, T. B. (2013). The influence of agility training on physiological and cognitive performance. The Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research, 27(12), 3300–3309. https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0b013e31828ddf06
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lenroot, R. K., & Giedd, J. N. (2006). Brain development in children and adolescents: Insights from anatomical magnetic resonance imaging. Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews, 30(6), 718–729. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neubiorev.2006.06.001
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li, J., & Siegrist, J. (2012). Physical activity and risk of cardiovascular disease—a meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 9(2), 391–407. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph9020391
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li, J. W., O’Connor, H., O’Dwyer, N., & Orr, R. (2017). The effect of acute and chronic exercise on cognitive function and academic performance in adolescents: A systematic review. Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport, 20(9), 841–848. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsams.2016.11.025
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ludyga, S., Gerber, M., Brand, S., Holsboer‐Trachsler, E., & Pühse, U. (2016). Acute effects of moderate aerobic exercise on specific aspects of executive function in different age and fitness groups: A meta‐analysis. Psychophysiology, 53(11), 1611–1626. https://doi.org/10.1111/psyp.12736
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ludyga, S., Gerber, M., Herrmann, C., Brand, S., & Pühse, U. (2018). Chronic effects of exercise implemented during school-break time on neurophysiological indices of inhibitory control in adolescents. Trends in Neuroscience and Education, 10, 1–7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tine.2017.11.001
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ludyga, S., Gerber, M., Kamijo, K., Brand, S., & Pühse, U. (2018). The effects of a school-based exercise program on neurophysiological indices of working memory operations in adolescents. Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport, 21(8), 833–838. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsams.2018.01.001
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ludyga, S., Köchli, S., Pühse, U., Gerber, M., & Hanssen, H. (2019). Effects of a school-based physical activity program on retinal microcirculation and cognitive function in adolescents. Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport, 22(6), 672–676. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsams.2018.11.029
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ludyga, S., Pühse, U., Lucchi, S., Marti, J., & Gerber, M. (2019). (2019). Immediate and sustained effects of intermittent exercise on inhibitory control and task-related heart rate variability in adolescents. Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport, 22(1), 96–100. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsams.2018.05.027
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Malina, R. M., Bouchard, C., & Bar-Or, O. (2004). Growth, maturation and physical activity (2nd ed.). Human Kinetics.
   Google Scholar
• Matthews, M. J., Yusuf, M., Doyle, C., & Thompson, C. (2016). Quadrupedal movement training improves markers of cognition and joint repositioning. Human Movement Science, 47, 70–80. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.humov.2016.02.002
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mezcua-Hidalgo, A., Ruiz-Ariza, A., Suárez-Manzano, S., & Martínez-López, E. J. (2019). 48-hour effects of monitored cooperative high-intensity interval training on adolescent cognitive functioning. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 126(2), 202–222. https://doi.org/10.1177/0031512518825197
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moher, D., Liberati, A., Tetzlaff, J., & DG, A., & Prisma Group. (2009). Preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses: The PRISMA statement. PLoS Medicine, 6(7), e1000097. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.1000097
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moore, R. D., Romine, M. W., O’connor, P. J., & Tomporowski, P. D. (2012). The influence of exercise-induced fatigue on cognitive function. Journal of Sports Sciences, 30(9), 841–850. https://doi.org/10.1080/02640414.2012.675083
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Murray, N. P., & Russoniello, C. (2012). Acute physical activity on cognitive function: A heart rate variability examination. Applied Psychophysiology and Biofeedback, 37(4), 219–227. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10484-012-9196-z
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Northey, J. M., Cherbuin, N., Pumpa, K. L., Smee, D. J., & Rattray, B. (2017). Exercise interventions for cognitive function in adults older than 50: A systematic review with meta-analysis. British Journal of Sports Medicine, 52(3), 154–160. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bjsports-2016-096587.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Palmiere, S., Wade, M., DeBlois, J. P., Lefferts, W. K., & Heffernan, K. S. (2018). Aortic stiffness, central pulse pressure and cognitive function following acute resistance exercise. European Journal of Applied Physiology, 118(10), 2203–2211. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00421-018-3948-2
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Peruyero, F., Zapata, J., Pastor, D., & Cervelló, E. (2017). The acute effects of exercise intensity on inhibitory cognitive control in adolescents. Frontiers in Psychology, 8, 921. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2017.00921
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Piercy, K. L., Troiano, R. P., Ballard, R. M., Carlson, S. A., Fulton, J. E., Galuska, D. A., George, S. M., & Olson, R. D. (2018). The physical activity guidelines for Americans. JAMA, 320(19), 2020–2028. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2018.14854
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pinto-Escalona, T., & Martínez-de-Quel, Ó. (2019). Ten Minutes of Interdisciplinary Physical Activity Improve Academic Performance. Apunts: Educació Física I Esports, 138, 82–94.https://doi.org/10.5672/apunts.2014-0983.es.(2019/4).138.07
   Google Scholar
• Pontifex, M. B., Hillman, C. H., Fernhall, B. O., Thompson, K. M., & Valentini, T. A. (2009). The effect of acute aerobic and resistance exercise on working memory. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 41(4), 927–934. https://doi.org/10.1249/MSS.0b013e3181907d69
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Prashanth, P. (2020). Effect of cardiovascular fitness on cognitive functions among male medical students of South Kerala. National Journal of Physiology, Pharmacy and Pharmacology, 10(1), 37–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.5455/njppp.2020.10.1034006112019
   Google Scholar
• Purohit, S. P., & Pradhan, B. (2017). Effect of yoga program on executive functions of adolescents dwelling in an orphan home: A randomized controlled study. Journal of Traditional and Complementary Medicine, 7(1), 99–105. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtcme.2016.03.001
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Rathore, A., & Lom, B. (2017). The effects of chronic and acute physical activity on working memory performance in healthy participants: A systematic review with meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Systematic Reviews, 6(1), 124. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13643-017-0514-7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rindfuss, R. R. (1991). The young adult years: Diversity, structural change, and fertility. Demography, 28(4), 493–512. https://doi.org/10.2307/2061419
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ross, N., Yau, P. L., & Convit, A. (2015). Obesity, fitness, and brain integrity in adolescence. Appetite, 93, 44–50. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.appet.2015.03.033
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schwarck, S., Schmicker, M., Dordevic, M., Rehfeld, K., Müller, N., & Müller, P. (2019). Inter-individual differences in cognitive response to a single bout of physical exercise—A randomized controlled cross-over study. Journal of Clinical Medicine, 8(8), 1101. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm8081101
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sharma, V. K., Subramanian, S. K., Arunachalam, V., Radhakrishnan, K., Ramamurthy, S., & Ravindran, B. S. (2015). Auditory and visual reaction times in school going adolescents: Effect of structured and unstructured physical training–a randomized control trial. International Journal of Adolescent Medicine and Health, 29(4), 1–9. https://doi.org/10.1515/ijamh-2015-0060
   Google Scholar
• Sipavičienė, S., Dumčienė, A., Ramanauskienė, I., & Skurvydas, A. (2012). Effect of single physical load of different duration and intensity on cognitive function. Medicina, 48(4), 31. https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina48040031
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sjöwall, D., Thorell, L. B., Mandic, M., & Westerståhl, M. (2019). No effects of a long-term physical activity intervention on executive functioning among adolescents. SAGE Open Medicine, 7, 2050312119880734. https://doi.org/10.1177/2050312119880734
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sperlich, B., De Clerck, I., Zinner, C., Holmberg, H., & Wallmann-Sperlich, B. (2018). Prolonged sitting interrupted by 6-min of high-intensity exercise: Circulatory, metabolic, hormonal, thermal, cognitive, and perceptual responses. Frontiers in Physiology, 9, 1279. https://doi.org/10.3389/fphys.2018.01279
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Spitzer, U. S., & Hollmann, W. (2013). Experimental observations of the effects of physical exercise on attention, academic and prosocial performance in school settings. Trends in Neuroscience and Education, 2(1), 1–6. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tine.2013.03.002
   Google Scholar
• Spruit, A., Assink, M., van Vugt, E., van der Put, C., & Stams, G. J. (2016). The effects of physical activity interventions on psychosocial outcomes in adolescents: A meta-analytic review. Clinical Psychology Review, 45, 56–71. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpr.2016.03.006
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stanford, K. I., & Goodyear, L. J. (2014). Exercise and type 2 diabetes: Molecular mechanisms regulating glucose uptake in skeletal muscle. Advances in Physiology Education, 38(4), 308–314. https://doi.org/10.1152/advan.00080.2014
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stroth, S., Hille, K., Spitzer, M., & Reinhardt, R. (2009). Aerobic endurance exercise benefits memory and affect in young adults. Neuropsychological Rehabilitation, 19(2), 223–243. https://doi.org/10.1080/09602010802091183
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stroth, S., Reinhardt, R. K., Thöne, J., Hille, K., Schneider, M., Härtel, S., Weidemann, W., Bös, K., & Spitzer, M. (2010). Impact of aerobic exercise training on cognitive functions and affect associated to the COMT polymorphism in young adults. Neurobiology of Learning and Memory, 94(3), 364–372. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nlm.2010.08.003
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Subramanian, S. K., Sharma, V. K., Arunachalam, V., Radhakrishnan, K., & Ramamurthy, S. (2015). Effect of structured and unstructured physical activity training on cognitive functions in adolescents–a randomized control trial. Journal of Clinical and Diagnostic Research: JCDR, 9(11), CC04. https://doi.org/10.7860/JCDR/2015/13028.5790
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Takahashi, S., Grove, P. M., & Kotozaki, Y. (2019). Comparison of the effects of running and badminton on executive function: A within-subjects design. PloS One, 14(9), e0216842. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0216842
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tamnes, C. K., Herting, M. M., Goddings, A., Meuwese R., Blakemore S., Dahl R.E., Güroğlu B., Raznahan A., Sowell E.R., Crone E.A., Mills K.L. (2017). Development of the cerebral cortex across adolescence: A multisample study of interrelated longitudinal changes in cortical volume, surface area and thickness. Journal of Neuroscience, 37(12) 3302–3316. https://doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.3302-16.2017
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tarp, J., Domazet, S. L., Froberg, K., Hillman, C. H., Andersen, L. B., & Bugge, A. (2016). Effectiveness of a school-based physical activity intervention on cognitive performance in danish adolescents: Lcomotion—learning, cognition and motion–a cluster randomized controlled trial. PLoS One, 11(6), e0158087. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0158087
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tine, M. (2014). Acute aerobic exercise: An intervention for the selective visual attention and reading comprehension of low-income adolescents. Frontiers in Psychology, 5, 575. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2014.00575
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tine, M. T., & Butler, A. G. (2012). Acute aerobic exercise impacts selective attention: An exceptional boost in lower-income children. Educational Psychology, 32(7), 821–834. https://doi.org/10.1080/01443410.2012.723612
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tomporowski, P. D. (2003). Effects of acute bouts of exercise on cognition. Acta Psychologica, 112(3), 297–324. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0001-6918(02)00134-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tomporowski, P. D., McCullick, B., Pendleton, D. M., & Pesce, C. (2015). Exercise and children’s cognition: The role of exercise characteristics and a place for metacognition. Journal of Sport and Health Science, 4(1), 47–55. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jshs.2014.09.003
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Torbeyns, T., de Geus, B., Bailey, S., Decroix, L., Van Cutsem, J., De Pauw, K., & Meeusen, R. (2017). Bike desks in the classroom: Energy expenditure, physical health, cognitive performance, brain functioning, and academic performance. Journal of Physical Activity & Health, 14(6), 429–439. https://doi.org/10.1123/jpah.2016-0224
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tsai, C., Chen, F., Pan, C., Wang, C., Huang, T., & Chen, T. (2014). Impact of acute aerobic exercise and cardiorespiratory fitness on visuospatial attention performance and serum BDNF levels. Psychoneuroendocrinology, 41, 121–131. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psyneuen.2013.12.014
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tsai, C., Pan, C., Chen, F., Wang, C., & Chou, F. (2016). Effects of acute aerobic exercise on a task‐switching protocol and brain‐derived neurotrophic factor concentrations in young adults with different levels of cardiorespiratory fitness. Experimental Physiology, 101(7), 836–850. https://doi.org/10.1113/EP085682
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tsorbatzoudis, H., Barkoukis, V., Danis, A., & Grouios, G. (1998). Physical exertion in simple reaction time and continuous attention of sport participants. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 86(2), 571–576. https://doi.org/10.2466/pms.1998.86.2.571
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tsukamoto, H., Suga, T., Takenaka, S., Takeuchi, T., Tanaka, D., Hamaoka, T., Hashimoto, T., & Isaka, T. (2017). An acute bout of localized resistance exercise can rapidly improve inhibitory control. PloS One, 12(9), e0184075. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0184075
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Van den Berg, V., Saliasi, E., Jolles, J., de Groot, R. H., Chinapaw, M. J., & Singh, A. S. (2018). Exercise of varying durations: No acute effects on cognitive performance in adolescents. Frontiers in Neuroscience, 12, 672. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnins.2018.00672
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vazou, S., Pesce, C., Lakes, K., & Smiley-Oyen, A. (2019). More than one road leads to Rome: A narrative review and meta-analysis of physical activity intervention effects on cognition in youth. International Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 17(2), 153–178. https://doi.org/10.1080/1612197X.2016.1223423
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Venckunas, T., Snieckus, A., Trinkunas, E., Baranauskiene, N., Solianik, R., Juodsnukis, A., Streckis, V., & Kamandulis, S. (2016). Interval running training improves cognitive flexibility and aerobic power of young healthy adults. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 30(8), 2114–2121. https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0000000000001322
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Verburgh, L., Knigs, M., Scherder, E. J., & Oosterlaan, J. (2013). Physical exercise and executive functions in preadolescent children, adolescents and young adults: A meta-analysis. British Journal of Sports Medicine, 48(12), 973–979. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bjsports-2012-091441.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vonk, M., Wikkerink, S., Regan, K., Middleton, L. E., & Mierau, A. (2019). Similar changes in executive function after moderate resistance training and loadless movement. PloS One, 14(2), 2. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0212122
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang, C., Shih, C., Pesce, C., Song, T., Hung, T., & Chang, Y. (2015). Failure to identify an acute exercise effect on executive function assessed by the wisconsin card sorting test. Journal of Sport and Health Science, 4(1), 64–72. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jshs.2014.10.003
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Whitford, T. J., Rennie, C. J., Grieve, S. M., Clark, C. R., Gordon, E., & Williams, L. M. (2007). Brain maturation in adolescence: Concurrent changes in neuroanatomy and neurophysiology. Human Brain Mapping, 28(3), 228–237. https://doi.org/10.1002/hbm.20273
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Whyte, E. F., Gibbons, N., Kerr, G., & Moran, K. A. (2014). The effect of a high intensity, intermittent exercise protocol on neurocognitive function in healthy adults: Implications for return to play management following sport related concussion. Journal of Sport Rehabilitation, 24(4), 1-5. https://doi.org/http://dx.doi.10.1123/jsr.2014-0201
   Google Scholar
• Woost, L., Bazin, P.-L., Taubert, M., Trampel, R., Tardif, C. L., Garthe, A., Renner, U., Stalla, G., Ott, D. V. M., Rjosk, V., Obrig, H., Villringer, A., Roggenhofer, E., Klein, T. A., & Kempermann, G. (2018). Physical exercise and spatial training: A longitudinal study of effects on cognition, growth factors, and hippocampal plasticity. Scientific Reports, 8(1), 1–13. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-018-19993-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Xue, Y., Yang, Y., & Huang, T. (2019). Effects of chronic exercise interventions on executive function among children and adolescents: A systematic review with meta-analysis. British Journal of Sports Medicine, 53(22), 1397–1404. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bjsports-2018-099825.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zheng, G., Lan, X., Li, M., Ling, K., Lin, H., Chen, L., Tao, J., Li, J., Zheng, X., Chen, B., & Fang, Q. (2015). Effectiveness of tai chi on physical and psychological health of college students: Results of a randomized controlled trial. PLoS One, 10(7), e0132605. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0132605
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhou, F., & Qin, C. (2019). Acute moderate-intensity exercise generally enhances attentional resources related to perceptual processing. Frontiers in Psychology, 10, 2547. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2019.02547
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zimmer, P., Stritt, C., Bloch, W., Schmidt, F.-P., Hübner, S. T., Binnebößel, S., Schenk, A., & Oberste, M. (2016). The effects of different aerobic exercise intensities on serum serotonin concentrations and their association with stroop task performance: A randomized controlled trial. European Journal of Applied Physiology, 116(10), 2025–2034. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00421-016-3456-1
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar