EXTENT AND LIMITS OF COVERT LEXICAL ACTIVATION IN LETTER-BY-LETTER READING

References

• Andrews , S. 1989 . Frequency and neighbourhood effects on lexical access: Activation or search ? . Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition , 15 : 802 – 814 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Andrews , S. 1992 . Frequency and neighbourhood effects on lexical access: Lexical similarity or orthographic redundancy? . Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition , 18 : 234 – 254 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Arguin , M. and Bub , D. M. 1993 . Single-character processing in a case of purealexia . Neuropsychologia , 31 : 435 – 458 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Arguin , M. and Bub , D. 1994 . Pure alexia: Attempted rehabilitation and its implications for interpretation of the deficit . Brain and Language , 47 : 233 – 268 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Arguin , M. and Bub , D. 1995 . Priming and response selection processes in letter classification and identification tasks . Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance , 21 : 1199 – 1219 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Arguin , M. and Bub , D. 1997 . Lexical constraints on reading accuracy in neglect dyslexia . Cognitive Neuropsychology , 14 : 765 – 800 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Behrmann , M. , Black , S. E. and Bub , D. 1990 . The evolution of pure alexia: A longitudinal study of recovery . Brain and Language , 39 : 405 – 427 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Behrmann , M. , Plaut , D. C. and Nelson , J. A literature review and new data supporting an interactive account of letter-by-letter reading . Cognitive Neuropsychology , 15 ( 1/ 2 ) this issue
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Behrmann , M. and Shallice , T. 1995 . Pure alexia: A nonspatial visual disorder affecting letter activation . Cognitive Neuropsychology , 72 : 409 – 454 .
   Google Scholar
• Boles , D. B. 1992 . Fast visual generation: Its nature and chronometrics . Perception and Psychophysics , 51 : 239 – 246 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boles , D. B. and Clifford , J. E. 1989 . An upper- and lower-case alphabetic similarity matrix, with derived generation similarity values . Behaviour Research Methods, Instruments, and Computers , 21 : 579 – 586 .
   Google Scholar
• Boles , D. B. and Eveland , D. C. 1983 . Visual and phonetic codes and the process of generation in letter matching . Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance , 9 : 657 – 674 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bowers , J. S. , Arguin , M. and Bub , D . 1996 . Fastand specific access to orthographic knowledge in a case of letter-by-letter surface alexia . Cognitive Neuropsychology , 13 : 525 – 567 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bowers , J. S. , Bub , D. and Arguin , M . 1996 . A characterization of the word superiority effect in pure alexia . Cognitive Neuropsychology , 75 : 415 – 441 .
   Google Scholar
• Buh , D. N. and Arguin , M. 1995 . Visual word activation in pure alexia . Brain and Language , 49 : 77 – 103 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Buh , D. N. , Black , S. and Howell , J. 1989 . Word recognition and orthographic context effects in a letter-by-letter reader . Brain and Language , 36 : 357 – 376 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Buxhaum , L. and Coslett , H. B. 1996 . Deep dyslexic phenomenon in a letter-by-letter reader . Brain and Language , 54 : 136 – 167 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Coltheart , M. , Davelaar , E. , Jonasson , J. T. and Besner , D. 1977 . “ Access to the internal lexicon ” . In Attention and performance VI , Edited by: Domic , S. 535 – 555 . London : Academic Press .
   Google Scholar
• Coslett , H. B. and Monsul , N. 1994 . Reading with the rig ht hemisphere: Evidence from t ran scran ial magnetic stimulation . Brain and Language , 46 : 198 – 211 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Coslett , H. B. and Saffran , E. M. 1989 . Evidence for preserved reading in “pure alexia” . Brain , 112 : 327 – 359 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Coslett , H. B. , Saffran , E. M. , Greenhaum , S. and Schwartz , H. 1993 . Reading in pure alexia: The effect of strategy . Brain , 116 : 21 – 37 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Damasio , A. R. and Damasio , H. 1983 . The anatomic hasis of pure alexia . Neurology , 33 : 1573 – 1583 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Déjerine , J. 1891 . Sur un cas de cécité verhale avec agraphie suivi d'autopsie . Mémoires de la Societe Biologique , 3 : 197 – 201 .
   Google Scholar
• Farah , M. J. and Wallace , M. A. 1991 . Pure alexia as a visual impairment: A reconsideration . Cognitive Neuropsychology , 8 : 313 – 334 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Forster , K. J. and Guess , K. 1996 . Effects of prime duration and visual degradation in masked priming . Abstracts of the Psychonomic Society , 1 : 72
   Google Scholar
• Forster , K. I. and Shen , D. 1996 . No enemies in the neighbourhood: Absence of inhibitory neighbourhood effects in lexical decision and sem antic categ oriz ation . Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition , 22 : 696 – 713 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Friedman , R. B. and Alexander , M. P. 1984 . Pictures, images, and pure alexia: A case study . Cognitive Neuropsychology , I : 9 – 23 .
   Google Scholar
• Friedman , R. B. and Hadley , J. A. 1992 . Letter-byletter surface alexia . Cognitive Neuropsychology , 9 : 185 – 208 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hanley , J. R. and Kay , J. 1992 . Does letter-by-letter reading involve the spelling system? . Neuropsychologia , 30 : 237 – 256 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Henderson , L. 1982 . Orthography and word recognition in reading , London : Academic Press .
   Google Scholar
• Howard , D. 1991 . “ Letter-by-letter readers: Evidence for parallel processing ” . In Basic processes in reading: Visual Word Recognition , Edited by: Besner , D. and Humphreys , G. W. 34 – 76 . Hillsdale, NJ : Lawrence Erlbaum Associates Inc .
   Google Scholar
• Johnston , J. C. 1978 . A test of the sophisticated guessing theory of word perception . Cognitive Psychology , 10 : 123 – 153 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kay , I. and Hanley , R. 1991 . Simultaneous form perception and serial letter recognition in a case of letter-by-letter reading . Cognitive Neuropsychology , 8 : 249 – 273 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kinsbourne , M. and Warrington , E. K. 1962 . A disorder of sim ultaneous form perception . Brain , 85 : 461 – 486 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kucera , M. and Francis , W. 1967 . Computational analysis of present-day American English , Providence, RI : Brown University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Levine , D. M. and Calvanio , R. A. 1978 . A study of the visual defect in verbal alexia-sim ultanagnosia . Brain , 101 : 65 – 81 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Luce , R. D. 1959 . Individual choice behaviour , New York : Wiley .
   Google Scholar
• Luce , R. D. 1977 . The choice axiom after twenty years . Journal of Mathematical Psychology , 15 : 215 – 233 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lukatela , G. and Turvey , M. T. 1994 . Visual lexical access is initially phonological: 2. Evidence from phonological priming by homophones and pseudohomophones . Journal of Experimental Psychology: General , 123 : 331 – 353 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marsolek , C. J. , Kosslyn , S. M. and Squire , L. R. 1992 . Form-specific visual priming in the right cerebral hemisphere . Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition , 18 : 492 – 508 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marsolek , C. J. , Squire , L. R. , Kosslyn , S. M. and Lulenski , M. E. 1994 . Form-specific explicit and implicit memory in the right cerebral hemisphere . Neuropsychology , 8 : 588 – 597 .
   Google Scholar
• Mayzner , M. S. and Tresselt , M. E. 1965 . Tables of single-letter and digram frequency counts for various word-lengths and letter-position combinations . Psychonomic Monograph Supplement , I : 13 – 32 .
   Google Scholar
• McClelland , J. L. and Johnston , J. C. 1977 . The role of familar units in perception of words and n on word s . Perception and Psychophysics , 22 : 249 – 261 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Monsell , S. , Doyle , M. C. and Haggard , P. N. 1989 . Effects of frequency on visual word recognition tasks: Where are they? . Journal of Experimental Psychology: General , 118 : 43 – 71 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Montant , M. , Nazir , T. A. and Poncet , M. Pure alexia and the viewing position effect in printed words . Cognitive Neuropsychology , 15 ( 1/2 ) this issue
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Paap , K. R. , McDonald , J. E. , Schvaneveldt , R. W. and Noel , R. W. 1987 . “ Frequency and pronounceability in visually presented naming and lexical decision tasks ” . In Attention and performance XII , Edited by: Coltheart , M. 221 – 243 . Hove, , UK : Lawrence Erlbaum Associates Ltd .
   Google Scholar
• Patterson , K. and Kay , J. 1982 . Letter-by-letter reading: Psychological descriptions of a neurological syndrome . Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology , 34A : 411 – 441 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Peereman , R. and Content , A. 1995 . Neighbourhood size effect in naming: Lexical activation or sublexical correspondences? . Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition , 21 : 409 – 421 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Price , C. J. and Humphreys , G. W. 1992 . Letter-by letter reading? Functional deficits and compensatory strategies . Cognitive Neuropsychology , 9 : 427 – 457 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Price , C. J. and Humphreys , G. W. 1995 . Contrasting effects of letter-spacing in alexia: Further evidence that different strategies generate word length effects in reading . Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology , 48A : 573 – 597 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rapcsak , S. Z. , Rubens , A. B. and Laguna , J. F. 1990 . From letters to words: Procedures for word recognition in letter-by-letter reading . Brain and Language , 38 : 504 – 514 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rapp , B. C. and Caramazza , A. 1991 . Spatially determined deficits in letter and word processing . Cognitive Neuropsychology , 8 : 275 – 311 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reicher , G. M. 1969 . Perceptual recognition as a function of meaningfulness of stimulus material . Journal of Experimental Psychology , 81 : 274 – 280 .
   Google Scholar
• Reuter-Lorenz , P. A. and Baynes , K. 1992 . Modes of lexical access in thecallosotomized brain . Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience , 4 : 155 – 164 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reuter-Lorenz , P. A. and Brunn , J. L. 1990 . A prelexical basis for letter-by-letter reading: A case study . Cognitive Neuropsychology , 7 : 1 – 20 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Saffran , E. M. 1980 . Reading in deep dyslexia is not ideographic . Neuropsychologia , 18 : 219 – 223 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Saffran , E. M. and Coslett , H. B. Implicit vs. letter-by-letter reading in pure alexia: A tale of two systems . Cognitive Neuropsychology , 15 ( 1/2 ) this issue
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Saffran , E. M. and Marin , O. S. M. 1977 . Reading without phonology: Evidence from aphasia . Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology , 29 : 515 – 525 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sears , C. R. , Hino , Y and Lupker , S. J. 1995 . Neighborhood size and neighborhood frequency effects in word recognition . Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance , 21 : 876 – 900 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shallice , T. and Saffran , E. 1986 . Lexical processing in the absence of explicit word identification: Evidence from a letter-by-letter reader . Cognitive Neuropsychology , 4 : 429 – 458 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Warrington , E. K. and Shallice , T. 1980 . Wordform dyslexia . Brain , 103 : 99 – 112 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Waters , G. S. and Seidenberg , M. S. 1985 . Spellingsound effects in reading: Time-course and decision criteria . Memory and Cognition , 13 : 557 – 572 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wheeler , D. D. 1970 . Processes in word recognition . Cognitive Psychology , 1 : 59 – 85 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar