3,912
Views
85
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Target Article

Congenital prosopagnosia without object agnosia? A literature review

&
Pages 4-54 | Received 16 Jan 2017, Accepted 06 Oct 2017, Published online: 22 Nov 2017

References

  • Akhtar, N., & Enns, J. T. (1989). Relations between covert orienting and filtering in the development of visual attention. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 48, 315–334. doi:10.1016/0022-0965(89)90008-8
  • Allison, T., McCarthy, G., Nobre, A., Puce, A., & Belger, A. (1994). Human extrastriate visual cortex and the perception of faces, words, numbers, and colors. Cerebral Cortex, 4(5), 544–554. doi: 10.1093/cercor/4.5.544
  • Arcaro, M. J., & Livingstone, M. S. (2017). A hierarchical, retinotopic proto-organization of the primate visual system at birth. Elife, 6, 278. doi: 10.7554/eLife.26196
  • Ariel, R., & Sadeh, M. (1996). Congenital visual agnosia and prosopagnosia in a child: A case report. Cortex, 32(2), 221–240. doi: 10.1016/S0010-9452(96)80048-7
  • Avidan, G., & Behrmann, M. (2008). Implicit familiarity processing in congenital prosopagnosia. Journal of Neuropsychology, 2(Pt 1), 141–164. doi: 10.1348/174866407X260180
  • Avidan, G., Hasson, U., Malach, R., & Behrmann, M. (2005). Detailed exploration of face-related processing in congenital prosopagnosia: 2. Functional neuroimaging findings. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 17(7), 1150–1167. doi: 10.1162/0898929054475145
  • Avidan, G., Tanzer, M., & Behrmann, M. (2011). Impaired holistic processing in congenital prosopagnosia. Neuropsychologia, 49(9), 2541–2552. doi: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2011.05.002
  • Awasthi, B., Friedman, J., & Williams, M. A. (2012). Reach trajectories reveal delayed processing of low spatial frequency faces in developmental prosopagnosia. Cognitive Neuroscience, 3(2), 120–130. doi: 10.1080/17588928.2012.673482
  • Barton, J. J. S. (2008). Structure and function in acquired prosopagnosia: lessons from a series of 10 patients with brain damage. J Neuropsychol, 2, 197–225.
  • Barton, J. J. S., Cherkasova, M. V., Hefter, R., Cox, T. A., O’Connor, M., & Manoach, D. S. (2004). Are patients with social developmental disorders prosopagnosic? Perceptual heterogeneity in the Asperger and social-emotions processing disorders. Brain, 127(8), 1706–1716. doi:10.1093/brain/awh194
  • Barton, J. J., & Corrow, S. L. (2016c). The problem of being bad at faces. Neuropsychologia, 89, 119–124. doi: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2016.06.008
  • Barton, J. J. S., & Corrow, S. L. (2016a). Recognizing and identifying people: A neuropsychological review. Cortex75), 132–150. doi: 10.1016/j.cortex.2015.11.023
  • Barton, J. J. S., & Corrow, S. L. (2016b). Selectivity in acquired prosopagnosia: The segregation of divergent and convergent operations. Neuropsychologia, 83, 76–87. doi: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2015.09.015
  • Barton, J. J. S., Hanif, H., & Ashraf, S. (2009). Relating visual to verbal semantic knowledge: The evaluation of object recognition in prosopagnosia. Brain, 132(Pt 12), 3456–3466. doi: 10.1093/brain/awp252
  • Bate, S., Haslam, C., Jansari, A., & Hodgson, T. L. (2009). Covert face recognition relies on affective valence in congenital prosopagnosia. Cognitive Neuropsychology, 26(4), 391–411. doi: 10.1080/02643290903175004
  • Bate, S., Haslam, C., Tree, J. J., & Hodgson, T. L. (2008). Evidence of an eye movement-based memory effect in congenital prosopagnosia. Cortex, 44(7), 806–819. doi: 10.1016/j.cortex.2007.02.004
  • Behrmann, M. (2000). The mind’s eye mapped onto the brain’s matter. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 9(2), 50–54. doi: 10.1111/1467-8721.00059
  • Behrmann, M., Avidan, G., Gao, F., & Black, S. (2007). Structural imaging reveals anatomical alterations in inferotemporal cortex in congenital prosopagnosia. Cerebral Cortex, 17(10), 2354–2363. doi:10.1093/cercor/bhl144
  • Behrmann, M., Avidan, G., Marotta, J. J., & Kimchi, R. (2005). Detailed exploration of face-related processing in congenital prosopagnosia: 1. Behavioral findings. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 17(7), 1130–1149. doi: 10.1162/0898929054475154
  • Behrmann, M., Avidan, G., Thomas, C., & Nishimura, M. (2011). Impairments in face perception. In A. Calder, J. V. Haxby, G. Rhodes, & M. Johnson (Eds.), Handbook of face perception (pp. 799–820). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
  • Behrmann, M., Lee, A. C., Geskin, J. Z., Graham, K. S., & Barense, M. D. (2016). Temporal lobe contribution to perceptual function: A tale of three patient groups. Neuropsychologia, 90, 33–45. doi: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2016.05.002
  • Behrmann, M., Moscovitch, M., & Winocur, G. (1994). Intact visual imagery and impaired visual perception in a patient with visual agnosia. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 20(5), 1068–1087. doi: 10.1037/0096-1523.20.5.1068
  • Behrmann, M., & Nishimura, M. (2010). Agnosias. Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Cognitive Science, 1(2), 203–213. doi: 10.1002/wcs.42
  • Behrmann, M., & Plaut, D. C. (2015). A vision of graded hemispheric specialization. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 1359, 30–46. doi: 10.1111/nyas.12833
  • Behrmann, M., Winocur, G., & Moscovitch, M. (1992). Dissociation between mental imagery and object recognition in a brain-damaged patient. Nature, 359(6396), 636–637. doi: 10.1038/359636a0
  • Bennetts, R. J., Murray, E., Boyce, T., & Bate, S. (2017). Prevalence of face recognition deficits in middle childhood. The Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 70(2), 234–258. doi: 10.1080/17470218.2016.1167924
  • Bentin, S., Degutis, J. M., D’Esposito, M., & Robertson, L. C. (2007). Too many trees to see the forest: Performance, event-related potential, and functional magnetic resonance imaging manifestations of integrative congenital prosopagnosia. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 19(1), 132–146. doi: 10.1162/jocn.2007.19.1.132
  • Bentin, S., Deouell, L. Y., & Soroker, N. (1999). Selective visual streaming in face recognition: Evidence from developmental prosopagnosia. Neuroreport, 10, 823–827. doi: 10.1097/00001756-199903170-00029
  • Bindemann, M., Attard, J., & Johnston, R. A. (2014). Perceived ability and actual recognition accuracy for unfamiliar and famous faces. Cogent Psychology, 1, 735. doi: 10.1080/23311908.2014.986903
  • Biotti, F., Wu, E. X., Yang, H., Guo, J., Duchaine, B., & Cook, R. (2017). Normal composite face effects in developmental prosopagnosia. Cortex, 5, 63–76. doi: 10.1016/j.cortex.2017.07.018
  • Blazely, A. M., Coltheart, M., & Casey, B. J. (2005). Semantic impairment with and without surface dyslexia: Implications for models of reading. Cognitive Neuropsychology, 22(6), 695–717. doi: 10.1080/02643290442000257
  • Bobak, A. K., Bennetts, R. J., Parris, B. A., Jansari, A., & Bate, S. (2016). An in-depth cognitive examination of individuals with superior face recognition skills. Cortex, 82, 48–62. doi: 10.1016/j.cortex.2016.05.003
  • Bouvier, S. E., & Engel, S. A. (2006). Behavioral deficits and cortical damage loci in cerebral achromatopsia. Cerebral Cortex, 16(2), 183–191. doi: 10.1093/cercor/bhi096
  • Bowles, D. C., McKone, E., Dawel, A., Duchaine, B. C., Palermo, R., Schmalzl, L., & Yovel, G. (2009). Diagnosing prosopagnosia: Effects of ageing, sex, and participant-stimulus ethnic match on the Cambridge Face Memory Test and Cambridge Face Perception Test. Cognitive Neuropsychology, 26(5), 423–455. doi: 10.1080/02643290903343149
  • Bruce, V., & Young, A. (1986). Understanding face recognition. British Journal of Psychology, 77(3), 305–327.
  • Brunsdon, R., Coltheart, M., Nickels, L., & Joy, P. (2006). Developmental prosopagnosia: A case analysis and treatment study. Cognitive Neuropsychology, 23(6), 822–840. doi: 10.1080/02643290500441841
  • Bukach, C. M., Bub, D. N., Gauthier, I., & Tarr, M. J. (2006). Perceptual expertise effects are not all or none: Spatially limited perceptual expertise for faces in a case of prosopagnosia. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 18(1), 48–63. doi: 10.1162/089892906775250094
  • Bukach, C. M., & Gauthier, I. (2017). When expertise training succeeds: Implications for face training in a case of prosopagnosia. bioRxiv.
  • Burns, E. J., Bennetts, R. J., Bate, S., Wright, V. C., Weidemann, C. T., & Tree, J. J. (2017). Intact word processing in developmental prosopagnosia. Scientific Reports, 7(1), 210. doi: 10.1038/s41598-017-01917-8
  • Burns, E. J., Tree, J. J., & Weidemann, C. T. (2014). Recognition memory in developmental prosopagnosia: Electrophysiological evidence for abnormal routes to face recognition. Frontiers in Human Neuroscience, 8, 455. doi: 10.3389/fnhum.2014.00622
  • Busigny, T., Graf, M., Mayer, E., & Rossion, B. (2010). Acquired prosopagnosia as a face-specific disorder: Ruling out the general visual similarity account. Neuropsychologia, 48(7), 2051–2067. doi: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2010.03.026
  • Busigny, T., Joubert, S., Felician, O., Ceccaldi, M., & Rossion, B. (2010). Holistic perception of the individual face is specific and necessary: Evidence from an extensive case study of acquired prosopagnosia. Neuropsychologia, 48(14), 4057–4092. doi: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2010.09.017
  • Busigny, T., & Rossion, B. (2010). Acquired prosopagnosia is not due to a general impairment in fine-grained recognition of exemplars of visually homogeneous categories. Behavioural Neurology, 23, 229–231.
  • Buxbaum, L. J., Glosser, G., & Coslett, H. B. (1998). Impaired face and word recognition without object agnosia. Neuropsychologia, 37, 41–50. doi:10.1016/S0028-3932(98)00048-7
  • Carbon, C. C., Grueter, T., Grueter, M., Weber, J., & Lueschow, A. (2010). Dissociation of facial attractiveness and distinctiveness processing in congenital prosopagnosia. Visual Cognition, 18(6), 641–654. doi: 10.1080/13506280903462471
  • Carbon, C. C., Grueter, T., Weber, J. E., & Lueschow, A. (2007). Faces as objects of non-expertise: Processing of thatcherised faces in congenital prosopagnosia. Perception, 36(11), 1635–1645. doi: 10.1068/p5467
  • Carmel, D., & Bentin, S. (2002). Domain specificity versus expertise: Factors influencing distinct processing of faces. Cognition, 83(1), 1–29. doi: 10.1016/S0010-0277(01)00162-7
  • Chainay, H., & Humphreys, G. W. (2001). The real-object advantage in agnosia: Evidence for a role of surface and depth information in object recognition. Cognitive Neuropsychology, 18(2), 175–191. doi: 10.1080/02643290042000062
  • Chang, L., & Tsao, D. Y. (2017). The code for facial identity in the primate brain. Cell, 169(6), 1013–1028 e1014. doi: 10.1016/j.cell.2017.05.011
  • Chatterjee, G., & Nakayama, K. (2012). Normal facial age and gender perception in developmental prosopagnosia. Cognitive Neuropsychology, 29(5–6), 482–502. doi: 10.1080/02643294.2012.756809
  • Cohen, L., Dehaene, S., Naccache, L., Lehericy, S., Dehaene-Lambertz, G., Henaff, M. A., & Michel, F. (2000). The visual word form area: Spatial and temporal characterization of an initial stage of reading in normal subjects and posterior split-brain patients. Brain, 123(Pt 2), 291–307. doi: 10.1093/brain/123.2.291
  • Collins, E, Dundas, E, Gabay, Y, Plaut, D. C, & Behrmann, M. (2017). Hemispheric organization in disorders of development. Visual Cognition. doi:10.1080/13506285.2017.1370430.
  • Cook, R., & Biotti, F. (2016). Developmental prosopagnosia. Current Biology, 26(8), R312–R313. doi: 10.1016/j.cub.2016.01.008
  • Corrow, J. C., Corrow, S. L., Lee, E., Pancaroglu, R., Burles, F., Duchaine, B., … Barton, J. J. S. (2016). Getting lost: Topographic skills in acquired and developmental prosopagnosia. Cortex, 76, 89–103. doi: 10.1016/j.cortex.2016.01.003
  • Crawford, J. R., & Garthwaite, P. H. (2002). Investigation of the single case in neuropsychology: Confidence limits on the abnormality of test scores and test score differences. Neuropsychologia, 40, 1196–1208. doi: 10.1016/S0028-3932(01)00224-X
  • Crawford, J. R., & Garthwaite, P. H. (2006). Methods of testing for a deficit in single-case studies: Evaluation of statistical power by Monte Carlo simulation. Cognitive Neuropsychology, in press.
  • Crawford, J. R., Garthwaite, P. H., Azzalini, A., Howell, D. C., & Laws, K. R. (2006). Testing for a deficit in single-case studies: Effects of departures from normality. Neuropsychologia, 44(4), 666–677. doi: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2005.06.001
  • Dalrymple, K. A., Fletcher, K., Corrow, S., das Nair, R., Barton, J. J. S., Yonas, A., & Duchaine, B. C. (2014a). “A room full of strangers every day”: The psychosocial impact of developmental prosopagnosia on children and their families. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 77(2), 144–150. doi: 10.1016/j.jpsychores.2014.06.001
  • Dalrymple, K. A., Garrido, L., & Duchaine, B. C. (2014b). Dissociation between face perception and face memory in adults, but not children, with developmental prosopagnosia. Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience, 10, 10–20. doi: 10.1016/j.dcn.2014.07.003
  • Dalrymple, K. A., & Palermo, R. (2016). Guidelines for studying developmental prosopagnosia in adults and children. Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Cognitive Science, 7(1), 73–87. doi: 10.1002/wcs.1374
  • de Gelder, B., Frissen, I., Barton, J. J. S., & Hadjikhani, N. (2003). A modulatory role for facial expressions in prosopagnosia. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 100(22), 13105–13110. doi: 10.1073/pnas.1735530100
  • de Gelder, B., & Stekelenburg, J. J. (2005). Naso-temporal asymmetry of the N170 for processing faces in normal viewers but not in developmental prosopagnosia. Neuroscience Letters, 376(1), 40–45. doi: 10.1016/j.neulet.2004.11.047
  • DeGutis, J. M., Cohan, S., Mercado, R. J., Wilmer, J., & Nakayama, K. (2012). Holistic processing of the mouth but not the eyes in developmental prosopagnosia. Cognitive Neuropsychology, 29(5-6), 419–446. doi: 10.108
  • DeGutis, J. M., Cohan, S., & Nakayama, K. (2014). Holistic face training enhances face processing in developmental prosopagnosia. Brain, 137(6), 1781–1798. doi: 10.1093/brain/awu062
  • De Haan, E. H. F. (1999). A familial factor in the development of face recognition deficits. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology, 21(3), 312–315. doi: 10.1076/jcen.21.3.312.917
  • De Haan, E. H. F., & Campbell, R. (1991). A fifteen year follow-up of a case of developmental prosopagnosia. Cortex, 27, 489–509. doi: 10.1016/S0010-9452(13)80001-9
  • de Heering, A., Rossion, M., & Maurer, D. (2012). Developmental changes in face recognition during childhood: Evidence from upright and inverted faces. Cognitive Development, 27(1), 17–27. doi: 10.1016/j.cogdev.2011.07.001
  • Dennett, H. W, McKone, E, Tavashmi, R, Hall, A, Pidcock, M, Edwards, M, & Duchaine, B. C. (2012). The Cambridge Car Memory Test: a task matched in format to the Cambridge Face Memory Test, with norms, reliability, sex differences, dissociations from face memory, and expertise effects. Behav Res Methods, 44(2), 587–605.
  • De Renzi, E. (1986). Current issues in prosopagnosia. In H. Ellis, M. A. Jeeves, F. Newcombe, & A. W. Young (Eds.), Aspects of face processing. Dordrecht: Martinus Nijhoff.
  • De Renzi, E., Faglioni, P., Grossi, D., & Nichelli, P. (1991). Apperceptive and associative forms of prosopagnosia. Cortex, 27(2), 213–221. doi: 10.1016/S0010-9452(13)80125-6
  • Dinkelacker, V., Gruter, M., Klaver, P., Gruter, T., Specht, K., Weis, S., … Fernandez, G. (2011). Congenital prosopagnosia: Multistage anatomical and functional deficits in face processing circuitry. Journal of Neurology, 258(5), 770–782. doi: 10.1007/s00415-010-5828-5
  • Dobel, C., Bolte, J., Aicher, M., & Schweinberger, S. R. (2007). Prosopagnosia without apparent cause: Overview and diagnosis of six cases. Cortex, 43(6), 718–733. doi: 10.1016/S0010-9452(08)70501-X
  • Dobel, C., Junghofer, M., & Gruber, T. (2011). The role of gamma-band activity in the representation of faces: Reduced activity in the fusiform face area in congenital prosopagnosia. PLoS One, 6(5), e19550. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0019550
  • Dobel, C., Putsche, C., Zwitserlood, P., & Junghofer, M. (2008). Early left-hemispheric dysfunction of face processing in congenital prosopagnosia: An MEG study. PLoS One, 3(6), e2326. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0002326
  • Duchaine, B. C. (2000). Developmental prosopagnosia with normal configural processing. Neuroreport, 11(1), 79–83. doi: 10.1097/00001756-200001170-00016
  • Duchaine, B. C., Dingle, K., Butterworth, E., & Nakayama, K. (2004). Normal greeble learning in a severe case of developmental prosopagnosia. Neuron, 43, 469–473. doi: 10.1016/j.neuron.2004.08.006
  • Duchaine, B. C., & Garrido, L. (2008). We’re getting warmer—characterizing the mechanisms of face recognition with acquired prosopagnosia: A comment on riddoch et al. (2008). Cognitive Neuropsychology, 25(5), 765–768. doi: 10.1080/02643290802092102
  • Duchaine, B. C., Germine, L., & Nakayama, K. (2007). Family resemblance: Ten family members with prosopagnosia and within-class object agnosia. Cognitive Neuropsychology, 24(4), 419–430. doi: 10.1080/02643290701380491
  • Duchaine, B. C., Jenkins, R., Germine, L., & Calder, A. J. (2009). Normal gaze discrimination and adaptation in seven prosopagnosics. Neuropsychologia, 47(10), 2029–2036. doi: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2009.03.011
  • Duchaine, B. C, & Nakayama, K. (2006a). Developmental prosopagnosia: a window to content-specific face processing. Curr Opin Neurobiol, 16(2), 166–173.
  • Duchaine, B. C, & Nakayama, K. (2006b). Developmental prosopagnosia: a window to content-specific face processing. Curr Opin Neurobiol, 16(2), 166–173.
  • Duchaine, B. C., & Nakayama, K. (2004). Developmental prosopagnosia and the Benton Facial Recognition Test. Neurology, 62, 1219–1220. doi:10.1212/01.WNL.0000118297.03161.B3
  • Duchaine, B. C., & Nakayama, K. (2005). Dissociations of face and object recognition in developmental prosopagnosia. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 17(2), 249–261. doi: 10.1162/0898929053124857
  • Duchaine, B. C., & Nakayama, K. (2006a). The Cambridge Face Memory Test: Results for neurologically intact individuals and an investigation of its validity using inverted face stimuli and prosopagnosic participants. Neuropsychologia, 44(4), 576–585. doi:10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2005.07.001
  • Duchaine, B. C., Nieminen-von Wendt, T., New, J., & Kulomaki, T. (2003). Dissociations of visual recognition in a developmental agnosic: Evidence for separate developmental processes. Neurocase, 9(5), 380–389. doi: 10.1076/neur.9.5.380
  • Duchaine, B. C., Parker, H., & Nakayama, K. (2003). Normal recognition of emotion in a prosopagnosic. Perception, 32(7), 827–838. doi: 10.1068/p5067
  • Duchaine, B. C, Yovel, G, Butterworth, E. J, & Nakayama, K. (2006b). Prosopagnosia as an impairment to face-specific mechanisms: Elimination of the alternative hypotheses in a developmental case. Cogn Neuropsychol, 23(5), 714–747.
  • Duchaine, B. C., Yovel, G., & Nakayama, K. (2007). No global processing deficit in the navon task in 14 developmental prosopagnosics. Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience, 2(2), 104–113. doi: 10.1093/scan/nsm003
  • Eimer, M., Gosling, A., & Duchaine, B. (2012). Electrophysiological markers of covert face recognition in developmental prosopagnosia. Brain, 135(Pt 2), 542–554. doi: 10.1093/brain/awr347
  • Esins, J., Schultz, J., Stemper, C., Kenerknecht, I., & Bulthoff, I. (2016). Face perception and test reliabilities in congenital prosopagnosia in seven tests. i-Perception, 6, 1–37.
  • Esins, J., Schultz, J., Stemper, C., Kennerknecht, I., Wallraven, C., & Bulthoff, I. (2015). Corrigendum: Do congenital prosopagnosia and the other-race effect affect the same face recognition mechanisms? Frontiers in Human Neuroscience, 9, 294. doi: 10.3389/fnhum.2015.00294
  • Esins, J., Schultz, J., Wallraven, C., & Bulthoff, I. (2014). Do congenital prosopagnosia and the other-race effect affect the same face recognition mechanisms? Frontiers in Human Neuroscience, 8, 1146. doi: 10.3389/fnhum.2014.00759
  • Everitt, B. (1977). The analysis of contingency tables. London: Chapman and Hall.
  • Farah, M. J. (1991). Cognitive neuropsychology: Patterns of co-occurrence among the associative agnosias: Implications for visual object representation. Cognitive Neuropsychology, 8(1), 1–19. doi:10.1080/02643299108253364
  • Farah, M. J. (1992). Is an object an object an object? Cognitive and neuropsychological investigations of domain specificity in visual object recognition. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 1, 164–169. doi: 10.1111/1467-8721.ep11510333
  • Farah, M. J. (1994). Dissociable systems for visual recognition: A cognitive neuropsychology approach. In S. M. Kosslyn, & D. Osherson (Eds.), Invitation to cognitive science (pp. 101–120). Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
  • Farah, M. J., Levinson, K. L., & Klein, K. L. (1995). Face perception and within-category discrimination in prosopagnosia. Neuropsychologia, 33(6), 661–674. doi: 10.1016/0028-3932(95)00002-K
  • Feinberg, T. E., Schindler, R. J., Ochoa, E., Kwan, P. C., & Farah, M. J. (1994). Associative visual agnosia and alexia without prosopagnosia. Cortex, 30, 395–411. doi: 10.1016/S0010-9452(13)80337-1
  • Fodor, J. (1983). The modularity of mind: An essay on faculty psychology. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
  • Fox, C. J., Hanif, H. M., Iaria, G., Duchaine, B. C., & Barton, J. J. (2011). Perceptual and anatomic patterns of selective deficits in facial identity and expression processing. Neuropsychologia, 49(12), 3188–3200. doi: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2011.07.018
  • Furl, N., Garrido, L., Dolan, R. J., Driver, J., & Duchaine, B. (2011). Fusiform gyrus face selectivity relates to individual differences in facial recognition ability. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 23(7), 1723–1740. doi: 10.1162/jocn.2010.21545
  • Galaburda, A. M., & Duchaine, B. C. (2003). Developmental disorders of vision. Neurologic Clinics, 21(3), 687–707. doi: 10.1016/S0733-8619(02)00096-8
  • Garrido, L., Furl, N., Draganski, B., Weiskopf, N., Stevens, J., Tan, G. C., … Duchaine, B. (2009). Voxel-based morphometry reveals reduced grey matter volume in the temporal cortex of developmental prosopagnosics. Brain, 132(Pt 12), 3443–3455. doi: 10.1093/brain/awp271
  • Gauthier, I. (2017a). The quest for the FFA led to the expertise account of its specialization. arXiv:1702.07038, arXivpreprint.
  • Gauthier, I. (2017b). Domain-specific and domain-general individual differences in visual object recognition. Current Directions in Psychological Science.
  • Gauthier, I., Behrmann, M., & Tarr, M. J. (1999). Can face recognition really be dissociated from object recognition? Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 11(4), 349–370. doi: 10.1162/089892999563472
  • Gauthier, I., Behrmann, M., & Tarr, M. J. (2004). Are greebles like faces? Using the neuropsychological exception to test the rule. Neuropsychologia, 42(14), 1961–1970. doi: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2004.04.025
  • Gauthier, I., Skudlarski, P., Gore, J. C., & Anderson, A. W. (2000). Expertise for cars and birds recruits brain areas involved in face recognition. Nature Neuroscience, 3(2), 191–197. doi: 10.1038/72140
  • Gauthier, I., & Tarr, M. J. (1997). Becoming a “greeble” expert: Exploring mechanisms for face recognition. Vision Research, 37(12), 1673–1682. doi: 10.1016/S0042-6989(96)00286-6
  • Gauthier, I., Williams, P., Tarr, M. J., & Tanaka, J. (1998). Training “greeble” experts: A framework for studying expert object recognition processes. Vision Research, 38, 2401–2428. doi: 10.1016/S0042-6989(97)00442-2
  • Gerlach, C., Klargaard, S. K., & Starrfelt, R. (2016). On the relation between face and object recognition in developmental prosopagnosia: No dissociation but a systematic association. PLoS One, 11(10), e0165561. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0165561
  • Germine, L., Cashdollar, N., Duzel, E., & Duchaine, B. (2011). A new selective developmental deficit: Impaired object recognition with normal face recognition. Cortex, 47(5), 598–607. doi: 10.1016/j.cortex.2010.04.009
  • Gomez, J., Pestilli, F., Witthoft, N., Golarai, G., Liberman, A., Poltoratski, S., … Grill-Spector, K. (2015). Functionally defined white matter reveals segregated pathways in human ventral temporal cortex associated with category-specific processing. Neuron, 85(1), 216–227. doi: 10.1016/j.neuron.2014.12.027
  • Grill-Spector, K., & Weiner, K. S. (2014). The functional architecture of the ventral temporal cortex and its role in categorization. Nature Reviews Neuroscience, 15(8), 536–548. doi: 10.1038/nrn3747
  • Grill-Spector, K., Weiner, K. S., Kay, K. N., & Gomez, J. (2017). The functional neuroanatomy of human face perception. Annual Review of Vision Science, 3, 167–196. doi: 10.1146/annurev-vision-102016-061214
  • Grueter, T., Grueter, M., Bell, V., & Carbon, C. C. (2009). Visual mental imagery in congenital prosopagnosia. Neuroscience Letters, 453(3), 135–140. doi: 10.1016/j.neulet.2009.02.021
  • Grueter, M., Grueter, T., Bell, V., Horst, J., Laskowski, W., Sperling, K., … Kennerknecht, I. (2007). Hereditary prosopagnosia: The first case series. Cortex, 43(6), 734–749. doi: 10.1016/S0010-9452(08)70502-1
  • Harris, A. M., Duchaine, B. C., & Nakayama, K. (2005). Normal and abnormal face selectivity of the M170 response in developmental prosopagnosics. Neuropsychologia, 43(14), 2125–2136. doi: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2005.03.017
  • Hasson, U., Avidan, G., Deouell, L. Y., Bentin, S., & Malach, R. (2003). Face-selective activation in a congenital prosopagnosic subject. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 15(3), 419–431. doi: 10.1162/089892903321593135
  • Haxby, J. V., Gobbini, M. I., Furey, M. L., Ishai, A., Schouten, J. L., & Pietrini, P. (2001). Distributed and overlapping representations of faces and objects in ventral temporal cortex. Science, 293, 2425–2430. doi: 10.1126/science.1063736
  • Henson, R. N. (2011). How to discover modules in mind and brain: The curse of nonlinearity, and blessing of neuroimaging. A comment on sternberg (2011). Cognitive Neuropsychology, 28(3 and 4), 209–223. doi: 10.1080/02643294.2011.561305
  • Huis in’t Veld, E., den Stock, J., & de Gelder, B. (2012). Configuration perception and face memory, and face context effects in developmental prosopagnosia. Cognitive Neuropsychology, 29(5–6), 464–481. doi: 10.1080/02643294.2012.732051
  • Humphreys, K., Avidan, G., & Behrmann, M. (2007). A detailed investigation of facial expression processing in congenital prosopagnosia as compared to acquired prosopagnosia. Experimental Brain Research, 176(2), 356–373. doi: 10.1007/s00221-006-0621-5
  • Humphreys, K, Hasson, U, Avidan, G, Minshew, N, & Behrmann, M. (2008). Cortical patterns of category-selective activation for faces, places and objects in adults with autism. Autism Res, 1(1), 52–63.
  • Jankowiak, J., Kinsbourne, M., Shalev, R. S., & Bachman, D. L. (1992). Preserved visual imagery and categorization in a case of associative visual agnosia. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 4, 119–131. doi: 10.1162/jocn.1992.4.2.119
  • Johnen, A., Schmukle, S. C., Huttenbrink, J., Kischka, C., Kennerknecht, I., & Dobel, C. (2014). A family at risk: Congenital prosopagnosia, poor face recognition and visuoperceptual deficits within one family. Neuropsychologia, 58, 52–63. doi: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2014.03.013
  • Jones, R. D., & Tranel, D. (2001). Severe developmental prosopagnosia in a child with superior intellect. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology (Neuropsychology, Development and Cognition: Section A), 23, 265–273.
  • Kanwisher, N. (2000). Domain specificity in face perception. Nature Neuroscience, 3(8), 759–763. doi: 10.1038/77664
  • Kanwisher, N. (2017). The quest for the FFA and where it led. The Journal of Neuroscience, 37(5), 1056–1061. doi: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.1706-16.2016
  • Kennerknecht, I., Gruter, M., Gruter, T., Welling, B., Wentzek, S., Horst, J., … Grueter, M. (2002). First report on the genetics of prosopagnosia. European Journal of Human Genetics, 10(1), 249.
  • Kennerknecht, I., Ho, N. Y., & Wong, V. C. (2008). Prevalence of hereditary prosopagnosia (HPA) in Hong Kong Chinese population. American Journal of Medical Genetics Part A, 146A(22), 2863–2870. doi: 10.1002/ajmg.a.32552
  • Kimchi, R. (2015). The perception of hierarchical structure. In J. Wagemans (Ed.), Oxford handbook of perceptual organization (pp. 129–149). Oxford, UK: Oxford University Oress.
  • Kimchi, R., Behrmann, M., Avidan, G., & Amishav, R. (2012). Perceptual separability of featural and configural information in congenital prosopagnosia. Cognitive Neuropsychology, 29(5-6), 447–463. doi: 10.1080/02643294.2012.752723
  • Klargaard, S. K., Starrfelt, R., Petersen, A., & Gerlach, C. (2016). Topographic processing in developmental prosopagnosia: Preserved perception but impaired memory of scenes. Cognitive Neuropsychology, 33(7–8), 405–413. doi: 10.1080/02643294.2016.1267000
  • Kravitz, D. J., Saleem, K. S., Baker, C. I., Ungerleider, L. G., & Mishkin, M. (2013). The ventral visual pathway: An expanded neural framework for the processing of object quality. TRENDS in Cognitive Sciences, 17(1), 26–49. doi: 10.1016/j.tics.2012.10.011
  • Kress, T., & Daum, I. (2003). Event-related potentials reflect impaired face recognition in patients with congenital prosopagnosia. Neuroscience Letters, 352, 133–136. doi: 10.1016/j.neulet.2003.08.047
  • Lambon Ralph, M. A., Patterson, K., & Plaut, D. C. (2011). Finite case series or infinite single-case studies? Comments on “case series investigations in cognitive neuropsychology” by Schwartz and Dell (2010). Cognitive Neuropsychology, 28(7), 466–474. doi:10.1080/02643294.2012.671765. discussion 515-420.
  • Landi, S. M., & Freiwald, W. A. (2017). Two areas for familiar face recognition in the primate brain. Science, 357(6351), 591–595. doi: 10.1126/science.aan1139
  • Lange, J, de_Lussanet, M, Kuhlmann, S, Zimmermann, A, Lappe, M, Zwitserlood, P, & Dobel, C. (2009). Impairments of biological motion perception in congenital prosopagnosia. PLoS One, 4(10).
  • Lee, Y., Duchaine, B. C., Wilson, H. R., & Nakayama, K. (2010). Three cases of developmental prosopagnosia from one family: Detailed neuropsychological and psychophysical investigation of face processing. Cortex, 46(8), 949–964. doi: 10.1016/j.cortex.2009.07.012
  • Leib, A. Y., Puri, A. M., Fischer, J., Bentin, S., Whitney, D., & Robertson, L. (2012). Crowd perception in prosopagnosia. Neuropsychologia, 50(7), 1698–1707. doi: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2012.03.026
  • Lenneberg, E. H. (1967). Biological foundations of language. Oxford, UK: Wiley.
  • Liu, T. T., & Behrmann, M. (2014). Impaired holistic processing of left-right composite faces in congenital prosopagnosia. Frontiers in Human Neuroscience, 8, 750. doi: 10.3389/fnhum.2014.00750
  • Lobmaier, J. S., Bolte, J., Mast, F. W., & Dobel, C. (2010). Configural and featural processing in humans with congenital prosopagnosia. Advances in Cognitive Psychology, 6, 23–34. doi: 10.2478/v10053-008-0074-4
  • Lohse, M., Garrido, L., Driver, J., Dolan, R. J., Duchaine, B. C., & Furl, N. (2016). Effective connectivity from early visual cortex to posterior occipitotemporal face areas supports face selectivity and predicts developmental prosopagnosia. The Journal of Neuroscience, 36(13), 3821–3828. doi: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.3621-15.2016
  • Malaspina, M., Albonico, A., Toneatto, C., & Daini, R. (2017). What do eye movements tell us about the visual perception of individuals with congenital prosopagnosia? Neuropsychology, 31(5), 546–563. doi: 10.1037/neu0000362
  • Marks, D. F. (1973). Visual imagery differences in the recall of pictures. British Journal of Psychology, 64(1), 17–24. doi: 10.1111/j.2044-8295.1973.tb01322.x
  • McGugin, R. W., Gatenby, J. C., Gore, J. C., & Gauthier, I. (2012a). High-resolution imaging of expertise reveals reliable object selectivity in the fusiform face area related to perceptual performance. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 109(42), 17063–17068. doi: 10.1073/pnas.1116333109
  • McGugin, R. W., Richler, J. J., Herzmann, G., Speegle, M., & Gauthier, I. (2012b). The Vanderbilt Expertise Test reveals domain-general and domain-specific sex effects in object recognition. Vision Research, 69, 10–22. doi: 10.1016/j.visres.2012.07.014
  • McGugin, R. W., Van Gulick, A. E., & Gauthier, I. (2016). Cortical thickness in fusiform face area predicts face and object recognition performance. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 28(2), 282–294. doi: 10.1162/jocn_a_00891
  • McKone, E., Crookes, K., Jeffery, L., & Dilks, D. D. (2012). A critical review of the development of face recognition: Experience is less important than previously believed. Cognitive Neuropsychology, 29(1–2), 174–212. doi: 10.1080/02643294.2012.660138
  • McKone, E., & Kanwisher, N. (2005). Does the human brain process objects of expertise like faces? A review of the evidence. In S. Dehaene, J. R. Duhamel, M. Hauser, & G. Rizzolatti (Eds.), From monkey brain to human brain (pp. 339–356). Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
  • McKone, E., Wan, L., Robbins, R., Crookes, K., & Liu, J. (2017). Diagnosing prosopagnosia in East Asian individuals: Norms for the Cambridge Face Memory Test-Chinese. Cognitive Neuropsychology, 5, 1–16. doi: 10.1080/02643294.2017.1371682
  • McMullen, P. A., Fisk, J. D., Phillips, S. J., & Maloney, W. J. (2000). Apperceptive agnosia and face recognition. Neurocase, 6, 403–414. doi: 10.1080/13554790008402711
  • McNeil, J. E., & Warrington, E. K. (1991). Prosopagnosia: A reclassification. The Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology Section A, 43(2), 267–287. doi: 10.1080/14640749108400970
  • McNeil, J. E., & Warrington, E. K. (1993). Prosopagnosia: A face-specific disorder. The Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology Section A, 46(1), 1–10. doi: 10.1080/14640749308401064
  • Meyers, J., & Meyers, K. (1995). Rey complex figure and recognition trial professional manual. Odessa, FL: Psychological Assessment Resources.
  • Minnebusch, D. A., Suchan, B., Koster, O., & Daum, I. (2009). A bilateral occipitotemporal network mediates face perception. Behavioural Brain Research, 198(1), 179–185. doi: 10.1016/j.bbr.2008.10.041
  • Minnebusch, D. A., Suchan, B., Ramon, M., & Daum, I. (2007). Event-related potentials reflect heterogeneity of developmental prosopagnosia. European Journal of Neuroscience, 25(7), 2234–2247. doi: 10.1111/j.1460-9568.2007.05451.x
  • Moroz, D., Corrow, S. L., Corrow, J. C., Barton, A. R., Duchaine, B., & Barton, J. J. S. (2016). Localization and patterns of cerebral dyschromatopsia: A study of subjects with prospagnosia. Neuropsychologia, 89, 153–160. doi: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2016.06.012
  • Moscovitch, M., Winocur, G., & Behrmann, M. (1997). What is special about face recognition? Nineteen experiments on a person with visual object agnosia and dyslexia but normal face recognition. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 9(5), 555–604. doi: 10.1162/jocn.1997.9.5.555
  • Nasr, S., Echavarria, C. E., & Tootell, R. B. (2014). Thinking outside the box: Rectilinear shapes selectively activate scene-selective cortex. Journal of Neuroscience, 34(20), 6721–6735. doi: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.4802-13.2014
  • Navon, D. (2003). What does a compound letter tell the psychologist’s mind? Acta Psychologica, 114(3), 273–309. doi: 10.1016/j.actpsy.2003.06.002
  • Negri, G. A., Rumiati, R. I., Zadini, A., Ukmar, M., Mahon, B. Z., & Caramazza, A. (2007). What is the role of motor simulation in action and object recognition? Evidence from apraxia. Cognitive Neuropsychology, 24(8), 795–816. doi: 10.1080/02643290701707412
  • Nishimura, M., Doyle, J., & Behrmann, M. (2010). Probing the face-space of individuals with prosopagnosia. Neuropsychologia, 48, 1828–1841. doi: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2010.03.007
  • Nunn, J. A., Postma, P., & Pearson, R. (2001). Developmental prosopagnosia: Should it be taken at face value? Neurocase, 7(1), 15–27. doi: 10.1093/neucas/7.1.15
  • O’Toole, A. J., Jiang, F., Abdi, H., & Haxby, J. V. (2005). Partially distributed representations of objects and faces in ventral temporal cortex. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 17(4), 580–590. doi: 10.1162/0898929053467550
  • Palermo, R., Rivolta, D., Wilson, C. E., & Jeffery, L. (2011). Adaptive face space coding in congenital prosopagnosia: Typical figural aftereffects but abnormal identity aftereffects. Neuropsychologia, 49(14), 3801–3812. doi: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2011.09.039
  • Palermo, R., Rossion, B., Rhodes, G., Laguesse, R., Tez, T., Hall, B., … McKone, E. (2017). Do people have insight into their face recognition abilities? The Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 70(2), 218–233. doi: 10.1080/17470218.2016.1161058
  • Palermo, R., Willis, M. L., Rivolta, D., McKone, E., Wilson, C. E., & Calder, A. J. (2011). Impaired holistic coding of facial expression and facial identity in congenital prosopagnosia. Neuropsychologia, 49(5), 1226–1235. doi: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2011.02.021
  • Patterson, K., & Plaut, D. C. (2009). “Shallow draughts intoxicate the brain”: lessons from cognitive science for cognitive neuropsychology. Topics in Cognitive Science, 1(1), 39–58. doi: 10.1111/j.1756-8765.2008.01012.x
  • Plaut, D. C., & Shallice, T. (1993). Deep dyslexia: A case study of connectionist neuropsychology. Cognitive Neuropsychology, 10(5), 377–500. doi: 10.1080/02643299308253469
  • Ponce, C. R., Hartmann, T. S., & Livingstone, M. S. (2017). End-Stopping predicts curvature tuning along the ventral stream. The Journal of Neuroscience, 37(3), 648–659. doi: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.2507-16.2017
  • Rabaglia, C. D., Marcus, G. F., & Lane, S. P. (2011). What can individual differences tell us about the specialization of function? Cognitive Neuropsychology, 28(3–4), 288–303. doi: 10.1080/02643294.2011.609813
  • Richler, J. J., Mack, M. L., Palmeri, T. J., & Gauthier, I. (2011). Inverted faces are (eventually) processed holistically. Vision Research, 51(3), 333–342. doi: 10.1016/j.visres.2010.11.014
  • Richler, J. J., Palmeri, T. J., & Gauthier, I. (2012). Meanings, mechanisms, and measures of holistic processing. Frontiers in Psychology, 3, 553. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2012.00553
  • Riddoch, M. J., & Humphreys, G. W. (1993). Birmingham Object Recognition Battery. Hove: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
  • Riddoch, M. J., Johnston, R. A., Bracewell, R. M., Boutsen, L., & Humphreys, G. W. (2008). Are faces special? A case of pure prosopagnosia. Cognitive Neuropsychology, 25(1), 3–26. doi: 10.1080/02643290801920113
  • Righart, R., & de Gelder, B. (2007). Impaired face and body perception in developmental prosopagnosia. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 104(43), 17234–17238. doi: 10.1073/pnas.0707753104
  • Rivest, J., Moscovitch, M., & Black, S. (2009). A comparative case study of face recognition: The contribution of configural and part-based recognition systems, and their interaction. Neuropsychologia, 47(13), 2798–2811. doi: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2009.06.004
  • Rivolta, D., Lawson, R. P., & Palermo, R. (2016). More than just a problem with faces: Altered body perception in a group of congenital prosopagnosics. Q J Exp Psychol (Hove), 1–25. doi: 10.1080/17470218.2016.1174277
  • Rivolta, D., Palermo, R., Schmalzl, L., & Coltheart, M. (2012). Covert face recognition in congenital prosopagnosia: A group study. Cortex, 48(3), 344–352. doi: 10.1016/j.cortex.2011.01.005
  • Rivolta, D., Palermo, R., & Schmalzl, L. (2013). What is overt and what is covert in congenital prosopagnosia? Neuropsychology Review, 23(2), 111–116. doi: 10.1007/s11065-012-9223-0
  • Rivolta, D., Palermo, R., Schmalzl, L., & Williams, M. A. (2012). Investigating the features of the M170 in congenital prosopagnosia. Frontiers in Human Neuroscience, 6, 45. doi: 10.3389/fnhum.2012.00045
  • Rivolta, D., Schmalzl, L., Coltheart, M., & Palermo, R. (2010). Semantic information can facilitate covert face recognition in congenital prosopagnosia. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology, 32(9), 1002–1016. doi: 10.1080/13803391003662710
  • Rivolta, D., Woolgar, A., Palermo, R., Butko, M., Schmalzl, L., & Williams, M. A. (2014). Multi-voxel pattern analysis (MVPA) reveals abnormal fMRI activity in both the “core” and “extended” face network in congenital prosopagnosia. Frontiers in Human Neuroscience, 8, 1. doi: 10.3389/fnhum.2014.00925
  • Robinson, A. K., Plaut, D. C., & Behrmann, M. (2017). Word and face processing engage overlapping distributed networks: Evidence from RSVP and EEG investigations. Journal of Experimental Psychology General. doi:10.1037/xge0000302. [Epub ahead of print].
  • Ross, E. D. (1980). Sensory-specific and fractional disorders of recent memory in man: I. Isolated loss of visual recent memory. Annual Review of Neuroscience, 37, 193–200.
  • Rubino, C, Corrow, S. L, Corrow, J. C, Duchaine, B, & Barton, J. J. S. (2016). Word and text processing in developmental prosopagnosia. Cogn Neuropsychol, 33, 315–328.
  • Rumiati, R. I., & Humphreys, G. W. (1997). Visual object agnosia without alexia or prosopagnosia: Arguments for separate knowledge stores. Visual Cognition, 4(12), 207–217. doi: 10.1080/135062897395543
  • Russell, R., Chatterjee, G., & Nakayama, K. (2012). Developmental prosopagnosia and super-recognition: No special role for surface reflectance processing. Neuropsychologia, 50(2), 334–340. doi: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2011.12.004
  • Russell, R., Duchaine, B., & Nakayama, K. (2009). Super-recognizers: People with extraordinary face recognition ability. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 16(2), 252–257. doi: 10.3758/PBR.16.2.252
  • Scherf, K. S., Behrmann, M., Humphreys, K., & Luna, B. (2007). Visual category-selectivity for faces, places and objects emerges along different developmental trajectories. Developmental Science, 10(4), F15–F30. doi: 10.1111/j.1467-7687.2007.00595.x
  • Schmalzl, L., Palermo, R., & Coltheart, M. (2008). Cognitive heterogeneity in genetically based prosopagnosia: A family study. Journal of Neuropsychology, 2(Pt 1), 99–117. doi: 10.1348/174866407X256554
  • Schwarzer, G., Huber, S., Gruter, M., Gruter, T., Gross, C., Hipfel, M., & Kennerknecht, I. (2007). Gaze behaviour in hereditary prosopagnosia. Psychological Research, 71(5), 583–590. doi: 10.1007/s00426-006-0068-0
  • Sergent, J., & Signoret, J.-L. (1992). Functional and anatomical decomposition of face processing: Evidence from prosopagnosia and PET study of normal subjects [and discussion]. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 335, 55–62. doi: 10.1098/rstb.1992.0007
  • Shah, P., Gaule, A., Gaigg, S. B., Bird, G., & Cook, R. (2015). Probing short-term face memory in developmental prosopagnosia. Cortex, 64, 115–122. doi: 10.1016/j.cortex.2014.10.006
  • Shakeshaft, N. G., & Plomin, R. (2015). Genetic specificity of face recognition. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. doi/10.1073/pnas.1421881112
  • Shallice, T. (1988). From neuropsychology to mental structure. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press.
  • Song, S., Garrido, L., Nagy, Z., Mohammadi, S., Steel, A., Driver, J., … Furl, N. (2015). Local but not long-range microstructural differences of the ventral temporal cortex in developmental prosopagnosia. Neuropsychologia, 78, 195–206. doi: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2015.10.010
  • Song, Y, Zhu, Q, Li, J, Wang, X, & Liu, J. (2015). Typical and Atypical Development of Functional Connectivity in the Face Network. J Neurosci, 35(43), 14624–14635.
  • Starrfelt, R., Klargaard, S. K., Petersen, A., & Gerlach, C. (2017). Are reading and face processing related? An investigation of reading in developmental prosopagnosia. Neuropsychologia, in press.
  • Steede, L. L., Tree, J. J., & Hole, G. J. (2007). I can’t recognize your face but I can recognize its movement. Cognitive Neuropsychology, 24(4), 451–466. doi: 10.1080/02643290701381879
  • Sternberg, S. (2011). Modular processes in mind and brain. Cognitive Neuropsychology, 28(3-4), 156–208. doi: 10.1080/02643294.2011.557231
  • Stollhoff, R., Jost, J., Elze, T., Kennerknecht, I., & Baker, C. (2011). Deficits in long-term recognition memory reveal dissociated subtypes in congenital prosopagnosia. PLoS One, 6(1), e15702. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0015702
  • Stollhoff, R., Jost, J., Elze, T., Kennerknecht, I., & Baker, C. I. (2010). The early time course of compensatory face processing in congenital prosopagnosia. PLoS One, 5(7), e11482. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0011482
  • Striemer, C., Gingerich, T., Striemer, D., & Dixon, M. (2009). Covert face priming reveals a “true face effect” in a case of congenital prosopagnosia. Neurocase, 15(6), 509–514. doi: 10.1080/13554790902971166
  • Susilo, T., McKone, E., Dennett, H., Darke, H., Palermo, R., Hall, A., … Rhodes, G. (2010). Face recognition impairments despite normal holistic processing and face space coding: Evidence from a case of developmental prosopagnosia. Cognitive Neuropsychology, 27(8), 636–664. doi: 10.1080/02643294.2011.613372
  • Tanzer, M., Freud, E., Ganel, T., & Avidan, G. (2013). General holistic impairment in congenital prosopagnosia: Evidence from Garner’s speeded-classification task. Cognitive Neuropsychology, 30(6), 429–445. doi: 10.1080/02643294.2013.873715
  • Tanzer, M., Weinbach, N., Mardo, E., Henik, A., & Avidan, G. (2016). Phasic alertness enhances processing of face and non-face stimuli in congenital prosopagnosia. Neuropsychologia, 89, 299–308. doi: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2016.06.032
  • Tarr, M. J., & Gauthier, I. (2000). FFA: A flexible fusiform face area for subordinate-level visual processing automatized by expertise. Nature Neuroscience, 3(8), 764–769. doi: 10.1038/77666
  • Temple, C. M. (1992). Developmental memory impairment: Faces and patterns. In R. Campbell (Ed.), Mental lives: Case studies in cognition (pp. 199–215). Oxford: Blackwell.
  • Thiebaut de Schotten, M., & & Shallice, T. (2017). Identical, similar or different? Is a single brain model sufficient? Cortex, 86, 172–175. doi: 10.1016/j.cortex.2016.12.002
  • Thomas, C., Avidan, G., Humphreys, K., Jung, K. J., Gao, F., & Behrmann, M. (2009). Reduced structural connectivity in ventral visual cortex in congenital prosopagnosia. Nature Neuroscience, 12(1), 29–31. doi: 10.1038/nn.2224
  • Tippett, L. J., Miller, L. A., & Farah, M. J. (2000). Prosopamnesia: A selective impairment in face learning. Cognitive Neuropsychology, 17, 241–255. doi: 10.1080/026432900380599
  • Todorov, A., & Duchaine, B. (2008). Reading trustworthiness in faces without recognizing faces. Cognitive Neuropsychology, 25(3), 395–410. doi: 10.1080/02643290802044996
  • Towler, J., Gosling, A., Duchaine, B., & Eimer, M. (2012). The face-sensitive N170 component in developmental prosopagnosia. Neuropsychologia, 50(14), 3588–3599. doi: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2012.10.017
  • Towler, J., Gosling, A., Duchaine, B., & Eimer, M. (2016). Normal perception of Mooney faces in developmental prosopagnosia: Evidence from the N170 component and rapid neural adaptation. Journal of Neuropsychology, 10(1), 15–32. doi: 10.1111/jnp.12054
  • Townsend, J., & Ashby, F. (1983). The stochastic modelling of elementary psychological processes. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • Tree, J. J., & Wilkie, J. (2010). Face and object imagery in congenital prosopagnosia: A case series. Cortex, 46(9), 1189–1198. doi: 10.1016/j.cortex.2010.03.005
  • Ulrich, P. I., Wilkinson, D. T., Ferguson, H. J., Smith, L., Bindemann, M., Johnston, R. A., & Schmalzl, L. (2016). Perceptual and memorial contributions to developmental prosopagnosia. Q J Exp Psychol (Hove), 1–44. doi: 10.1080/17470218.2016.1177101
  • Van den Stock, J., van de Riet, W. A., Righart, R., de Gelder, B., & He, S. (2008). Neural correlates of perceiving emotional faces and bodies in developmental prosopagnosia: An event-related fMRI-study. PLoS One, 3(9), e3195. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0003195
  • Van Gulick, A. E., McGugin, R. W., & Gauthier, I. (2016). Measuring nonvisual knowledge about object categories: The Semantic Vanderbilt Expertise Test. Behavior Research Methods, 48(3), 1178–1196. doi: 10.3758/s13428-015-0637-5
  • Verfaillie, K., Huysegems, S., De Graef, P., & Van Belle, G. (2014). Impaired holistic and analytic face processing in congenital prosopagnosia: Evidence from the eye-contingent mask/window paradigm. Visual Cognition, 22(3-4), 503–521. doi: 10.1080/13506285.2014.881446
  • Wang, P., Gauthier, I., & Cottrell, G. (2016). Are face and object recognition independent? A neurocomputational modeling exploration. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 28(4), 558–574. doi: 10.1162/jocn_a_00919
  • Weiss, N., Mardo, E., & Avidan, G. (2016). Visual expertise for horses in a case of congenital prosopagnosia. Neuropsychologia. doi:10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2015.07.028
  • White, D., Rivolta, D., Burton, A. M., Al-Janabi, S., & Palermo, R. (2017). Face matching impairment in developmental prosopagnosia. The Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 70(2), 287–297. doi: 10.1080/17470218.2016.1173076
  • Whitehouse, A. J., & Bishop, D. V. (2009). Hemispheric division of function is the result of independent probabilistic biases. Neuropsychologia, 47(8-9), 1938–1943. doi: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2009.03.005
  • Williams, M. A., Berberovic, N., & Mattingley, J. B. (2007). Abnormal fMRI adaptation to unfamiliar faces in a case of developmental prosopamnesia. Current Biology, 17(14), 1259–1264. doi: 10.1016/j.cub.2007.06.042
  • Wilmer, J. B., Germine, L., Cabris, C. F., Chatterjee, G., Gerbasi, M., Nakayama, K., & Chabris, C. F. (2012). Capturing specific abilities as a window into human individuality: The example of face recognition. Cognitive Neuropsychology, 29(5-6), 360–392. doi: 10.1080/02643294.2012.753433
  • Wilmer, J. B., Germine, L., Chabris, C. F., Chatterjee, G., Williams, M., Loken, E., … Duchaine, B. (2010). Human face recognition ability is specific and highly heritable. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 107(11), 5238–5241. doi: 10.1073/pnas.0913053107
  • Wilmer, J. B., Germine, L. T., & Nakayama, K. (2014). Face recognition: A model specific ability. Frontiers in Human Neuroscience, 8, 211. doi: 10.3389/fnhum.2014.00769
  • Woodhead, Z. V., Penny, W., Barnes, G. R., Crewes, H., Wise, R. J., Price, C. J., & Leff, A. P. (2013). Reading therapy strengthens top-down connectivity in patients with pure alexia. Brain, 136(Pt 8), 2579–2591. doi: 10.1093/brain/awt186
  • Woodhead, Z. V., Wise, R. J., Sereno, M., & Leech, R. (2011). Dissociation of sensitivity to spatial frequency in word and face preferential areas of the fusiform gyrus. Cerebral Cortex, 21(10), 2307–2312. doi: 10.1093/cercor/bhr008
  • Woollams, A. M., Ralph, M. A., Plaut, D. C., & Patterson, K. (2007). SD-squared: On the association between semantic dementia and surface dyslexia. Psychological Review, 114(2), 316–339. doi: 10.1037/0033-295X.114.2.316
  • Yeatman, J. D., Rauschecker, A. M., & Wandell, B. A. (2013). Anatomy of the visual word form area: Adjacent cortical circuits and long-range white matter connections. Brain and Language, 125, 146–155. doi: 10.1016/j.bandl.2012.04.010
  • Young, A. W. (1993). Face recognition. In G. d’’Ydewalle & P. Bertelson (Ed.), Current advances in psychological science: An international perspective. Hove, England: Lawrence Erlbaum.
  • Young, A. W., & Burton, A. M. (2017). Recognizing faces. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 26(3), 212–217. doi: 10.1177/0963721416688114
  • Young, A. W., & Perrett, D. I. (1992). Face recognition impairments [and discussion]. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, Series B, 335, 47–54. doi: 10.1098/rstb.1992.0006
  • Yovel, G., & Duchaine, B. (2006). Specialized face perception mechanisms extract both part and spacing information: Evidence from developmental prosopagnosia. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 18(4), 580–593. doi: 10.1162/jocn.2006.18.4.580
  • Yovel, G., & Kanwisher, N. (2004). Face perception: Domain specific, not process specific. Neuron, 44(5), 889–898.
  • Yovel, G., Wilmer, J. B., & Duchaine, B. (2014). What can individual differences reveal about face processing? Frontiers in Human Neuroscience, 8, 743. doi: 10.3389/fnhum.2014.00562
  • Zhang, J., Liu, J., & Xu, Y. (2015). Neural decoding reveals impaired face configural processing in the right fusiform face area of individuals with developmental prosopagnosia. Journal of Neuroscience, 35(4), 1539–1548. doi: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.2646-14.2015
  • Zhao, Y., Li, J., Liu, X., Song, Y., Wang, R., Yang, Z., & Liu, J. (2016). Altered spontaneous neural activity in the occipital face area reflects behavioral deficits in developmental prosopagnosia. Neuropsychologia, 89, 344–355. doi: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2016.05.027
  • Zhu, Q., Song, Y., Hu, S., Li, X., Tian, M., Zhen, Z., … Liu, J. (2010). Heritability of the specific cognitive ability of face perception. Current Biology, 20(2), 137–142. doi: 10.1016/j.cub.2009.11.067

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.