1,008
Views
45
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Original Articles

Action performance and action-word understanding: Evidence of double dissociations in left-damaged patients

, , &
Pages 428-461 | Received 16 Jul 2010, Accepted 01 Mar 2011, Published online: 24 May 2011

REFERENCES

  • Ajuriaguerra , J. de , Hécaen , H. and Angelergues , R. 1960 . Les apraxies: Variétés cliniques et latéralisation lésionelle [Apraxia: Clinical subtypes and lateralization of the lesion] . Revue Neurologique (Paris) , 102 : 566 – 594 .
  • Arévalo , A. L. , Baldo , J. V. and Dronkers , N. F. 2010 . What do brain lesions tell us about theories of embodied semantics and the human mirror neuron system? . Cortex , Advance online publication. doi:10.1016/j.cortex.2010.06.001
  • Augustine , J. 1996 . Circuitry and functional aspects of the insular lobe in primates including humans . Brain Research Reviews , 22 : 229 – 244 .
  • Bak , T. H. , O'Donovan , D. G. , Xuereb , J. H. , Boniface , S. and Hodges , J. R. 2001 . Selective impairment of verb processing associated with phonological changes in Brodmann areas 44 and 45 in the motor neurone disease–dementia–aphasia syndrome . Brain , 124 : 103 – 120 .
  • Bak , T. H. , Yancopoulou , D. , Nestor , P. J. , Xuereb , J. H. , Spillantini , M. G. Pulvermüller , F. 2006 . Clinical, imaging and pathological correlates of a hereditary deficit in verb and action processing Brain . 129 : 321 – 332 .
  • Bartolo , A. , Cubelli , R. , Della Sala , S. and Drei , S. 2003 . Pantomimes are special gestures which rely on working memory . Brain and Cognition , 53 : 483 – 494 .
  • Bates , E. and Dick , F. 2002 . Language, gestures, and the developing brain . Developmental Psychobiology , 40 : 293 – 310 .
  • Bates , E. and MacWhinney , B. 1989 . “ Functionalism and the competition model ” . In The crosslinguistic study of sentence processing , Edited by: MacWhinney , B. and Bates , E. 1 – 73 . Cambridge, , UK : Cambridge University Press .
  • Bedny , M. , Caramazza , A. , Grossman , E. , Pascual-Leone , A. and Saxe , R. 2008 . Concepts are more than percepts: The case of action verbs . Journal of Neuroscience , 28 : 11347 – 11353 .
  • Bell , B. D. 1994 . Pantomime recognition impairment in aphasia: An analysis of error types . Brain and Language , 47 : 269 – 278 .
  • Berndt , R. S. , Mitchum , C. C. , Haendiges , A. N. and Sandson , J. 1997 . Verb retrieval in aphasia: 1. Characterizing single word impairments . Brain and Language , 56 : 68 – 106 .
  • Bookheimer , S. 2003 . Functional MRI of language: New approaches to understanding the cortical organization of semantic processing . Annual Review , 25 : 151 – 188 .
  • Botvinick , M. M. and Plaut , D. C. 2006 . Short-term memory for serial order: A recurrent neural network model . Psychological Review , 113 : 201 – 233 .
  • Boulenger , V. , Décoppet , N. , Roy , A. , Paulignan , Y. and Nazir , T. A. 2008 . Differential effects of age-of-acquisition for concrete nouns and action verbs: Evidence for partly distinct representations? . Cognition , 103 : 131 – 146 .
  • Brass , M. and Haggard , P. 2010 . The hidden side of intentional action: The role of the anterior insular cortex . Brain Structure and Function , 214 : 603 – 610 .
  • Buxbaum , L. J. , Kyle , K. M. and Menon , R. 2005 . On beyond mirror neurons: Internal representations subserving imitation and recognition of skilled object related actions in humans . Cognitive Brain Research , 25 : 226 – 239 .
  • Canessa , N. , Borgo , F. , Cappa , S. F. , Perani , D. , Falini , A. Buccino , G. 2008 . The different neural correlates of action and functional knowledge in semantic memory: An fMRI study . Cerebral Cortex , 18 : 740 – 751 .
  • Caramazza , A. 1986 . On drawing inferences about the structure of normal cognitive systems from the analysis of patterns of impaired performance: The case for single-patient studies . Brain and Cognition , 5 : 41 – 66 .
  • Caramazza , A. 1997 . How many levels of processing are there in lexical access? . Cognitive Neuropsychology , 14 : 177 – 208 .
  • Caramazza , A. and Hillis , A. E. 1991 . Lexical organization of nouns and verbs in the brain . Nature , 349 : 788 – 790 .
  • Carlesimo , G. A. , Caltagirone , C. and Gainotti , G. 1996 . The Mental Deterioration Battery: Normative data, diagnostic reliability and qualitative analyses of cognitive impairment . European Neurology , 36 : 378 – 384 .
  • Chao , L. L. , Haxby , J. V. and Martin , A. 1999 . Attribute-based neural substrates in posterior temporal cortex for perceiving and knowing about objects . Nature Neuroscience , 2 : 913 – 919 .
  • Chao , L. L. and Martin , A. 2000 . Representation of manipulable man-made objects in the dorsal stream . NeuroImage , 12 : 478 – 484 .
  • Chatterjee , A. 2010 . Disembodying cognition . Language and Cognition , 2 : 79 – 116 .
  • Colombo , L. and Burani , C. 2002 . The influence of age of acquisition, root frequency and context availability in processing nouns and verbs . Brain and Language , 81 : 398 – 411 .
  • Corina , D. P. , Gibson , E. K. , Martin , R. , Poliakov , A. , Brinkley , J. and Ojemann , G. A. 2005 . Dissociation of action and object naming: Evidence from cortical stimulation mapping . Human Brain Mapping , 24 : 1 – 10 .
  • Corradi-Dell'Acqua , C. , Tomasino , B. and Fink , G. 2009 . What is the position of an arm relative to the body? Neural correlates of egocentric and allocentric body reference frames . Journal of Neuroscience , 29 : 4162 – 4171 .
  • Cotelli , M. , Borroni , B. , Manenti , R. , Alberici , A. , Calabria , M. Agosti , C. 2006 . Action and object naming in frontotemporal dementia, progressive supranuclear palsy, and corticobasal degeneration . Neuropsychology , 20 : 558 – 565 .
  • Crawford , J. R. and Garthwaite , P. H. 2005 . Testing for suspected impairments and dissociations in single-case studies in neuropsychology: Evaluation of alternatives using Monte Carlo simulations and revised tests for dissociations . Neuropsychology , 19 : 318 – 331 .
  • Crawford , J. R. and Garthwaite , P. H. 2006 . Methods of testing for a deficit in single case studies: Evaluation of statistical power by Monte Carlo simulation . Cognitive Neuropsychology , 23 : 877 – 904 .
  • Crawford , J. R. , Garthwaite , P. H. and Gray , C. D. 2003 . Wanted: Fully operational definitions of dissociations in single-case studies . Cortex , 39 : 357 – 370 .
  • Crepaldi , D. , Aggujaro , S. , Arduino , L. S. , Zonca , G. , Ghirardi , G. Inzaghi , M. G. 2006 . Noun–verb dissociation in aphasia: The role of imageability and functional locus of the lesion . Neuropsychologia , 44 : 73 – 89 .
  • Crepaldi , D. , Berlingeri , M. , Paulesu , E. and Luzzatti , C. 2011 . A place for nouns and a place for verbs? A critical review of neurocognitive data on grammatical-class effects . Brain and Language , 116 : 33 – 49 .
  • Damasio , A. and Tranel , D. Nouns and verbs are retrieved with differentially distributed neural systems . Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences,USA , 90, 4957–4960
  • Daniele , A. , Giustolisi , L. , Silveri , M. C. , Colosimo , C. and Gainotti , G. 1994 . Evidence for a possible neuroanatomical basis for lexical processing of nouns and verbs . Neuropsychologia , 32 : 1325 – 1341 .
  • De Bleser , R. and Kauschke , C. 2003 . “ Acquisition and loss of nouns and verbs: Parallel or divergent patterns? ” . In Journal of Neurolinguistics 16, 213–229
  • De Renzi , E. and Faglioni , P. 1999 . “ Apraxia ” . In Handbook of clinical and experimental neuropsychology , Edited by: Denes , G. and Pizzamiglio , L. 421 – 440 . Hove, UK : Psychology Press .
  • De Renzi , E. and Lucchelli , F. 1988 . Ideational apraxia . Brain , 111 : 1173 – 1185 .
  • De Renzi , E. , Motti , F. and Nichelli , P. 1980 . Imitating gestures: A quantitative approach to ideomotor apraxia . Archives of Neurology , 37 : 6 – 10 .
  • De Renzi , E. , Pieczuro , A. and Vignolo , L. A. 1968 . Ideational apraxia: A quantitative study . Neuropsychologia , 6 : 41 – 52 .
  • Dronkers , N. F. 1996 . A new brain region for coordinating speech articulation . Nature , 384 : 159 – 161 .
  • Duffy , R. J. and Duffy , J. R. 1981 . Three studies of deficits in pantomimic expression and pantomime recognition in aphasia . Journal of Speech and Hearing Research , 46 : 70 – 84 .
  • Duvernoy , H. M. 1991 . The human brain: Surface, blood supply and three-dimensional sectional anatomy , Wien, Austria : Springer-Verlag .
  • Eickhoff , S. B. , Amunts , K. , Mohlberg , H. and Zilles , K. 2006 . The human parietal operculum: ii. Stereotaxic maps and correlation with functional imaging results . Cerebral Cortex , 16 : 268 – 279 .
  • Eickhoff , S. B. , Grefkes , C. , Zilles , K. and Fink , G. R. 2007 . The somatotopic organization of cytoarchitectonic areas on the human parietal operculum . Cerebral Cortex , 17 : 1800 – 1811 .
  • Fink , G. R. , Manjaly , Z. M. , Stephan , K. E. , Gurd , J. M. , Zilles , K. Amunts , K. 2006 . “ A role for Broca's area beyond language processing: Evidence from neuropsychology and fMRI ” . In Broca's area , Edited by: Amunts , K. and Grodzinsky , Y. Oxford, UK : University Press .
  • Finkelnburg , D. C. 1870 . Niederrheinische Gesellschaft in Bonn, Sitzung vom 21 März 1870 . Berliner Klinische Wochenschrift , 7 : 449 – 450 . 460–462. [Translated and republished in Duffy, R. J., & Liles, B. Z. (1979). A translation of Finkelnburg's (1870) lecture on aphasia as “asymbolia” with commentary. Journal of Speech and Hearing Disorders, 44, 156–168.]
  • Fischer , M. H. and Zwaan , R. A. 2008 . Embodied language: A review of the role of the motor system in language comprehension . Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology , 61 : 825 – 850 .
  • Fodor , J. A. 1983 . The modularity of mind , Cambridge, MA : MIT Press .
  • Folstein , M. F. , Folstein , S. E. and McHugh , P. R. 1975 . “Mini-Mental State”: A practical method for grading the cognitive state of patients for the clinician . Journal of Psychiatric Research , 12 : 189 – 198 .
  • Frey , S. H. , Vinton , D. , Norlund , R. and Grafton , S. T. 2005 . Cortical topography of human anterior intraparietal cortex active during visually guided grasping . Cognitive Brain Research , 23 : 397 – 405 .
  • Friederici , A. D. 2002 . Towards a neural basis of auditory sentence processing . Trends in Cognitive Sciences , 6 : 78 – 84 .
  • Friederici , A. D. , Opitz , B. and von Cramon , D. Y. 2000 . Segregating semantic and syntactic aspects of processing in the human brain: An fMRI investigation of different word types . Cerebral Cortex , 10 : 698 – 705 .
  • Friederici , A. D. , Rüschemeyer , S. A. , Hahne , A. and Fiebach , C. J. 2003 . The role of left inferior frontal gyrus and superior temporal cortex in sentence comprehension: Localizing syntactic and semantic processes . Cerebral Cortex , 13 : 170 – 177 .
  • Gallese , V. and Lakoff , G. 2005 . The brain's concepts: The role of the sensory-motor system in reason and language . Cognitive Neuropsychology , 22 : 455 – 479 .
  • Geschwind , N. 1965 . Disconnexion syndromes in animals and man. I . Brain , 88 : 237 – 294 .
  • Ghyselinck , M. , Lewis , M. B. and Brysbaert , M. 2004 . Age of acquisition and the cumulative frequency hypothesis: A review of the literature and a new multi-task investigation . Acta Psychologica , 115 : 43 – 67 .
  • Giovagnoli, A. R., Del Pesce, M., Mascheroni, S., Simoncelli, M., Laiacona, M., & Capitani, E. (1996). Trail Making Test: Normative values from 287 normal adult controls. The Italian Journal of Neurological Sciences, 17, 305–309.
  • Goldenberg , G. 1999 . Matching and imitation of hand and finger postures in patients with damage in the left or right hemisphere . Neuropsychologia , 37 : 559 – 566 .
  • Goldenberg , G. and Hagmann , S. 1997 . The meaning of meaningless gestures: A study of visuo-imitative apraxia . Neuropsychologia , 35 : 333 – 341 .
  • Goldenberg , G. and Karnath , H. O. 2006 . The neural basis of imitation is body part specific . Journal of Neuroscience , 26 : 6282 – 6287 .
  • Goodglass , H. and Kaplan , E. 1963 . Disturbance of gesture and pantomime in aphasia . Brain , 86 : 703 – 720 .
  • Grabowski , T. J. , Damasio , H. and Damasio , A. R. 1998 . Premotor and prefrontal correlates of category-related lexical retrieval . NeuroImage , 7 : 232 – 243 .
  • Haaland , K. Y. , Harrington , D. L. and Knight , R. T. 2000 . Neural representations of skilled movement . Brain , 123 : 2306 – 2313 .
  • Hagoort , P. 2005 . On Broca, brain, and binding: A new framework . Trends in Cognitive Sciences , 9 : 416 – 423 .
  • Hauk , O. , Johnsrude , I. and Pulvermüller , F. 2004 . Somatotopic representation of action words in human motor premotor cortex . Neuron , 41 : 301 – 307 .
  • Heilman , K. M. , Rothi , L. J. and Valenstein , E. 1982 . Two forms of ideomotor apraxia . Neurology , 32 : 342 – 346 .
  • Hermsdorfer , J. , Goldenberg , G. , Wachsmuth , C. , Conrad , B. , Ceballos-Baumann , A. O. Bartenstein , P. 2001 . Cortical correlates of gesture processing: Clues to the cerebral mechanisms underlying apraxia during the imitation of meaningless gestures . NeuroImage , 14 : 149 – 161 .
  • Hickok , G. 2009 . Eight problems for the mirror neuron theory of action understanding in monkeys and humans . Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience , 21 : 1229 – 1243 .
  • Hickok , G. 2010 . The role of mirror neurons in speech perception and action word semantics . Language and Cognitive Processes , 25 : 749 – 776 .
  • Hickok , G. and Poeppel , D. 2000 . Towards a functional neuroanatomy of speech perception . Trends in Cognitive Sciences , 4 : 131 – 138 .
  • Hickok , G. and Poeppel , D. 2007 . The cortical organization of speech processing . Nature Reviews Neuroscience , 8 : 393 – 402 .
  • Hillis , A. E. , Work , M. , Barker , P. B. , Jacobs , M. A. , Breese , E. L. and Maurer , K. 2004 . Re-examining the brain regions crucial for orchestrating speech articulation . Brain , 127 : 1479 – 1487 .
  • Jefferies , E. and Lambon Ralph , M. A. 2006 . Semantic impairment in stroke aphasia vs. semantic dementia: A case-series comparison . Brain , 129 : 2132 – 2147 .
  • Johnson-Frey , S. H. 2004 . The neural bases of complex tool use in humans . Trends in Cognitive Sciences , 8 : 71 – 78 .
  • Johnson-Frey , S. H. , Newman-Norlund , R. and Grafton , S. T. 2005 . A distributed left hemisphere network active during planning of everyday tool use skills . Cerebral Cortex , 15 : 681 – 695 .
  • Kellenbach , M. L. , Wijers , A. A. , Hovius , M. , Mulder , J. and Mulder , G. 2002 . Neural differentiation of lexico-syntactic categories or semantic features? Event-related potential evidence for both . Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience , 14 : 561 – 577 .
  • Kemmerer , D. and Gonzalez Castillo , J. 2010 . The two-level theory of verb meaning: An approach to integrating the semantics of action with the mirror neuron system . Brain and Language , 112 : 54 – 76 .
  • Kemmerer , D. , Rudrauf , D. , Manzel , K. and Tranel , D. in press . Behavioral patterns and lesion sites associated with impaired processing of lexical and conceptual knowledge of actions . Cortex ,
  • Kertesz , A. , Ferro , J. M. and Shewan , C. M. 1984 . Apraxia and aphasia: The functional–anatomical basis for their dissociation . Neurology , 34 : 40 – 47 .
  • Kimberg , D. Y. , Coslett , H. B. and Schwartz , M. F. 2007 . Power in voxel-based lesion–symptom mapping . Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience , 19 : 1067 – 1080 .
  • Lambon Ralph , M. A. , Pobric , G. and Jefferies , E. 2009 . Conceptual knowledge is underpinned by the temporal pole bilaterally: Convergent evidence from rTMS . Cerebral Cortex , 19 : 832 – 838 .
  • Lambon Ralph , M. A. , Powell , J. , Howard , D. , Whitworth , A. B. , Garrard , P. and Hodges , J. R. 2001 . Semantic memory is impaired in both dementia with Lewy bodies and dementia of Alzheimer's type: A comparative neuropsychological study and literature review . Journal of Neurology Neurosurgery and Psychiatry , 70 : 149 – 156 .
  • Langacker , R. W. 1987 . Nouns and verbs . Language , 63 : 53 – 94 .
  • Laws , K. R. 2005 . “Illusions of normality”: A methodological critique of category-specific naming . Cortex , 41 : 842 – 851 .
  • Laws , K. R. , Gale , T. M. , Leeson , V. C. and Crawford , J. R. 2005 . When is category specific in Alzheimer's disease? . Cortex , 41 : 452 – 463 .
  • Lin , L. I. K. 2000 . A note on the concordance correlation coefficient . Biometrics , 56 : 324 – 325 .
  • Luzzatti , C. , Raggi , R. , Zonca , G. , Pistarini , C. , Contardi , A. Pinna , G. D. 2002 . Verb–noun double dissociation in aphasic lexical impairments: The role of word frequency and imageability . Brain and Language , 81 : 432 – 444 .
  • Luzzatti , C. , Willmes , K. and De Bleser , R. 1996 . Aachener Aphasie Test: Versione Italiana [Aachener Aphasia Test: Italian version]. Firenze, Italy: Organizzazioni Speciali
  • Mahon , B. Z. and Caramazza , A. 2005 . The orchestration of the sensory-motor systems: Clues from neuropsychology . Cognitive Neuropsychology , 22 : 480 – 494 .
  • Mahon , B. Z. and Caramazza , A. 2008 . A critical look at the embodied cognition hypothesis and a new proposal for grounding conceptual content . Journal of Physiology Paris , 102 : 59 – 70 .
  • Mahon , B. Z. , Milleville , S. C. , Negri , G. A. L. , Rumiati , R. I. , Caramazza , A. and Martin , A. 2007 . Action-related properties of objects shape object representations in the ventral stream . Neuron , 55 : 507 – 520 .
  • Martin, A., & Chao, L. L. (2001). Semantic memory and the brain: Structure and processes. Current Opinion in Neurobiology, 11, 194–201.
  • Martin , A. , Haxby , J. V. , Lalonde , F. M. , Wiggs , C. L. and Ungerleider , L. G. 1995 . Discrete cortical regions associated with knowledge of color and knowledge of action . Science , 270 : 102 – 105 .
  • Martin , A. , Wiggs , C. L. , Ungerleider , L. G. and Haxby , J. V. 1996 . Neural correlates of category-specific knowledge . Nature , 15 : 649 – 652 .
  • McCarthy , R. and Warrington , E. K. 1985 . Category specificity in an agrammatic patient: The relative impairment of verb retrieval and comprehension . Neuropsychologia , 23 : 709 – 727 .
  • McIntosh , A. R. 2000 . Towards a network theory of cognition . Neural Networks , 13 : 861 – 870 .
  • Mesulam , M. 2008 . Representation, inference, and transcendent encoding in neurocognitive networks of the human brain . Annals of Neurology , 64 : 367 – 378 .
  • Miceli , G. , Silveri , M. C. , Nocentini , U. and Caramazza , A. 1988 . Patterns of dissociation in comprehension and production of nouns and verbs . Aphasiology , 2 : 251 – 258 .
  • Morrison , C. M. , Ellis , A. W. and Quinlan , P. T. 1992 . Age of acquisition, not word frequency, affect object naming, not object recognition . Memory and Cognition , 20 : 705 – 714 .
  • Morrison , C. M. , Hirsh , W. and Duggan , G. B. 2003 . Age of acquisition, ageing, and verb production: Normative and experimental data . Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology , 56 : 705 – 730 .
  • Morton , J. and Patterson , K. 1980 . “ A new attempt at an interpretation, or, an attempt at a new interpretation ” . In Deep dyslexia , Edited by: Coltheart , M. , Patterson , K. E. and Marshall , J. 91 – 118 . New York, NY : Routledge, Chapman & Hall .
  • Mummery , C. J. , Ashburner , J. , Scott , S. K. and Wise , R. J. 1999 . Functional neuroimaging of speech perception in six normal and two aphasic subjects . Journal of the Acoustical Society of America , 106 : 449 – 457 .
  • Naito , E. and Ehrsson , H. H. 2006 . Somatic sensation of hand-object interactive movement is associated with activity in the left inferior parietal cortex . Journal of Neuroscience , 26 : 3783 – 3790 .
  • Neary , D. , Snowden , J. S. , Mann , D. M. , Northen , B. , Goulding , P. J. and Macdermott , N. 1990 . Frontal lobe dementia and motor neuron disease . Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry , 53 : 23 – 32 .
  • Negri , G. A. L. , Rumiati , R. I. , Zadini , A. , Ukmar , M. , Mahon , B. Z. and Caramazza , A. 2007 . What is the role of motor simulation in action and object recognition? Evidence from apraxia . Cognitive Neuropsychology , 24 : 795 – 816 .
  • Oldfield , R. C. 1971 . The assessment and analysis of handedness: The Edinburgh Inventory . Neuropsychologia , 9 : 97 – 113 .
  • Papagno , C. , Della Sala , S. and Basso , A. 1993 . Ideomotor apraxia without aphasia and aphasia without apraxia: The anatomical support for a double dissociation . Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry , 56 : 286 – 289 .
  • Papeo , L. , Vallesi , A. , Isaja , A. and Rumiati , R. I. 2009 . Effects of TMS on different stages of motor and non-motor verb processing in the primary motor cortex . PLoS ONE , 4 : e4508
  • Perani , D. , Cappa , S. F. , Schnur , T. , Tettamanti , M. , Collina , S. Rossa , M. M. 1999 . The neural correlates of verb and noun processing . Brain , 122 : 2337 – 2344 .
  • Pérez , M. A. 2007 . Age of acquisition persists as the main factor in picture naming when cumulative word frequency and frequency trajectory are controlled . Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology , 60 : 32 – 42 .
  • Pickett , L. W. and Zilles , K. 1974 . An assessment of gestural and pantomimic deficit in aphasic patients . Acta Symbolica , 5 : 69 – 86 .
  • Postle , N. , McMahon , K. L. , Ashton , R. , Meredith , M. and de Zubicaray , G. I. 2008 . Action word meaning representations in cytoarchitectonically defined primary and premotor cortices . NeuroImage , 43 : 634 – 644 .
  • Pramstaller , P. P. and Marsden , C. D. 1996 . The basal ganglia and apraxia . Brain , 119 : 319 – 340 .
  • Price , C. 1998 . The functional anatomy of word comprehension and production . Trends in Cognitive Sciences , 2 : 281 – 288 .
  • Price , C. J. and Friston , K. J. 2002 . Degeneracy and cognitive anatomy . Trends in Cognitive Sciences , 6 : 416 – 421 .
  • Pulvermüller , F. , Cooper-Pye , E. , Dine , C. , Hauk , O. , Nestor , P. J. and Patterson , K. 2009 . The word processing deficit in semantic dementia: All categories are equal, but some categories are more equal than others . Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience , 22 : 2027 – 2041 .
  • Pulvermüller , F. and Fadiga , L. 2010 . Active perception: Sensorimotor circuits as a cortical basis for language . Nature Reviews Neuroscience , 11 : 351 – 360 .
  • Rizzolatti , G. and Craighero , L. 2004 . The mirror-neuron system . Annual Reviews of Neuroscience , 27 : 169 – 192 .
  • Rizzolatti , G. , Fogassi , L. and Gallese , V. 2001 . Neurophysiological mechanisms underlying the understanding and imitation of action . Nature Reviews Neuroscience , 2 : 661 – 670 .
  • Robinson , S. , Druks , J. , Hodges , J. R. and Garrard , P. 2009 . The treatment of object naming, definition and object use in semantic dementia: The effectiveness of errorless learning . Aphasiology , 23 : 749 – 775 .
  • Rorden , C. and Brett , M. 2000 . Stereotaxic display of brain lesions . Behavioural Neurology , 12 : 191 – 200 .
  • Rorden , C. and Karnath , H. O. 2004 . Using human brain lesions to infer function: A relic from a past era in the fMRI age? . Nature Reviews Neuroscience , 5 : 813 – 819 .
  • Rosci , C. , Valentina , C. , Laiacona , M. and Capitani , E. 2003 . Apraxia is not associated to a disproportionate naming impairment for manipulable objects . Brain and Cognition , 53 : 412 – 415 .
  • Rothi , L. J. G. , Ochipa , C. and Heilman , K. M. 1991 . A cognitive neuropsychological model of limb praxis . Cognitive Neuropsychology , 8 : 443 – 458 .
  • Ruby , P. and Decety , J. 2001 . Effect of subjective perspective taking during simulation of action: A PET investigation of agency . Nature Neuroscience , 4 : 546 – 550 .
  • Ruby , P. and Decety , J. 2003 . What you believe versus what you think they believe: A neuroimaging study of conceptual perspective-taking . The European Journal of Neuroscience , 17 : 2475 – 2480 .
  • Rumiati , R. I. , Papeo , L. and Corradi-Dell'Acqua , C. 2010 . Higher-level motor processes . Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences , 1191 : 219 – 241 .
  • Rumiati , R. I. , Weiss , P. , Shallice , T. , Ottoboni , G. , Noth , J. Zilles , K. 2004 . Neural basis of pantomiming the use of visually presented objects . NeuroImage , 21 : 1224 – 1231 .
  • Rumiati , R. I. , Zanini , S. , Vorano , L. and Shallice , T. 2001 . A form of ideational apraxia as a selective deficit of contention scheduling . Cognitive Neuropsychology , 18 : 617 – 642 .
  • Saygin , A. P. , Wilson , S. M. , Dronkers , N. F. and Bates , E. 2004 . Action comprehension in aphasia: Linguistic and non-linguistic deficits and their lesion correlates . Neuropsychologia , 42 : 1788 – 1804 .
  • Schwartz , M. F. , Dell , G. S. , Martin , N. , Gahl , S. and Sobel , P. 2006 . A case-series test of the interactive two-step model of lexical access: Evidence from picture naming . Journal of Memory and Language , 54 : 228 – 264 .
  • Scott , S. K. and Johnsrude , I. S. 2003 . The neuroanatomical and functional organization of speech perception . Trends in Neuroscience , 26 : 100 – 107 .
  • Seidenberg , M. and McClelland , J. 1989 . A distributed model of word recognition and naming . Psychological Review , 96 : 523 – 568 .
  • Seron , X. , van der Kaa , M. A. , Remitz , A. and van der Linden , M. 1979 . Pantomime interpretation and aphasia . Neuropsychologia , 17 : 661 – 668 .
  • Shallice , T. 1988 . From neuropsychology to mental structure , Cambridge, UK : Cambridge University Press .
  • Shapiro , K. and Caramazza , A. 2003 . The representation of grammatical categories in the brain . Trends in Cognitive Sciences , 7 : 201 – 206 .
  • Shapiro , K. A. , Shelton , J. and Caramazza , A. 2000 . Grammatical class in lexical production and morphological processing: Evidence from a case of fluent aphasia . Cognitive Neuropsychology , 17 : 665 – 682 .
  • Shapiro , K. A. , Mottaghy , F. M. , Schiller , N. O. , Poeppel , T. D. , Fluss , M. O. Muller , H.-W. 2005 . Dissociating neural correlates for nouns and verbs . NeuroImage , 24 : 1058 – 1067 .
  • Shuren , J. 1993 . Insula and aphasia . Journal of Neurology , 240 : 216 – 218 .
  • Siegel , L. S. 1981 . Infant tests as predictors of cognitive and language development at two years . Child Development , 52 : 545 – 557 .
  • Siri , S. , Tettamanti , M. , Cappa , S. F. , Della Rosa , P. , Saccuman , C. Scifo , P. 2008 . The neural substrate of naming events: Effects of processing demands but not of grammatical class . Cerebral Cortex , 18 : 171 – 177 .
  • Spinnler , H. and Tognoni , G. 1987 . Standardizzazione e taratura italiana di test neuropsicologici [Italian standardization and validation neuropsychological tests] . Italian Journal of Neurological Sciences , 6 : 1 – 20 .
  • Talbot , P. R. , Goulding , P. J. , Lloyd , J. J. , Snowden , J. S. , Neary , D. and Testa , H. J. 1995 . Inter-relation between “classic” motor neuron disease and frontotemporal dementia: Neuropsychological and single photon emission computed tomography study . Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry , 58 : 541 – 547 .
  • Tanaka , S. and Inui , T. 2002 . Cortical involvement for action imitation of hand/arm postures versus finger configurations: An fMRI study . Neuroreport , 13 : 1599 – 1602 .
  • Tessari , A. , Canessa , N. , Ukmar , M. and Rumiati , R. I. 2007 . Neuropsychological evidence for a strategic control of multiple routes in imitation . Brain , 130 : 1111 – 1126 .
  • Tessari, A., & Rumiati, R. I. (2004). The strategic control of multiple routes in imitation of actions. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 30, 1107–1116.
  • Thompson-Schill , S. L. , D'Esposito , M. , Aguirre , G. K. and Farah , M. J. 1997 . Role of left inferior prefrontal cortex in retrieval of semantic knowledge: A reevaluation . Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, USA , 94 : 14792 – 14797 .
  • Toraldo , A. , Cattani , B. , Zonca , G. , Saletta , P. and Luzzatti , C. 2006 . Reading disorders in a language with shallow orthography: A multiple single-case study in Italian . Aphasiology , 20 : 823 – 850 .
  • Toraldo , A. , Reverberi , C. and Rumiati , R. I. 2001 . Critical dimensions affecting imitation performance of patients with ideomotor apraxia . Cortex , 37 : 737 – 740 .
  • Tranel , D. , Adolphs , R. , Damasio , H. and Damasio , A. R. 2001 . A neural basis for the retrieval of words for actions . Cognitive Neuropsychology , 18 : 655 – 670 .
  • Tranel, D., Damasio, H., & Damasio, A. R. (1997). A neural basis for the retrieval of conceptual knowledge. Neuropsychologia, 35, 1319–1327.
  • Tranel, D., Martin, C., Damasio, H., Grabowski, T. J., & Hichwa, R. (2005). Effects of noun-verb homonymy on the neural correlates of naming concrete entities and actions. Brain and Language, 92, 288–299.
  • Tyler , L. K. , Russell , R. , Fadili , J. and Moss , H. E. 2001 . The neural representation of nouns and verbs: PET studies . Brain , 124 : 1619 – 1634 .
  • Tzourio-Mazoyer , N. , Landeau , B. , Papathanassiou , D. , Crivello , F. , Etard , O. Delacroix , N. 2002 . Automated anatomical labelling of activations in SPM using a macroscopic anatomical parcellation of the MNI MRI single-subject brain . NeuroImage , 15 : 273 – 289 .
  • Vandenberghe , R. , Price , C. , Wise , R. , Josephs , O. and Frackowiak , R. S. 1996 . Functional anatomy of a common semantic system for words and pictures . Nature , 383 : 254 – 256 .
  • Varney , N. R. 1982 . Pantomime recognition defect in aphasia: Implications for the concept of asymbolia . Brain and Language , 15 : 32 – 39 .
  • Vigliocco, G., Vinson, D. P., & Siri, S. (2005). Semantic and grammatical class effects in naming actions. Cognition, 94, B91–B100.
  • Vigliocco , G. , Vinson , D. P. , Druks , J. , Barber , H. and Cappa , S. F. 2011 . Nouns and verbs in the brain: A review of behavioural, electrophysiological, neuropsychological and imaging studies . Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews, 35 , : 407 – 426 .
  • Wallace, D. F. (1987). The broom of the system. New York, NY: Viking Press.
  • Wang , L. and Goodglass , H. 1992 . Pantomime, praxis, and aphasia . Brain and Language , 42 : 402 – 418 .
  • Warburton , E. , Wise , R. S. , Price , C. J. , Weiller , C. , Hadar , U. Ramsay , S. 1996). Noun and verb retrieval by normal subjects . Studies with PET . Brain , 119 : 159 – 179 .
  • Warrington, E. K. (1984). Recognition Memory Test. London, UK: NFER-Nelson.
  • Warrington , E. K. 1996 . The Camden Memory Test , Hove, UK : Psychology Press .
  • Warrington , E. K. and James , M. 1991 . The Visual Object and Space Perception Battery , Bury St Edmunds, , UK : Thames Valley Test Company .
  • Warrington , E. K. and McCarthy , R. A. 1987 . Categories of knowledge. Further fractionations and an attempted integration . Brain , 110 : 1273 – 1296 .

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.