Phonological dyslexia and dysgraphia—a developmental analysis

References

• Allport , D. A. 1983 . “ Aphasia and short‐term memory ” . In Attention and performance , Edited by: Bouma , H. and Bouwhuis , D. Vol. 10 , Hillsdale, N.J. : Lawrence Erlbaum Associates Inc. .
   Google Scholar
• Baddeley , A. 1979 . “ Working memory & reading ” . In The processing of visible language, I , Edited by: Bouma , H. , Kolers , P. A. and Wrolstad , M. E. New York : Plenum .
   Google Scholar
• Baddeley , A. , Ellis , N. , Miles , T. R. and Lewis , V. J. 1982 . Developmental and acquired dyslexia: A comparison . Cognition , 11 : 185 – 199 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Beauvois , M. F. and Derouesne , J. 1981 . Lexical or orthographic agraphia . Brain , 104 : 21 – 49 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Benton , A. L. 1962 . “ Dyslexia in relation to form perception and directional sense ” . In Reading disability: Progress and research needs in dyslexia , Edited by: Money , J. Baltimore : Johns Hopkins Press .
   Google Scholar
• Boder , E. 1973 . Developmental dyslexia: A diagnostic approach based on three atypical reading–spelling patterns . Developmental Medicine and Child Neurology , 15 : 663 – 687 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bradley , L. 1980 . Assessing reading difficulties: A diagnostic and remedial approach , London : MacMillan Education .
   Google Scholar
• Bradley , L. 1981 . The organisation of motor patterns for spelling: An effective remedial strategy for backward readers . Developmental Medicine and Child Neurology , 23 : 83 – 91 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bradley , L. and Bryant , P. E. 1983 . Categorising sounds and learning to read: A causal connection . Nature , 301 : 409 – 412 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bryant , P. E. and Bradley , L. 1980 . “ Why children sometimes write words which they do not read ” . In Cognitive processes in spelling , Edited by: Frith , U. London : Academic Press .
   Google Scholar
• Chukovsky , K. 1968 . From two to five , London : University of California Press .
   Google Scholar
• Cohen , R. L. and Netley , C. 1981 . Short‐term memory deficits in reading disabled children in the absence of the opportunity for rehearsal strategies . Intelligence , 5 : 69 – 76 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Coltheart , M. , Masterson , J. , Byng , S. , Prior , M. and Riddoch , J. 1983 . Surface dyslexia . Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology , 35A : 469 – 496 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Coltheart , M. , Patterson , K. and Marshall , J. , eds. 1980 . Deep dyslexia , London : Routledge and Kegan Paul .
   Google Scholar
• Conrad , R. 1972 . “ Speech and reading ” . In Language by ear and by eye: The relationships between speech and reading , Edited by: Kavanagh , J. F. and Mattingly , I. G. Cambridge, Mass : MIT Press .
   Google Scholar
• Denckla , M. B. , Rudel , R. G. and Broman , M. 1981 . Tests that discriminate between dyslexic and other learning‐disabled boys . Brain and Language , 13 : 118 – 129 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dodd , B. and Hermelin , B. 1977 . Phonological coding by the prelinguistically deaf . Perception and Psychophysics , 21 : 413 – 417 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Edwards , M. 1973 . Developmental verbal dyspraxia . British Journal of Disorders of Communication , 8 : 64
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ellis , A. W. 1979 . Developmental and acquired dyslexia: Some observations on Jorm (1979) . Cognition , 7 : 413 – 420 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ellis , A. W. 1982 . “ Spelling and writing (and reading and speaking) ” . In Normality and pathology in cognitive functions , Edited by: Ellis , A. W. London : Academic Press .
   Google Scholar
• Ellis , A. W. 1985 . The cognitive neuropsychology of developmental (and acquired) dyslexia: A critical survey . Cognitive Neuropsychology , 2 : 169 – 205 .
   Google Scholar
• Ellis , A. W. and Marshall , J. C. 1978 . Semantic errors or statistical flukes? A note on Allport's “on knowing the meaning of words we are unable to report” . Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology , 30 : 569 – 575 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ellis , N. 1981 . Visual and name coding in dyslexic children . Psychological Research , 43 : 201 – 218 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Frith , U. 1979 . “ Reading by eye and writing by ear ” . In The processing of visible language, I , Edited by: Bouma , H. , Kolers , P. A. and Wrolstad , M. E. New York : Plenum .
   Google Scholar
• Frith , U. 1980 . “ Unexpected spelling problems ” . In Cognitive processes in spelling , Edited by: Frith , U. London : Academic Press .
   Google Scholar
• Frith , U. 1981 . Experimental approaches to developmental dyslexia . Psychological Research , 43 : 97 – 103 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Frith , U. 1985 . “ Beneath the surface of developmental dyslexia ” . In Surface dyslexia and surface dysgraphia , Edited by: Marshall , J. C. , Coltheart , M. and Patterson , K. E. Routledge and Kegan Paul .
   Google Scholar
• Frith , U. and Snowling , M. 1983 . Reading for meaning and reading for sound in autistic and dyslexic children . British Journal of Developmental Psychology , 1 : 329 – 342 .
   Google Scholar
• Grunwell , P. 1981 . The development of phonology: A descriptive profile . First Language , 3 : 161 – 191 .
   Google Scholar
• Hatfield , F. M. and Patterson , K. E. 1983 . Phonological spelling . Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology , 35A : 451 – 468 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hickey , K. 1977 . Dyslexia: Language training course for teachers and learners , Staines, Middlesex : The Dyslexia Institute .
   Google Scholar
• Holmes , J. M. 1978 . “ Regression and reading breakdown ” . In Language acquisition and language breakdown: Parallels and divergences , Edited by: Caramazza , A. and Zurif , E. B. Baltimore : Johns Hopkins Press .
   Google Scholar
• Hulme , C. 1981 . Reading retardation and multisensory teaching , London : Routledge and Kegan Paul .
   Google Scholar
• Ingram , D. 1976 . Phonological disability in children , London : Edward Arnold .
   Google Scholar
• Johnston , R. S. 1983 . Developmental deep dyslexia? . Cortex , 19 : 133 – 139 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jorm , A. F. 1979a . The cognitive and neurological basis of developmental dyslexia. A theoretical framework and review . Cognition , 7 : 19 – 33 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jorm , A. F. 1979b . The nature of the reading deficit in developmental dyslexia. A reply to Ellis . Cognition , 7 : 421 – 433 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jorm , A. F. 1983 . The psychology of reading and spelling disabilities , London : Routledge and Kegan Paul .
   Google Scholar
• Liberman , I. Y. , Shankweiler , D. , Liberman , A. M. , Fowler , C. and Fischer , F. W. Phonetic segmentation and recoding in the beginning reader . Towards a psychology on reading: The proceedings of the CUNY conference . Edited by: Reber , A. S. and Scarborough , D. L. Hillsdale, N.J. : Lawrence Erlbaum Associates Inc. .
   Google Scholar
• Marcel , T. 1980a . “ Surface dyslexia and beginning reading—a revised hypothesis of the pronunciation of print and its impairments ” . In Deep dyslexia , Edited by: Coltheart , M. , Patterson , K. E. and Marshall , J. C. London : Routledge and Kegan Paul .
   Google Scholar
• Marcel , T. 1980b . “ Phonological awareness and phonological representation: Investigation of a specific spelling problem ” . In Cognitive processes in spelling , Edited by: Frith , U. London : Academic Press .
   Google Scholar
• Marshall , J. C. and Newcombe , F. 1973 . Patterns of paralexia: A psycholinguistic approach . Journal of Psycholinguistic Research , 2 : 175 – 199 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Miles , T. R. 1983 . Dyslexia: The pattern of difficulties , Suffolk : Granada Publishing .
   Google Scholar
• Morais , J. , Cary , L. , Alegria , J. and Bertelson , P. 1979 . Does awareness of speech as a sequence of phones arise spontaneously? . Cognition , 7 : 323 – 331 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Naidoo , S. 1972 . Specific dyslexia. The research report of the ICAA Word Blind Centre for Dyslexic Children , London : Pitman Publishing .
   Google Scholar
• Nelson , H. E. and Warrington , E. K. 1974 . Developmental spelling retardation and its relation to other cognitive abilities . British Journal of Psychology , 65 : 265 – 274 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nelson , H. E. and Warrington , E. K. 1980 . An investigation of memory functions in dyslexic children . British Journal of Psychology , 71 : 487 – 503 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• O'Connor , N. and Hermelin , B. 1978 . Seeing and hearing and space and time , London : Academic Press .
   Google Scholar
• Parkin , A. J. 1982 . Phonological recoding in lexical decision: Effects of spelling to sound regularity depend upon how regularity is defined . Memory and Cognition , 10 : 43 – 53 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Patterson , K. E. 1981 . Neuropsychological approaches to the study of reading . British Journal of Psychology , 72 : 151 – 174 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Perfetti , C. A. and Hogaboam , T. 1975 . The relationship between simple word decoding and reading comprehension skill . Journal of Educational Psychology , 67 : 461 – 469 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Perfetti , C. A. and Roth , S. 1981 . “ Some of the interactive processes in reading and their role in reading skill ” . In Interactive processes in reading , Edited by: Lesgold , A. M. and Perfetti , C. A. Hillsdale, N.J. : Lawrence Erlbaum Associates Inc. .
   Google Scholar
• Perin , D. 1983 . Phoneme segmentation and spelling . British Journal of Psychology , 74 : 129 – 145 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Prior , M. and McCorriston , M. 1983 . Acquired and developmental spelling dyslexia . Brain and Language , 20 : 263 – 283 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Read , C. 1975 . “ Lessons to be learned from the preschool orthographer ” . In Foundations of language development—A multidisciplinary approach , Edited by: Lennenberg , R. Vol. 2 , UNESCO : Paris .
   Google Scholar
• Seymour , P. H. K. and McGregor , C. J. 1984 . Developmental dyslexia: A cognitive experimental analysis of phonological, morphemic, and visual impairments . Cognitive Neuropsychology , 1 : 43 – 82 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shallice , T. , Warrington , E. K. and McCarthy , R. 1983 . Reading without semantics . Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology , 35A : 111 – 138 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shankweiler , D. , Liberman , I. Y. , Mark , L. S. , Fowler , C. A. and Fischer , F. W. 1979 . The speech code and learning to read . Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Learning and Memory , 5 : 531 – 545 .
   Google Scholar
• Snowling , M. J. 1980 . The development of grapheme‐phoneme correspondences in normal and dyslexic readers . Journal of Experimental Child Psychology , 29 : 294 – 305 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Snowling , M. J. 1981 . Phonemic deficits in developmental dyslexia . Psychological Research , 43 : 219 – 234 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Snowling , M. J. 1982 . The spelling of nasal clusters by dyslexic and normal children . Spelling Progress Bulletin , 22 : 13 – 18 .
   Google Scholar
• Snowling , M. J. 1983 . The comparison of acquired and developmental disorders of reading . Cognition , 14 : 105 – 118 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Spring , C. and Capps , C. 1974 . Encoding speed, rehearsal and probed recall of dyslexic boys . Journal of Educational Psychology , 66 : 780 – 786 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stanley , G. and Hall , R. 1973 . A comparison of dyslexics and normals in recalling letter arrays after brief presentation . British Journal of Educational Psychology , 43 : 32 – 71 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stanovich , K. E. 1980 . Toward an interactive—compensatory model of individual differences in the development of reading fluency . Reading Research Quarterly , 16 : 32 – 71 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sweeney , J. E. and Rourke , B. P. 1978 . Neuropsychological significance of phonetically accurate and phonetically inaccurate spelling errors in younger and older retarded spellers . Brain and Language , 6 : 212 – 225 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tallal , P. 1980 . Auditory temporal perception, phonics and reading disabilities in children . Brain and Language , 9 : 182 – 198 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Temple , C. M. and Marshall , J. C. 1983 . A case study of developmental phonological dyslexia . British Journal of Psychology , 74 : 517 – 533 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vellutino , F. R. 1977 . Alternative conceptualisations of dyslexia: Evidence in support of a verbal deficit hypothesis . Harvard Educational Review, Special Issue on Reading and Language , 47 : 334 – 354 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vellutino , F. R. 1979 . Dyslexia; Theory and research , Cambridge, Mass. : MIT Press .
   Google Scholar
• Yule , W. 1967 . Predicting reading ages on Neale's analysis of reading ability . British Journal of Educational Psychology , 37 : 252 – 255 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bishop , D. Spelling despite dysarthria . Paper presented at meeting of Experimental Psychology Society . April 1984 , Bangor.
   Google Scholar
• Firth , I. 1972 . Components of reading disability , University of New South Wales . Unpublished dissertation
   Google Scholar
• Snowling , M. J. National Hospitals College of Speech Sciences . Unpublished corpus of primary school children's spelling errors
   Google Scholar