The impact of co-acting competitors on shooting performance in elite biathletes

References

• Ahammer, A., Lackner, M., & Voigt, J. (2019). Does confidence enhance performance? Causal evidence from the field. Managerial and Decision Economics, 40(6), 704–717. https://doi.org/10.1002/mde.3038
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Allport, F. H. (1924). Social psychology. Houghton Mifflon.
   Google Scholar
• Baca, A., & Kornfeind, P. (2012). Stability analysis of motion patterns in biathlon shooting. Human Movement Science, 31(2), 295–302. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.humov.2010.05.008
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baron, R. S. (1986). Distraction-conflict theory. In L. Berkowitz (Ed.), Advances in experimental social psychology (pp. 1–39). Academic Press.
   Google Scholar
• Baumeister, R. F., Hamilton, J. C., & Tice, D. M. (1985). Public versus private expectancy of success: Confidence booster or performance pressure? Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 48(6), 1447–1457. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.48.6.1447
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Beilock, S. L., Bertenthal, B. I., Hoerger, M., & Carr, T. H. (2008). When does haste make waste? Speed-accuracy tradeoff, skill level, and the tools of the trade. Journal of Experimental Psychology. Applied, 14(4), 340–352. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0012859
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bell, P. A., & Yee, L. A. (1989). Skill level and audience effects on performance of a karate drill. The Journal of Social Psychology, 129(2), 191–200. https://doi.org/10.1080/00224545.1989.9711720
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Björklund, G., Dzhilkibaeva, N., Gallagher, C., & Laaksonen, M. S. (2021). The balancing act between skiing and shooting–the determinants of success in biathlon pursuit and mass start events. Journal of Sports Sciences, 40(1), 96–103. https://doi.org/10.1080/02640414.2021.1976493
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Blascovich, J., Mendes, W. B., Hunter, S. B., & Salomon, K. (1999). Social “facilitation” as challenge and threat. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 77(1), 68–77. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.77.1.68
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bond, C. F., & Titus, L. J. (1983). Social facilitation: A meta-analysis of 241 studies. Psychological Bulletin, 94(2), 265–292. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.94.2.265
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Butler, J. L., & Baumeister, R. F. (1998). The trouble with friendly faces: Skilled performance with a supportive audience. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 75(5), 1213–1230. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.75.5.1213
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cottrell, N. B., Wack, D. L., Sekerak, G. J., & Rittle, R. H. (1968). Social facilitation of dominant responses by the presence of an audience and the mere presence of others. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 9(3), 245–250. https://doi.org/10.1037/h0025902
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dube, S. K., & Tatz, S. J. (1991). Audience effects in tennis performance. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 73(3), 844–846. https://doi.org/10.2466/pms.1991.73.3.844
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Epting, L. K., Riggs, K. N., Knowles, J. D., Hanky, J. J., Digangi, J., Contreras, R., & Ferrari, J. R. (2011). Cheers vs. Jeers: effects of audience feedback on individual athletic performance. North American Journal of Psychology, 13(2), 175–186. https://www.researchgate.net/profile/L-Epting/publication/281766861_Cheers_vs_Jeers_Effects_of_audience_feedback_on_individual_athletic_performance/links/56b22c9208ae795dd5c7a490/Cheers-vs-Jeers-Effects-of-audience-feedback-on-individual-athletic-performance.pdf
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Forgas, J. P., Brennan, G., Howe, S., Kane, J. F., & Sweet, S. (1980). Audience effects on squash players’ performance. The Journal of Social Psychology, 111(1), 41–47. https://doi.org/10.1080/00224545.1980.9924271
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gallicchio, G., Finkenzeller, T., Sattlecker, G., Lindinger, S., & Hoedlmoser, K. (2016). Shooting under cardiovascular load: Electroencephalographic activity in preparation for biathlon shooting. International Journal of Psychophysiology, 109, 92–99. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2016.09.004
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Genakos, C., & Pagliero, M. (2012). Interim rank, risk taking, and performance in dynamic tournaments. Journal of Political Economy, 120(4), 782–813. https://doi.org/10.1086/668502
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gschwend, M., & Krumer, A. (2021). On the importance of fixed effects over a short period of time when using sports data: A lesson from home advantage in alpine skiing. European Sport Management Quarterly, 1–13. https://doi.org/10.1080/16184742.2021.1993297
   Google Scholar
• Haas, J., & Roberts, G. C. (1975). Effect of evaluative others upon learning and performance of a complex motor task. Journal of Motor Behavior, 7(2), 81–90. https://doi.org/10.1080/00222895.1975.10735017
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harb-Wu, K., & Krumer, A. (2019). Choking under pressure in front of a supportive audience: Evidence from professional biathlon. Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization, 166, 246–262. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jebo.2019.09.001
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Heinrich, A., Hansen, D. W., Stoll, O., & Cañal-Bruland, R. (2020). The impact of physiological fatigue and gaze behavior on shooting performance in expert biathletes. Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport, 23(9), 883–890. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsams.2020.02.010
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Heinrich, A., Müller, F., Stoll, O., & Cañal-Bruland, R. (2021a). Selection bias in social facilitation theory? Audience effects on elite biathletes’ performance are gender-specific. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 55, 101943. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychsport.2021.101943
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Heinrich, A., Stoll, O., & Cañal-Bruland, R. (2021b). A biopsychosocial model to guide interdisciplinary research on biathlon performance. Frontiers in Psychology, 12, 671901. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.671901
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• IBU (2020). IBU Event and Competition Rules. http://res.cloudinary.com/deltatre-spa-ibu/image/upload/nwqbkuwabvowyqvedlaw.pdf
   Google Scholar
• IBU (2021). Datacenter. https://biathlonresults.com/;
   Google Scholar
• Ihalainen, S., Laaksonen, M. S., Kuitunen, S., Leppävuori, A., Mikkola, J., Lindinger, S. J., & Linnamo, V. (2018). Technical determinants of biathlon standing shooting performance before and after race simulation. Scandinavian Journal of Medicine & Science in Sports, 28(6), 1700–1707. https://doi.org/10.1111/sms.13072
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Köykkä, M., Ihalainen, S., Linnamo, V., Ruotsalainen, K., Häkkinen, K., & Laaksonen, M. S. (2021). Aiming strategy affects performance‐related factors in biathlon standing shooting. Scandinavian Journal of Medicine & Science in Sports, 31(3), 573–585. https://doi.org/10.1111/sms.13864
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Krumer, A. (2021). Discouragement effect and alternative formats to increase suspense in professional biathlon. European Sport Management Quarterly, 1–20. https://doi.org/10.1080/16184742.2020.1868547
   Google Scholar
• Laaksonen, M. S., Andersson, E., Kårström, M. J., Lindblom, H., & McGawley, K. (2020). Laboratory-based factors predicting skiing performance in female and male biathletes. Frontiers in Sports and Active Living, 2, 99. https://doi.org/10.3389/fspor.2020.00099
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Laaksonen, M. S., Finkenzeller, T., Holmberg, H. C., & Sattlecker, G. (2018). The influence of physiobiomechanical parameters, technical aspects of shooting, and psychophysiological factors on biathlon performance: A review. Journal of Sport and Health Science, 7(4), 394–404. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jshs.2018.09.003
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lindner, F. (2017). Choking under pressure of top performers: Evidence from biathlon competitions. Working Papers in Economics and Statistics, 24, 1–27. https://www.econstor.eu/bitstream/10419/184975/1/1009215396.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Luchsinger, H., Kocbach, J., Ettema, G., & Sandbakk, Ø. (2018). Comparison of the effects of performance level and sex on sprint performance in the biathlon world cup. International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance, 13(3), 360–366. https://doi.org/10.1123/ijspp.2017-0112
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Luchsinger, H., Kocbach, J., Ettema, G., & Sandbakk, Ø. (2019). The contribution from cross-country skiing and shooting variables on performance-level and sex differences in biathlon world cup individual races. International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance, 14(2), 190–195. https://doi.org/10.1123/ijspp.2018-0134
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Luchsinger, H., Sandbakk, Ø., Schubert, M., Ettema, G., & Baumeister, J. (2016). A comparison of frontal theta activity during shooting among biathletes and cross-country skiers before and after vigorous exercise. PLOS ONE, 11, e0150461. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0150461
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maier, T., Meister, D., Trösch, S., & Wehrlin, J. P. (2018). Predicting biathlon shooting performance using machine learning. Journal of Sports Sciences, 36(20), 2333–2339. https://doi.org/10.1080/02640414.2018.1455261
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Martens, R. (1969). Effect of an audience on learning and performance of a complex motor skill. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 12(3), 252–260. https://doi.org/10.1037/h0027710
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nieuwenhuys, A., & Oudejans, R. R. (2010). Effects of anxiety on handgun shooting behavior of police officers: A pilot study. Anxiety, Stress, and Coping, 23(2), 225–233. https://doi.org/10.1080/10615800902977494
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• R Core Team (2022). The R Project for Statistical Computing. https://www.r-project.org/;
   Google Scholar
• Rundell, K. W., & Bacharach, D. W. (1995). Physiological characteristics and performance of top US biathletes. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 27(9), 1302–1310. https://doi.org/10.1249/00005768-199509000-00010
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sadowska, D., Krzepota, J., & Klusiewicz, A. (2019). Postural balance and rifle stability in a standing shooting position after specific physical effort in biathletes. Journal of Sports Sciences, 37(16), 1892–1898. https://doi.org/10.1080/02640414.2019.1603136
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sattlecker, G., Buchecker, M., Müller, E., & Lindinger, S. J. (2014). Postural balance and rifle stability during standing shooting on an indoor gun range without physical stress in different groups of biathletes. International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching, 9(1), 171–184. https://doi.org/10.1260/1747-9541.9.1.171
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stoeggl, T., Bishop, P., Höök, M., Willis, S., & Holmberg, H. C. (2015). Effect of carrying a rifle on physiology and biomechanical responses in biathletes. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 47(3), 617–624. https://doi.org/10.1249/MSS.0000000000000438
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Strauss, B. (2002). Social facilitation in motor tasks: A review of research and theory. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 3(3), 237–256. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1469-0292(01)00019-X
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Triplett, N. (1898). The dynamogenic factors in pacemaking and competition. American Journal of Psychology, 9(4), 507–533. https://doi.org/10.2307/1412188
   Google Scholar
• Vickers, J. N., & Williams, A. M. (2007). Performing under pressure: The effects of physiological arousal, cognitive anxiety, and gaze control in biathlon. Journal of Motor Behavior, 39(5), 381–394. https://doi.org/10.3200/JMBR.39.5.381-394
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wallace, H. M., Baumeister, R. F., & Vohs, K. D. (2005). Audience support and choking under pressure: A home disadvantage? Journal of Sports Sciences, 23(4), 429–438. https://doi.org/10.1080/02640410400021666
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar