82
Views
11
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Original Articles

Morphological prototypes, assessment and change in elite athletes

&
Pages 235-242 | Accepted 17 Nov 1992, Published online: 01 Feb 2008

References

  • Anderson , P. 1991 . Measurement of discrete tissue parameters using ultrasound, segment zone anthropometry and biochemical analysis validated against cadaver evidence , University of Calgary . MSc Thesis
  • Azuma , T. 1964 . Olympic Medical Archives. , Tokyo : Report of the Japanese Olympic Medical Archives Committee .
  • Carter , J.E.L. 1985 . “ Morphological factors limiting human performance ” . In Limits of Human Performance , American Academy of Physical Education Papers No. 18 Edited by: Clarke , D.H. and Eckert , H.M. 106 – 117 . Champaign, IL : Human Kinetics .
  • Carter , J.E.L. , Ross , W.D. , Aubrey , S.P. , Hebbelinck , M. and Borms , J. 1982 . “ Anthropometry of Montreal Olympic athletes ” . In Physical Structure of Olympic Athletes , Edited by: Carter , J.E.L. 25 – 51 . Basel : Karger .
  • Clarys , J.P. , Martin , A.D. and Drinkwater , D.T. 1984 . Gross tissue weights in the human body by cadaver dissection . Human Biology, , 56 : 459 – 473 .
  • Correnti , V. and Zauli , B. 1964 . Olimpionici 1960. , Roma : Marves .
  • Cureton , T.K. Jr. 1951 . Physical Fitness of Champion Athletes. , Urbana, IL : University of Illinois Press .
  • de Garay , A.L. , Levine , L. and Carter , J.E.L. 1974 . Genetic and Anthropological Studies of Olympic Athletes. , New York : Academic Press. .
  • di Prampero , P.E. , Pinero , Limas F. and Sassi , G. 1970 . Maximum muscular power, aerobic and anaerobic, in the 116 athletes performing at the XIXth Olympic Games in Mexico. . Ergonomics, , 13 : 665 – 674 .
  • Drinkwater , D.T. 1984 . “ An anatomically derived method for the anthropometric estimation of human body composition ” . Simon Fraser University . PhD Thesis
  • Drinkwater , D.T. , Martin , A.D. , Ross , W.D. and Clarys , J.P. 1984 . “ Validation by cadaver dissection of Matiegka's equations for the anthropometric estimation of anatomical body composition in adult humans ” . In Perspectives in Kinanthropometry , Edited by: Day , J.A.P. 221 – 227 . Champaign, IL : Human Kinetics .
  • Hawes , M.R. and Sovak , D. 1990 . Skeletal ruggedness as a factor in performance of Olympic and national caliber synchronized swimmers. . Journal of Sports Sciences, , 8 : 163 – 164 . (abstract)
  • Hawes , M.R. and Sovak , D. 1991 . “ The 1988 Winter Olympic Games Anthropometry Project. ” . In New Horizons in Human Movement: Proceedings of the 1988 Seoul Olympic Scientific Congress, , Korea : Dankook University .
  • Heath , B.H. and Carter , J.E.L. 1967 . A modified somatotype method . American Journal of Physical Anthropology, , 27 : 57 – 64 .
  • Heymsfield , S.B. , McManus , C. , Smith , J. , Stevens , V. and Nixon , D.W. 1982 . Revised equation for calculating bone free arm muscle area. . American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, , 36 : 680 – 690 .
  • Hirata , K.I. 1979a . Selection of Olympic Champions, , Vol. I. , Toyota : Chukyo University .
  • Hirata , K.I. 1979b . Selection of Olympic Champions, , Vol. II , Toyota : Chukyo University .
  • Ikai , M. and Fukunaga , T. 1968 . Calculation of muscle strength per unit cross‐sectional area of human muscle by means of ultrasonic measurement. . Internationale Zeitscheift für Angewandte Physiologie, , 26 : 26 – 32 .
  • Jungmann , H. 1976 . Sportwissenschaftliche Untersuchungen wakrend der XX. Olympischen Spiele, Munchen 1972. , Grafelfing : Demeter. .
  • Kohlrausch , W. 1930 . Zusammenhange von Korperform und Leistung. Ergebnisse der anthropometrischen Messungen an den Athleten der Amsferdamer Olympiade . Arbeits‐physiologie , 2 : 187 – 204 .
  • Lohman , T.G. 1981 . Skinfolds and body density and their relationship to body fatness: A review. . Human Biology, , 53 : 181 – 225 .
  • Martin , A.D. 1984 . “ An anatomical basis for assessing human body composition: Evidence from 25 dissections ” . Simon Fraser University . PhD Thesis
  • Martin , A.D. 1985 . Prediction of body fat by skinfold caliper: Assumptions and cadaver evidence . International Journal of Obesity , 9 : 31 – 39 . (suppl. 1)
  • Martin , A.D. , Spenst , L.F. , Drinkwater , D.T. and Clarys , J.P. 1990 . Anthropometric estimation of muscle mass in men. . Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, , 22 : 729 – 733 .
  • Martin , R. and Sailer , K. 1957 . Lehrbuch der Anthropologie, , Vol. 1 , Stuttgart : Fischer .
  • Matiegka , J. 1921 . The testing of physical fitness. . American Journal of Physical Anthropology, , 4 : 223 – 230 .
  • Muelly , K. 1928 . “ Die Form des Korpers als Ausdruck seiner Funktion ” . In Die Sportarztlichen Ergebnisse der II. Olympischen Winterspiele in St. Moritz 1928 , Edited by: Knoll , W. Berne : Verlag Paul Haupt .
  • Novak , L.P. , Woodward , W.A. , Bestit , C. and Mellerowicz , H. 1977 . Working capacity, body composition and anthropometry of Olympic female athletes. . Journal of Sports Medicine and Physical Fitness, , 17 : 275 – 283 .
  • Roby , F.B. , Atwater , A.E. , Going , S.B. , Lohman , T.G. , Puhl , J.L. and Tucker , M. 1989 . “ Bone mineral content in synchronised swimmers. ” . In Proceedings of the First IOC World Congress on Sport Sciences, , 198 – 199 . Colorado : Springs .
  • Ross , W.D. and Marfell‐Jones , M.J. 1982 . “ Kinanthropometry. ” . In Physiological Testing of the Elite Athlete , Edited by: MacDougall , J.D. , Wenger , H.A. and Green , H.J. 75 – 115 . Ottawa : CASS .
  • Sovak , D. and Hawes , M.R. 1989 . “ Changes in active tissue development of 10 elite male swimmers during 14 months of training prior to Olympic trials. ” . In Proceedings of the First IOC World Congress on Sports Sciences, , 55 Colorado : Springs .
  • Sovak , D. and Hawes , M.R. 1990 . Distinguishing anthropological factors in female speed skaters with respect to their success in the 1988 Winter Olympic Games. . Journal of Sports Sciences, , 8 : 177 – 178 . (abstract)
  • Sovak , D. , Hawes , M.R. and Smith , D. 1990 . Anthropological status of a world record holding swimmer: A four year longitudinal study. Presented at the . VIth International Symposium on the Biomechanics and Medicine in Swimming, . September 1990 , Liverpool.
  • Tanner , J.M. 1964 . The Physique of the Olympic Athlete. , London : Allen and Unwin. .
  • Thompson , D.W. 1966 . On Growth and Form , Edited by: Bonner , J.T. Cambridge : Cambridge University Press .
  • Tittel , K. and Wutscherk , H. 1972 . Sportanthropometrie. , Leipzig : Barth. .
  • Weiner , J.S. and Lourie , J.A. 1969 . Human Biology: A Guide to Field Methods. , IBP Handbook No. 9. Oxford : Blackwell .
  • To whom all correspondence should be addressed.

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.