Lexical processing in the absence of explicit word identification: Evidence from a letter-by-letter Reader

References

• Alajouanine , T. , Lhermitte , F. and Ribaucourt‐Ducarne , B. De. 1960 . “ Les alexies agnosiques et aphasiques ” . In Les grandes activities du lobe occipital , Edited by: Alajouanine , T. Paris : Masson .
   Google Scholar
• Albert , M. L. 1979 . “ Alexia ” . In Clinical Neuropsychology , Edited by: Heilman , K. M. and Valenstein , E. New York : Oxford University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Albert , M. L. , Yamadori , A. , Gardner , A. and Howes , D. 1973 . Comprehension in alexia . Brain , 96 : 317 – 328 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Beauvois , M. ‐F. 1982 . Optic aphasia: A process of interaction between vision and language . Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London B , 298 : 35 – 47 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Beauvois , M. ‐F. and Derouesné , J. 1982 . “ Recherche en psychologie cognitive et reeducation: Quel rapports? ” . In Reeduquer le cerveau , Edited by: Seron , X. Brussels : Mardaga .
   Google Scholar
• Beauvois , M ‐F. , Saillant , B. , Meninger , V. and Lhermitte , F. 1978 . Bilateral tactile aphasia in a tacto‐verbal dysfunction . Brain , 101 : 381 – 401 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Benson , D. F. , Brown , J. and Tomlinson , E. B. 1971 . Varieties of alexia . Neurology , 21 : 951 – 957 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Benson , D. F. and Geschwind , N. 1969 . “ The alexias ” . In Handbook of clinical neurology , Edited by: Vinken , P. J. and Bruyn , G. W. Vol. 4 , Amsterdam : North Holland .
   Google Scholar
• Bruner , J. S. and O'Dowd , D. 1958 . A note on the informativeness of parts of words . Language and Speech , 1 : 98 – 101 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cheesman , J. and Merikle , P. M. 1985 . “ Word recognition and consciousness ” . In Reading research: Advances in theory and practice , Edited by: Besner , D. , Waller , T. G. and MacKinnon , G. E. Vol. 5 , New York : Academic Press .
   Google Scholar
• Coltheart , M. 1980 . “ Deep dyslexia: A right‐hemisphere hypothesis ” . In Deep dyslexia , Edited by: Coltheart , M. , Patterson , K. E. and Marshall , J. C. London : Routledge and Kegan Paul .
   Google Scholar
• Coltheart , M. 1984 . “ The right hemisphere and disorders of reading ” . In Functions of the right cerebral hemisphere , Edited by: Young , A. London : Academic Press .
   Google Scholar
• Coltheart , M. , Besner , D. , Jonasson , J. T. and Davelaar , E. 1979 . Phonological encoding in the lexical decision task . Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology , 31 : 489 – 507 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Coughlan , A. K. and Warrington , E. K. 1978 . Word‐comprehension and word‐retrieval in patients with localised cerebral lesions . Brain , 101 : 163 – 185 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cutler , A. 1983 . “ Lexical complexity and sentence processing ” . In The process of language understanding , Edited by: Flores d'Arcais , G. B. and Jarvella , R. J. Chichester : Wiley .
   Google Scholar
• Dejerine , J. 1892 . Contribution a l'etude anatomoclinique et clinique des differentes varietes de cecite verbale . Memoires de la Societe de Biologie , 4 : 61 – 90 .
   Google Scholar
• Freund , D. A. 1889 . Über optische Aphasie und Seelenblindheit . Archiv für Psychiatrie und Nervenkrankheiten , 20 : 276 – 297 .
   Google Scholar
• Friedman , R. B. and Alexander , M. P. 1984 . Pictures, images, and pure alexia: A case study . Cognitive Neuropsychology , 1 : 9 – 23 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Friedrich , F. J. , Walker , J. A. and Posner , M. I. 1985 . Effects of parietal lesions on visual matching: Implications for reading errors . Cognitive Neuropsychology , 2 : 253 – 264 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goodglass , H. and Kaplan , E. 1972 . The assessment of aphasia and related disorders , Philadelphia : Lea and Febiger .
   Google Scholar
• Greenblatt , S. H. 1973 . Alexia without agraphia or hemianopia . Brain , 96 : 307 – 316 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hardyck , C. 1977 . “ A model of individual difference in hemispheric functioning ” . In Studies in neurolinguistics , Edited by: Whitaker , H. and Whitaker , H. A. Vol. 3 , New York : Academic Press .
   Google Scholar
• Hecaen , H. and Albert , M. L. 1978 . Human neuropsychology , New York : Wiley .
   Google Scholar
• Hecaen , H. and Kremin , H. 1976 . “ Neurolinguistic research on reading disorders resulting from left hemisphere lesions: Aphasic and “pure” alexia ” . In Studies in neurolinguistics , Edited by: Whitaker , H. and Whitaker , H. A. Vol. 2 , New York : Academic Press .
   Google Scholar
• Henderson , L. 1985 . “ Towards a psychology of morphemes ” . In Progress in the psychology of language , Edited by: Ellis , A. W. Vol. 1 , London : Lawrence Erlbaum Associates Ltd. .
   Google Scholar
• Job , R. and Sartori , G. 1984 . Prelexical decomposition: Evidence from crossed phonological dyslexia . Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology , 36A : 435 – 458 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Karanth , P. 1985 . “ Dyslexia in a Dravidian language ” . In Surface Dyslexia , Edited by: Patterson , K. E. , Marshall , J. C. and Coltheart , M. London : Lawrence Erlbaum Associates Ltd. .
   Google Scholar
• Kinsbourne , M. and Warrington , E. K. 1962 . A disorder of simultaneous form perception . Brain , 85 : 461 – 486 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kucera , H. and Francis , W. N. 1967 . Computational analysis of present‐day American English , Providence R. I. : Brown University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Landis , T. , Regard , M. and Serrat , A. 1980 . Iconic reading in a case of alexia without agraphia caused by a brain tumour: A tachistoscopic study . Brain and Language , 11 : 43 – 53 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lhermitte , F. and Beauvois , M ‐F. 1973 . A visual‐speech disconnection syndrome: Report of a case with optic aphasia, agnosic alexia and colour agnosia . Brain , 96 : 695 – 714 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marcel , A. J. 1983a . Conscious and unconscious perception: Experiments on visual masking and word recognition . Cognitive Psychology , 15 : 197 – 237 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marcel , A. J. 1983b . Conscious and unconscious perception. An approach to the relations between phenomenal experience and perceptual processes . Cognitive Psychology , 15 : 238 – 300 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marin , O. S. M. and Saffran , E. M. 1975 . Agnosic behaviour in anomia: A case of pathological verbal dominance . Cortex , 11 : 83 – 89 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Marslen‐Wilson , W. D. 1984 . “ Function and process in spoken word‐recognition ” . In Attention and performance Vol. 10: Control of language processes , Edited by: Bouma , H. and Bouwhuis , D. G. London : Lawrence Erlbaum Associates Ltd. .
   Google Scholar
• McClelland , J. L. and Rumelhart , D. E. 1981 . An interactive model of context effects in letter perception: Part 1. An account of basic findings . Psychological Review , 88 : 375 – 407 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Milberg , W. and Blumstein , S. E. 1981 . Lexical decision and aphasia: Evidence for semantic processing . Brain and Language , 14 : 371 – 385 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Milner , B. 1974 . “ Hemispheric specialisation: Scope and limits ” . In The neurosciences: third study program , Edited by: Schmitt , F. O. and Worden , F. G. Cambridge, Mass. : M.I.T. Press .
   Google Scholar
• Murrell , G. and Morton , J. 1974 . Word recognition and morphemic structure . Journal of Experimental Psychology , 102 : 963 – 968 .
   Google Scholar
• Patterson , K. E. 1979 . What is right with “deep” dyslexic patients . Brain and Language , 8 : 111 – 129 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Patterson , K. E. 1980 . “ Derivational errors ” . In Deep dyslexia , Edited by: Coltheart , M. , Patterson , K. E. and Marshall , J. C. London : Routledge .
   Google Scholar
• Patterson , K. E. and Besner , D. 1984 . Is the right hemisphere literate? . Cognitive Neuropsychology , 1 : 315 – 342 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Patterson , K. E. and Kay , J. 1982 . Letter‐by‐letter reading: Psychological descriptions of a neurological syndrome . Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology , 34A : 411 – 441 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rabinowicz , B. and Moscovitch , M. 1984 . Right hemisphere literacy: A critique of some recent approaches . Cognitive Neuropsychology , 1 : 343 – 350 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rawlinson , G. E. 1976 . Bigram frequency counts and anagram lists . Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology , 28 : 125 – 142 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rumelhart , D. E. and McClelland , J. L. 1982 . An interactive activation model of context effects in letter perception: Part 2. The contextual enhancement effect and some tests and extensions of the model . Psychological Review , 89 : 60 – 94 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Saffran , E. M. , Bogyo , L. C. , Schwartz , M. F. and Marin , O. S. M. 1980 . “ Does deep dyslexia reflect right hemisphere reading? ” . In Deep dyslexia , Edited by: Coltheart , M. , Patterson , K. E. and Marshall , J. C. London : Routledge .
   Google Scholar
• Shallice , T. and Coughlan , A. K. 1980 . Modality specific word comprehension deficits in deep dyslexia . Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery and Psychiatry , 43 : 866 – 872 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shallice , T. and McCarthy , R. 1985 . “ Phonological reading: From patterns of impairment to possible procedures ” . In Surface dyslexia , Edited by: Patterson , K. E. , Coltheart , M. and Marshall , J. London : Lawrence Erlbaum Associates Ltd. .
   Google Scholar
• Shallice , T. and McGill , J. 1978 . “ The origins of mixed errors ” . In Attention and performance , Edited by: Requin , J. Vol. 7 , Hillsdale, N.J. : Lawrence Erlbaum Associates Ltd. .
   Google Scholar
• Staller , J. , Buchanan , D. , Singer , M. , Lappin , J. and Webb , W. 1978 . Alexia without agraphia: An experimental case study . Brain and Language , 5 : 378 – 387 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stanners , R. F. , Neiser , J. J. , Hernon , W. P. and Hall , R. 1979 . Memory representation for morphologically related words . Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behaviour , 18 : 399 – 412 .
   Google Scholar
• Thorndike , E. L. and Lorge , I. 1944 . The teacher's word book of 30,000 words , New York : Teacher's College .
   Google Scholar
• Warrington , E. K. 1974 . Deficient recognition memory in organic amnesia . Cortex , 10 : 289 – 291 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Warrington , E. K. 1981 . Concrete word dyslexia . British Journal of Psychology , 72 : 175 – 196 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Warrington , E. K. and Shallice , T. 1979 . Semantic access dyslexia . Brain , 102 : 43 – 63 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Warrington , E. K. and Shallice , T. 1980 . Word form dyslexia . Brain , 103 : 99 – 112 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Warrington , E. K. and Zangwill , O. L. 1957 . A study of dyslexia . Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery and Psychiatry , 20 : 208 – 215 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weiskrantz , L. 1983 . Evidence and scotomata . Behavioral and Brain Sciences , 6 : 464 – 467 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weiskrantz , L. , Warrington , E. K. , Sanders , M. D. and Marshall , J. 1974 . Visual capacity of the hemianopic field following a restricted occipital ablation . Brain , 97 : 709 – 728 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zaidel , E. 1976 . Auditory vocabulary of the right hemisphere following brain bisection or hemidecortication . Cortex , 12 : 191 – 211 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zaidel , E. and Schweiger , A. 1984 . On wrong hypothesis about the right hemisphere: Commentary on K. Patterson and D. Besner “Is the right hemisphere literate?” . Cognitive Neuropsychology , 1 : 351 – 364 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zinkin , S. and Birtchnell , J. 1968 . Unilateral electroconvulsive therapy: Its effects on memory and its therapeutic efficacy . British Journal of Psychiatry , 114 : 973 – 988 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Coslett , H. B. and Saffran , E. Preservation of lexical access in a patient with alexia without agraphia . Paper presented at Academy of Aphasia Meeting . Los Angeles
   Google Scholar
• Patterson , K. E. Personal communication
   Google Scholar
• Saffran , E. M. Unpublished data
   Google Scholar