References
- Altmann, V. C., Groen, B. E., Groenen, K. H., Vanlandewijck, Y. C., Van Limbeek, J., & Keijsers, N. L. (2016). Construct validity of the trunk impairment classification system in relation to objective measures of trunk impairment. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, 97(3), 437–444. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apmr.2015.10.096
- Altmann, V. C., Groen, B. E., Hart, A. L., Vanlandewijck, Y. C., & Keijsers, N. L. W. (2018). Classifying trunk strength impairment according to the activity limitation caused in wheelchair rugby performance. Scandinavian Journal of Medicine & Science in Sports, 28(2), 649–657. https://doi.org/10.1111/sms.12921
- Atkinson, G., & Nevill, A. M. (1998). Statistical methods for assessing measurement error (reliability) in variables relevant to sports medicine. Sports Medicine, 26(4), 217–238. https://doi.org/10.2165/00007256-199826040-00002
- Barbado, D., Reina, R., Roldan, A., McCulloch, K., Campayo-Piernas, M., & Vera-Garcia, F. J. (2019). How much trunk control is affected in adults with moderate-to-severe cerebral palsy? Journal of Biomechanics, 82, 368–374. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbiomech.2018.11.009
- Bauer, C. M., Heimgartner, M., Rast, F. M., Ernst, M. J., Oetiker, S., & Kool, J. (2016). Reliability of lumbar movement dysfunction tests for chronic low back pain patients. Manual Therapy, 24, 81–84. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.math.2016.02.013
- Bauer, C. M., Rast, F. M., Ernst, M. J., Kool, J., Oetiker, S., Rissanen, S. M., Suni, J. H., & Kankaanpää, M. (2015). Concurrent validity and reliability of a novel wireless inertial measurement system to assess trunk movement. Journal of Electromyography and Kinesiology, 25(5), 782–790. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jelekin.2015.06.001
- Beckman, E. M., Connick, M. J., & Tweedy, S. M. (2017). Assessing muscle strength for the purpose of classification in Paralympic sport: A review and recommendations. Journal of Science & Medicine in Sport, 20(4), 391–396. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsams.2016.08.010
- Beckman, E. M., Newcombe, P., Vanlandewijck, Y., Connick, M. J., & Tweedy, S. M. (2014). Novel strength test battery to permit evidence-based paralympic classification. Medicine, 93(4), e31. https://doi.org/10.1097/MD.0000000000000031
- Bohannon, R. W. (2005). Manual muscle testing: Does it meet the standards of an adequate screening test? Clinical Rehabilitation, 19(6), 662–667. https://doi.org/10.1191/0269215505cr873oa
- Burkett, B., Payton, C., Van De Vliet, P., Jarvis, H., Daly, D., Mehrkuehler, C., Kilian, M., & Hogarth, L. (2018). Performance Characteristics of Para Swimmers: How Effective Is the Swimming Classification System? Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Clinics of North America, 29(2), 333–346. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pmr.2018.01.011
- Connick, M. J., Beckman, E., Vanlandewijck, Y., Malone, L. A., Blomqvist, S., & Tweedy, S. M. (2018). Cluster analysis of novel isometric strength measures produces a valid and evidence-based classification structure for wheelchair track racing. British Journal of Sports Medicine, 52(17), 1123–1129. https://doi.org/10.1136/bjsports-2017-097558
- Da Silva, R. A., Lariviere, C., Arsenault, A. B., Nadeau, S., & Plamondon, A. (2009). Effect of pelvic stabilization and hip position on trunk extensor activity during back extension exercises on a Roman chair. Journal of Rehabilitation Medicine, 41(3), 136–142. https://doi.org/10.2340/16501977-0305
- De Blaiser, C., De Ridder, R., Willems, T., Danneels, L., & Roosen, P. (2018). Reliability and validity of trunk flexor and trunk extensor strength measurements using handheld dynamometry in a healthy athletic population. Physical Therapy in Sport, 34, 180–186. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ptsp.2018.10.005
- Deuble, R. L., Connick, M. J., Beckman, E. M., Abernethy, B., & Tweedy, S. M. (2016). Using Fitts’ Law to Detect Intentional Misrepresentation. Journal of Motor Behaviour, 48(2), 164–171. https://doi.org/10.1080/00222895.2015.1058744
- Exercise and Sports Science Australia (ESSA). Adult Pre-Exercise Screening System (APSS). 2019; https://www.essa.org.au/Public/ABOUT_ESSA/Adult_Pre-Screening_Tool.aspx. Accessed 3 October 2019.
- Groen, B. E., Altmann, V. C., Verhagen, R. W., Vanlandewijck, Y. C., & Keijsers, N. L. W. (2019). Fitts’ Law is Applicable to Trunk Coordination Measurements in a Sitting Position. Journal of Motor Behaviour, 51(1), 43–48. https://doi.org/10.1080/00222895.2017.1415199
- Hogarth, L., Nicholson, V., Spathis, J., Tweedy, S., Beckman, E., Connick, M., Van De Vliet, P., Payton, C., & Burkett, B. (2019). A battery of strength tests for evidence-based classification in para swimming. Journal of Sports Sciences, 37(4), 404–413. https://doi.org/10.1080/02640414.2018.1504606
- Hogarth, L., Payton, C., Nicholson, V., Spathis, J., Tweedy, S., Connick, M., Beckman, E., Van De Vliet, P., & Burkett, B. (2019). Classifying motor coordination impairment in Para swimmers with brain injury. Journal of Science & Medicine in Sport, 22(5), 526–531. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsams.2018.11.015/
- International Paralympic Commitee. IPC athlete classification code: july 2015. https://www.paralympic.org/classification-code. Accessed 3 October 2019.
- International Paralympic Committee. World para swimming classification rules and regulations: January 2018. 2018; https://www.paralympic.org/swimming/rules. Accessed 3 October 2019.
- International Paralympic Committee. History of para swimming. 2019; https://www.paralympic.org/swimming/about. Accessed 3 October 2019.
- Keep, H., Luu, L., Berson, A., & Garland, S. J. (2016). Validity of the handheld dynamometer compared with an isokinetic dynamometer in measuring peak hip extension strength. Physiotherapy Canada, 68(1), 15–22. https://doi.org/10.3138/ptc.2014-62
- Kocjan, A., & Sarabon, N. (2014). Assessment of isometric trunk strength - the relevance of body position and relationship between planes of movement. Journal of Sports Science & Medicine, 13(2), 365–370. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3990891/
- Kudo, S., Mastuda, Y., Yanai, T., Sakurai, Y., & Ikuta, Y. (2019). Contribution of upper trunk rotation to hand forward-backward movement and propulsion in front crawl strokes. Human Movement Science, 66, 467–476. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.humov.2019.05.023
- Kudo, S., Sakurai, Y., Miwa, T., & Matsuda, Y. (2017). Relationship between shoulder roll and hand propulsion in the front crawl stroke. Journal of Sports Sciences, 35(10), 945–952. https://doi.org/10.1080/02640414.2016.1206208
- Larson, C. A., Tezak, W. D., Malley, M. S., & Thornton, W. (2010). Assessment of postural muscle strength in sitting: Reliability of measures obtained with hand-held dynamometry in individuals with spinal cord injury. Journal of Neurologic Physical Therapy, 34(1), 24–31. https://doi.org/10.1097/NPT.0b013e3181cf5c49
- Muir, S. W., Corea, C. L., & Beaupre, L. (2010). Evaluating change in clinical status: Reliability and measures of agreement for the assessment of glenohumeral range of motion. North American Journal of Sports Physical Therapy, 5(3), 98–110. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2971638/
- Newman, B. L., Pollock, C. L., & Hunt, M. A. (2012). Reliability of measurement of maximal isometric lateral trunk-flexion strength in athletes using handheld dynamometry. Journal of Sport Rehabilitation, 21(4). https://doi.org/10.1123/jsr.2012.TR6
- Nicholson, V. P., Spathis, J. G., Hogarth, L. W., Connick, M. J., Beckman, E. M., Tweedy, S. M., Payton, C. J., & Burkett, B. J. (2018). Establishing the reliability of a novel battery of range of motion tests to enable evidence-based classification in Para Swimming. Physical Therapy in Sport, 32, 34–41. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ptsp.2018.04.021
- Nordin, F., Nyberg, A., & Sandberg, C. (2020). Concurrent validity of a fixated hand-held dynamometer for measuring isometric knee extension strength in adults with congenital heart disease. European Journal of Physiotherapy, 22(4), 206–211. https://doi.org/10.1080/21679169.2019.1573920
- Oh, Y. T., Burkett, B., Osborough, C., Formosa, D., & Payton, C. (2013). London 2012 Paralympic swimming: Passive drag and the classification system. British Journal of Sports Medicine, 47(13), 838–843. https://doi.org/10.1136/bjsports-2013-092192
- Portney, L. G. (2015). Foundations of clinical research: Applications to practice (3rd ed.). FA Davis.
- Psycharakis, S. G., & Sanders, R. H. (2010). Body roll in swimming: A review. Journal of Sports Sciences, 28(3), 229–236. https://doi.org/10.1080/02640410903508847
- Roldan, A., Barbado, D., Vera-Garcia, F. J., Sarabia, J. M., & Reina, R. (2020). Inter-rater reliability, concurrent validity and sensitivity of current methods to assess trunk function in boccia players with cerebral palsy. Brain Sciences, 10(3), 130. https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci10030130
- Romero-Franco, N., Jimenez-Reyes, P., & Montano-Munuera, J. A. (2017). Validity and reliability of a low-cost digital dynamometer for measuring isometric strength of lower limb. Journal of Sports Sciences, 35(22), 2179–2184. https://doi.org/10.1080/02640414.2016.1260152
- Sabari, J. S., Maltzev, I., Lubarsky, D., Liszkay, E., & Homel, P. (1998). Goniometric assessment of shoulder range of motion: Comparison of testing in supine and sitting positions. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, 79(6), 647–651. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0003-9993(98)90038-7
- Sawilowsky, S. (2009). New effect size rules of thumb. Journal of Modern Applied Statistical Methods, 8(2), 597–599. https://doi.org/10.22237/jmasm/1257035100
- Toussaint, H. M., & Beek, P. J. (1992). Biomechanics of competitive front crawl swimming. Sports Medicine, 13(1), 8–24. https://doi.org/10.2165/00007256-199213010-00002
- Tweedy, S., Williams, G., & Bourke, J. (2010). Selecting and modifying methods of manual muscle testing for classification in paralympic sport. European Journal of Adapted Physical Activity, 3(2), 7–16. https://doi.org/10.5507/euj.2010.005
- Tweedy, S. M., Beckman, E. M., & Connick, M. J. (2014). Paralympic classification: Conceptual basis, current methods, and research update. Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, 6(8 Suppl), S11–17. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pmrj.2014.04.013
- Tweedy, S. M., & Vanlandewijck, Y. C. (2011). International Paralympic Committee position stand–background and scientific principles of classification in paralympic sport. British Journal of Sports Medicine, 45(4), 259–269. https://doi.org/10.1136/bjsm.2009.065060
- Van De Pol, J., Van Trijffel, E., & Lucas, C. (2010). R, van Trijffel E, Lucas C. Inter-rater reliability for measurement of passive physiological range of motion of upper extremity joints is better if instruments are used: A systematic review. Journal of Physiotherapy, 56(1), 7–17. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1836-9553(10)70049-7