505
Views
29
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Original Articles

Foveal crowding in posterior cortical atrophy: A specific early-visual-processing deficit affecting word reading

&
Pages 843-866 | Received 29 Jun 2006, Accepted 02 Oct 2007, Published online: 24 Aug 2010

REFERENCES

  • Abadi , R. V. , Kulikowski , J. J. and Meudell , P. 1981 . “ Visual performance in a case of visual agnosia ” . In Functional recovery from brain damage , Edited by: Van Hoff , M. W. and Mohn , E. 275 – 286 . Amsterdam : Elsevier .
  • Arguin , M. and Bub , D. 1993 . Single character processing in a case of pure alexia . Neuropsychologia , 31 : 435 – 458 .
  • Baxter , D. M. and Warrington , E. K. 1994 . Measuring dysgraphia: A graded-difficulty spelling test . Behavioural Neurology , 7 : 107 – 116 .
  • Behrmann , M. , Nelson , J. and Sekuler , E. 1998a . Visual complexity in letter-by-letter reading: “Pure” alexia is not so pure . Neuropsychologia , 36 : 1115 – 1132 .
  • Behrmann , M. , Plaut , D. C. and Nelson , J. 1998b . A literature review and new data supporting an interactive account of letter-by-letter reading . Cognitive Neuropsychology , 15 : 7 – 51 .
  • Behrmann , M. and Shallice , T. 1995 . Pure alexia: A nonspatial visual disorder affecting letter activation . Cognitive Neuropsychology , 12 : 409 – 454 .
  • Benson , D. F. , Davis , R. J. and Snyder , B. D. 1988 . Posterior cortical atrophy . Archives of Neurology , 45 : 789 – 793 .
  • Bouma , H. 1970 . Interaction effects in parafoveal letter recognition . Nature , 226 : 177 – 178 .
  • Buxbaum , L. J. and Coslett , H. B. 1996 . Deep dyslexic phenomenon in a letter-by-letter reader . Brain and Language , 54 : 136 – 167 .
  • Caine , D. 2004 . Posterior cortical atrophy: A review of the literature . Neurocase , 10 : 382 – 385 .
  • Chakravarthi , R. and Cavanagh , P. 2005 . Temporal properties of the polarity effect in crowding . Journal of Vision , 5 : 998
  • Chung , S. T. L. , Levi , D. M. and Legge , G. E. 2001 . Spatial frequency and contrast properties of crowding . Vision Research , 41 : 1833 – 1850 .
  • Clegg , F. and Warrington , E. K. 1994 . Four easy memory tests for older adults . Memory , 2 : 167 – 182 .
  • Cogan , D. G. 1985 . Visual disturbances with focal progressive dementing disease . American Journal of Ophthalmology , 100 : 68 – 72 .
  • Davis , C. J. and Coltheart , M. 2002 . Paying attention to reading errors in acquired dyslexia . Trends in Cognitive Sciences , 6 : 359 – 361 .
  • De Renzi , E. 1986 . Slowly progressive visual agnosia or apraxia without dementia . Cortex , 22 : 171 – 180 .
  • Efron , R. 1968 . “ What is perception? ” . In Boston studies in the philosophy of science , Edited by: Cohen , R. S. and Wartofsky , M. 137 – 173 . New York : Humanities Press .
  • Ehlers , H. 1936 . The movements of the eyes during reading . Acta Ophthalmologica , 14 : 56 – 63 .
  • Farah , M. J. 1991 . Patterns of co-occurrence among the associative agnosias: Implications for visual object recognition . Cognitive Neuropsychology , 8 : 1 – 19 .
  • Farah , M. J. and Wallace , M. A. 1991 . Pure alexia as a visual impairment: A reconsideration . Cognitive Neuropsychology , 8 : 313 – 334 .
  • Flom , M. C. 1991 . Contour interaction and the crowding effects . Problems in Optometry , 3 : 237 – 257 .
  • Flom , M. C. , Heath , G. G. and Takahashi , E. 1963 . Contour interaction and visual resolution: Contralateral effect . Science , 142 : 979 – 980 .
  • Flom , M. C. , Weymouth , F. W. and Kahneman , D. 1963 . Visual resolution and contour interaction . Journal of the Optical Society of America , 53 : 1026 – 1032 .
  • Geyer , L. H. and DeWald , C. G. 1973 . Feature lists and confusion matrices . Perception and Psychophysics , 14 : 471 – 482 .
  • Gilbert , C. D. 1992 . Horizontal integration and cortical dynamics . Neuron , 9 : 1 – 13 .
  • Gilbert , C. D. and Wiesel , T. N. 1979 . Morphology and intracortical projections of functionally identified neurones in cat visual cortex . Nature , 280 : 120 – 125 .
  • Gilbert , C. D. and Wiesel , T. N. 1983 . Clustered intrinsic connections in cat visual cortex . Journal of Neuroscience , 3 : 1116 – 1133 .
  • Goldwave Digital Audio Editor. Goldwave Inc. 1993 . Newfoundland : St. John's .
  • He , S. , Cavanagh , P. and Intriligator , J. 1996 . Attentional resolution and the locus of visual awareness . Nature , 383 : 334 – 337 .
  • Hess , R. F. , Dakin , S. C. , Kapoor , N. and Tewfik , M. 2000 . Contour interaction in fovea and periphery . Journal of the Optical Society of America A , 17 : 1516 – 1524 .
  • Hubel , D. and Wiesel , T. N. 1962 . Receptive fields, binocular interaction and functional architecture in the cat's visual cortex . Journal of Physiology of London , 160 : 106 – 154 .
  • Humphreys , G. W. and Mayall , K. A. 2001 . A peripheral reading deficit under conditions of diffuse visual attention . Cognitive Neuropsychology , 18 : 551 – 576 .
  • Intriligator , J. and Cavanagh , P. 2001 . The spatial resolution of visual attention . Cognitive Psychology , 43 : 171 – 216 .
  • Jackson , M. and Warrington , E. K. 1986 . Arithmetic skills in patients with unilateral cerebral lesions . Cortex , 22 : 611 – 620 .
  • James , M. , Plant , G. T. and Warrington , E. K. 2001 . Cortical Visual Screening Test , UK : Thames Valley Test Company .
  • Kay , J. and Hanley , J. R. 1991 . Simultaneous form perception and serial letter recognition in a case of letter-by-letter reading . Cognitive Neuropsychology , 8 : 249 – 273 . Bury St Edmonds
  • Kinsbourne , M. and Warrington , E. K. 1962 . A disorder of simultaneous form perception . Brain , 85 : 461 – 486 .
  • Kooi , F. L. , Toet , A. , Tripathy , S. P. and Levi , D. M. 1994 . The effect of similarity and duration on spatial interaction in peripheral vision . Spatial Vision , 8 : 255 – 279 .
  • Leat , S. , Li , W. and Epp , K. 1999 . Crowding in central and eccentric vision: The effects of contour interaction and attention . Investigative Ophthalmology and Visual Science , 40 : 504 – 512 .
  • Levi , D. , Klein , S. A. and Aitsebaomo , A. P. 1985 . Vernier acuity, crowding and cortical magnification . Vision Research , 25 : 963 – 977 .
  • Levi , D. , Klein , S. A. and Hariharan , S. 2002 . Suppressive and facilitatory spatial interactions in foveal vision: Foveal crowding is simple contract masking . Journal of Vision , 2 : 140 – 166 .
  • Lewandowsky , S. and Spence , I. 1989 . The Perception of Statistical Graphs . Sociological Methods and Research , 18 : 200 – 242 .
  • Liu , L. 2001 . Can the amplitude difference spectrum peak frequency explain the foveal crowding effect? . Vision Research , 41 : 3693 – 3704 .
  • Liu , L. and Arditi , A. 2000 . Apparent string shortening concomitant with letter crowding . Vision Research , 40 : 1059 – 1067 .
  • Mayall , K. A. and Humphreys , G. W. 2002 . Presentation and task effects on migration errors in attentional dyslexia . Neuropsychologia , 40 : 1506 – 1515 .
  • Miozzo , M. and Caramazza , A. 1998 . Varieties of pure alexia: The case of failure to access graphemic representations . Cognitive Neuropsychology , 15 : 203 – 238 .
  • Parkes , L. , Lund , J. , Angelucci , A. , Solomon , J. A. and Morgan , M. 2001 . Compulsory averaging of or crowded orientation signals in human vision . Nature Neuroscience , 4 : 739 – 744 .
  • Patterson , K. and Kay , J. 1982 . Letter-by-letter reading: Psychological descriptions of a neurological syndrome . Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology , 34 : 411 – 441 .
  • Pelli , D. G. , Palomares , M. and Majaj , N. J. 2004 . Crowding is unlike ordinary masking: Distinguishing feature integration from detection . Journal of Vision , 4 : 1136 – 1169 .
  • Pernet , C. , Valdois , S. , Celsis , P. and Demonet , J.-F. 2006 . Lateral masking, levels of processing and stimulus category: A comparative study between normal and dyslexic readers . Neuropsychologia , 44 : 2374 – 2385 .
  • Polat , U. and Sagi , D. 1993 . Lateral interactions between spatial channels: Suppression and facilitation revealed by lateral masking experiments . Vision Research , 33 : 993 – 999 .
  • Polat , U. and Sagi , D. 1994 . The architecture of perceptual spatial interactions . Vision Research , 34 : 73 – 78 .
  • Price , C. J. and Humphreys , G. W. 1995 . Contrasting effects of letter-spacing in alexia: Further evidence that different strategies generate word length effects in reading . Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology A , 48 : 573 – 597 .
  • Rapp , B. C. and Caramazza , A. 1991 . Spatially determined deficits in letter and word processing . Cognitive Neuropsychology , 8 : 275 – 312 .
  • Reuter-Lorenz , P. and Brunn , J. 1990 . A prelexical basis for letter-by-letter reading: A case study . Cognitive Neuropsychology , 7 : 1 – 20 .
  • Rogelet , P. , Delafosse , A. and Destee , A. 1996 . “ Posterior cortical atrophy ” . In Neurocase , Vol. 2 , 495 – 501 . Unusual feature of Alzheimer's disease .
  • Ross , S. J. , Graham , N. , Stuart-Green , L. , Prins , M. , Xuereb , J. Patterson , K. 1996 . Progressive biparietal atrophy: An atypical presentation of Alzheimer's disease . Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry , 61 : 388 – 395 .
  • Shallice , T. and Warrington , E. K. 1977 . The possible role of selective attention in acquired dyslexia . Neuropsychologia , 15 : 31 – 41 .
  • Strasburger , H. , Harvey , L. O. and Rentschler , I. 1991 . Contrast thresholds for identification of numeric characters in direct and eccentric view . Perception and Psychophysics , 49 : 495 – 508 .
  • Toet , A. and Levi , D. M. 1992 . The two-dimensional shape of spatial interaction zones in the parafovea . Vision Research , 32 : 1349 – 1357 .
  • Tripathy , S. P. and Cavanagh , P. 2002 . The extent of crowding in peripheral vision does not scale with target size . Vision Research , 42 : 2357 – 2369 .
  • Tripathy , S. P. and Levi , D. M. 1994 . Long-range dichoptic interactions in the human visual cortex in the region corresponding to the blind spot . Vision Research , 34 : 1127 – 1138 .
  • Warrington , E. K. 1984 . Recognition Memory Test , Windsor, Berkshire : NFER-Nelson .
  • Warrington , E. K. 1986 . Visual deficits associated with occipital lobe lesions in man . Experimental Brain Research Supplement , 11 : 247 – 261 .
  • Warrington , E. K. , Cipolotti , L. and McNeil , J. 1993 . “ Attentional dyslexia ” . In Neuropsychologia , Vol. 31 , 871 – 885 . A single case study .
  • Warrington , E. K. and James , M. 1988 . Visual apperceptive agnosia: A clinico-anatomical study of three cases . Cortex , 24 : 13 – 32 .
  • Warrington , E. K. and James , M. 1991 . The visual object and space perception battery , UK : Thames Valley Test Company . Bury St. Edmunds
  • Warrington , E. K. and Langdon , D. 1994 . Spelling dyslexia: A deficit of the visual word-form . Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry , 57 : 211 – 216 .
  • Warrington , E. K. and Langdon , D. W. 2002 . Does the spelling dyslexic read by recognizing orally spelled words? An investigation of letter-by-letter reader . Neurocase , 8 : 210 – 218 .
  • Warrington , E. K. and Shallice , T. 1980 . Word-form dyslexia . Brain , 103 : 99 – 112 .
  • Weiskrantz , L. 1980 . Varieties of visual experience . Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology , 32 : 365 – 386 .
  • Wilkinson , F. , Wilson , H. R. and Ellemberg , D. 1997 . Lateral interactions in peripherally viewed texture arrays . Journal of the Optical Society of America A , 14 : 2057 – 2068 .

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.