PURE ALEXIA AND THE VIEWING POSITION EFFECT IN PRINTED WORDS

References

• Aaronson , D. and Watts , B. 1987 . Extensions of Grier's computational formulas for A" and B” to below-chance performance . Psychological Bulletin , 102 : 439 – 442 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Adams , M. J. 1979 . Models of word recognition . Cognitive Psychology , 11 : 133 – 176 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Aghahahian , V. and Nazir , T. A. 1998 . The emergence of the viewing position effect in beginning readers Manuscript in preparation
   Google Scholar
• Andriessen , J. J. and Bouma , H. 1976 . Eccentric-vision: Adverse interactions between line segments . Vision Research , 16 : 71 – 78 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Arguin , M. and Buh , D. M. 1993 . Single-character processing in a case of purealexia . Neuropsychologia , 31 : 435 – 458 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Arguin , M. , Buh , D. and Bowers , J. Extent and limits of covert lexical activation in letter-by-letter reading . Cognitive Neuropsychology , 15 ( 1/2 ) this issue
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Behrmann , M. , Plaut , D. C. and Nelson , J. A literatu re review and new data supporting an interactive account of letter-by-letter reading . Cognitive Neuropsychology , 15 ( 1/2 ) this issue
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Behrmann , M. and Shallice , T. 1995 . Purealexia: A nonspatial visual disorder affecting letter activation . Cognitive Neuropsychology , 12 : 409 – 454 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bouma , H. 1970 . Interaction effects in parafoveal letter recognition . Nature , 226 : 177 – 178 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bouma , H. 1971 . Visual recognition of isolated lower-case letters . Vision Research , 11 : 459 – 474 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bouma , H. 1973 . Visual interference in the parafoveal recognition of initial and final letters of words . Vision Research , 13 : 767 – 782 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bouma , H. and Legein , Ch. P. 1977 . Foveal and parafoveal recognition of letters and words by dyslexies and by average readers . Neuropsychologia , 15 : 69 – 80 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bowers , J. S. , Bub , D. N. and Arguin , M. 1996 . A characterisation of the word superiority effect in a case of letter-by-letter surface alexia . Cognitive Neu ropsychology , 13 : 415 – 441 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brysbaert , M. and d'Ydewalle , G. 1988 . “ Callosal transmission in reading ” . In Eye movement research: Physiological and psychological aspects , Edited by: Luer , G. , Lass , U. and Shallo-Hoffmann , J. 246 – 266 . Göttingen : Hogrefe .
   Google Scholar
• Brysbaert , M. , Vitu , F. and Schroyens , W. 1996 . The right visual field advantage and the optimal viewing position effect: On the relation between foveal and parafoveal word recognition . Neuropsychology , 10 ( 3 ) : 385 – 395 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Buh , D. N. and Arguin , M. 1995 . Visual word activation in pure alexia . Brain and Language , 49 : 77 – 103 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Buh , D. N. , Black , S. E. and Howell , J. 1989 . Word recognition and orthographic context . Brain and Language , 37 : 357 – 376 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Caramazza , A. and Hillis , A. E. 1990 . Levels of representation coordinate frames, and unilateral neglect . Cognitive Neuropsyetiology , 7 : 391 – 445 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carr , T. H. and Posner , M. I. 1994 . “ The impact of learning to read on the functional anatomy of language processing ” . In Language and literacy: Comparative approaches , Edited by: de Gelder , B. and Morais , J. Cambridge, MA : MIT Press .
   Google Scholar
• Coltheart , M. , Davelaar , E. , Jonasson , J. T. and Besner , D. 1977 . “ Access to the internal lexicon ” . In Attention and performance Vl , Edited by: Domic , S. London : Academic Press .
   Google Scholar
• Content , A. , Mousty , P. and Radeau , M. 1990 . Brulex, une hase de données lexicales informatisées pour le français écrit et parlé . L'Année Psychologique , 90 : 551 – 566 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Coslett , H. B. and Saffran , E. M. 1989 . Evidence for preserved reading in “pure” alexia . Brain , 112 : 327 – 359 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Coslett , H. B. , Saffran , E. M. , Greenhaum , S. and Schwartz , H. 1993 . Reading in pure alexia: The effect of strategy . Brain , 116 : 21 – 37 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Crovitz , H. F. and Zener , K. 1962 . A group-test for assessing hand- and eye-dominance . American Journal of Psychology , 75 : 271 – 276 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Déjerine , J. 1882 . Contributions à l'étude anatomopathologique et clinique des différentes variétés de cécité verbale . Mémoires de la Société Biologique , 44 : 61 – 90 .
   Google Scholar
• Farah , M. J. and Wallace , M. 1991 . Pure alexia as a visual impairment: A reconsideration . Cognitive Neuropsychology , 3 : 149 – 177 .
   Google Scholar
• Farid , M. and Grainger , J. 1996 . How initial fixation position influences visual word recognition: A comparison of French and Arabic . Brain and Language , 53 : 351 – 368 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Friedman , R. B. and Alexander , M. P. 1984 . Pictures, images, and pure alexia: A case study . Cognitive Neuropsychology , 1 : 9 – 23 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grainger , J. and Jacobs , A. M. 1991 . Masked constituent letter priming in an alphabetic decision task . European Journal of Cognitive Psychology , 3 : 413 – 434 .
   Google Scholar
• Grainger , J. and Jacobs , A. M. 1994 . A dual readout model of word context effects in letter perception: Further investigations of the word su periority effect . Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance , 20 : 1158 – 1176 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grainger , J. and Jacobs , A. M. 1996 . Orthographic processing in visual word recognition: A multiple read-out model . Psychological Review , 103 : 518 – 565 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grier , J. B. 1971 . Nonparametric indices forsensitivity and bias: Computing formulas . Psychological Bulletin , 75 : 424 – 429 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hagenzieker , M. P. , van der Heijden , A. H. C. and Hagenaar , R. 1990 . The time courses in visual information processing: Some empirical evidence for inhibition . Psychological Research , 52 : 13 – 21 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hanley , J. and Kay , R. 1992 . Does letter-by-letter reading involve the spelling system? . Neuropsychologia , 30 : 237 – 256 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Howard , D. 1991 . “ Letter-by-letter readers: Evidence for parallel processing ” . In Basic processes in reading: Visual word recognition , Edited by: Besner , D. and Humphreys , G. W. Hove, , UK : Eawrence Erlbau m Associates Ltd .
   Google Scholar
• Humphreys , G. W. , Evett , L. J. and Quinlan , P. T. 1990 . Orthographic processing in visual word identification . Cognitive Psychology , 22 : 517 – 560 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jacobs , A. M. and Grainger , J. 1992 . Testing a semistochastic variant of the interactive activation model in different word recognition experiments . Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance , 18 ( 1 ) : 174 – 1188 .
   Google Scholar
• Kay , R. and Hanley , J. 1991 . Simultaneous form perception and serial letter recognition in a case of letter-by-letter reading . Cognitive Neuropsychology , 8 : 249 – 273 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kinsbourne , M. and Warrington , E. K. 1962 . A disorder of sim ultaneous form perception . Brain , 85 : 461 – 486 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Levine , D. M. and Calvanio , R. 1978 . Astudyofthe visual defect in verbal alexia- simultagnosia . Brain , 101 : 65 – 81 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Loftus , G. R. and Masson , M. E. J. 1994 . Using confidence intervals in within-subject designs . Psychonomic Bulletin and Review , 1 : 476 – 490 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marr , D. 1982 . Vision , New York : W.H. Freeman & Co .
   Google Scholar
• Massaro , D. W. and Klitzke , D. 1977 . Letters are functional in word identification . Memory and Cognition , 5 : 292 – 298 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McClelland , J. L. 1976 . Preliminary letter identification in the perception of words and non words . Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance , 2 : 80 – 91 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McClelland , J. L. and Rumelhart , D. E. 1981 . An interactive activation model of context effect in letter perception. Part I: An account of basic findings . Psychological Review , 88 : 375 – 407 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McConkie , G. W. , Kerr , P. W. , Reddix , M. D. and Zola , D. 1988 . Eye movement control during reading: I. The location of initial eye fixations on words . Vision Research , 28 : 1107 – 1118 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McConkie , G. W. , Kerr , P. W. , Reddix , M. D. , Zola , D. and Jacobs , A. M. 1989 . Eye movement control during reading: II. Frequency of refixating a word . Perception and Psychophysics , 46 : 245 – 253 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Montant , M. and Nazir , T. A. Coding of spatial information of visually presented words . Proceedings of the 36th Annual Meeting of the Psychonomic Society . Los Angeles. pp. 563
   Google Scholar
• Nazir , T. A. 1993 . “ On the relation between the optimal and the preferred viewing position in words during reading ” . In Perception and cognition: Advances in eye movement research , Edited by: Ydewalle , G. and van Rensbergen , J. 349 – 361 . Amsterdam : North-Holland .
   Google Scholar
• Nazir , T. A. “ Les mouvements oculaires et la lecture ” . In Vision = aspects perceptifs et cognitifs , Edited by: Boucard , Heniff and Belin . Marseilles : Editions SOLAL . in press
   Google Scholar
• Nazir , T. A. , Heller , D. and Sussmann , C. 1992 . Letter visibility and word recognition: The optimal viewing position in printed words . Percept ion and Psychophysics , 52 : 315 – 328 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nazir , T. A. , Jacobs , A. M. and O'Regan , J. K. in press . Letter legibility and visual word recognition . Memory and Cognition ,
   Google Scholar
• Nazir , T. A. and Montant , M. 1998 . The availability of letter information in words and consonant strings Manuscript in preparation
   Google Scholar
• Nazir , T. A. , O'Regan , J. K. and Jacobs , A. M. 1991 . On words and their letters . Bulletin of the Psychonomic Society , 29 : 171 – 174 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Olzak , L. A. and Thomas , J. P. 1986 . “ Seeing spatial patterns ” . In Handbook of perception and human performance, Vol, II , Edited by: Boff , K. R. , Kaufman , L. and Thomas , J.P. 7:1 – 7:56 . New York : Wiley .
   Google Scholar
• O'Regan , J. K. and Jacobs , A. M. 1992 . Optimal viewing position effect in word recognition: A challenge to current theory . Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance , 18 : 185 – 197 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• O'Regan , J. K. , Luvéy-Schoen , A. , Pynte , J. and Brugaillère , B. 1984 . Conveniente fixation location within isolated words of different length and structure . Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance , 10 : 250 – 257 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Paap , K. R. and Johansen , L. S. 1994 . The case of the vanishing frequency effect: A retest of the verification model . Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance , 20 : 1129 – 1157 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Patterson , K. and Kay , J. 1982 . Letter-by-letter reading: Psychological descriptions of a neurological syndrome . Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology , 34A : 411 – 441 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Peressotti , F. and Grainger , J. 1995 . Letter position coding in random consonant arrays . Perception and Psychophysics , 57 : 875 – 890 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Posner , M. I. and Carr , T. H. 1992 . Lexical access and the brain: Anatomical constraints on cognitive models of word recognition . American Journal of Psychology , 105 : 1 – 26 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rapp , B. C. and Caramazza , A. 1991 . Spatially determined deficits in letter and word processing . Cognitive Neuropsychology , 8 : 275 – 311 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rayner , K. 1979 . Eye guidance in reading: Fixation locations within words . Perception , 8 : 21 – 30 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reicher , G. M. 1969 . Perceptual recognition as a function of meaningfulness of stimulus material . Journal of Experimental Psychology , 81 : 275 – 281 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Reuter-Lorenz , P. A. and Brunn , J. L. 1990 . A prelexical basis for letter-by-letter reading: A case study . Cognitive Neuropsychology , 7 : 1 – 20 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rumelhart , D. E. and McClelland , J. L. 1982 . An interactive activation model of context effects in letter perception: Part 11. The contextual enhancement and some tests and extensions of the model . Psychological Review , 89 : 60 – 94 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Saffran , E. M. and Coslett , H. B. Implicit vs. letter-by-letter reading in pure alexia: A tale of two systems . Cognitive Neuropsychology , 15 ( 1/2 ) this issue
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sekuler , E. B. and Behrmann , M. 1996 . Perceptual cues in pure alexia . Cognitive Neuropsychology , 13 : 941 – 974 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shallice , T. and Saffran , E. 1986 . Lexical processing in the absence of explicit word identification: Evidence from a letter-by-letter . Cognitive Neuropsychology , 3 : 429 – 458 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vitu , F. 1991 . Theinfluenceofreading rhythm on theoptimal landing position effect . Perceptionand Psychophysics , 50 : 58 – 75 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vitu , F. , O'Reagan , J. K. and Mittau , M. 1990 . Optimal landing position in reading isolated words and continuous texts . Perception and Psychophysics , 47 : 583 – 600 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Warrington , E. K. and Shallice , T. 1980 . Wordform dyslexia . Brain , 103 : 99 – 112 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ziegler , J. C. and Jacobs , A. M. 1995 . Phonological information provides early sources of constraint in the processing of letter strings . Journal of Memory and Language , 34 : 567 – 593 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ziegler , J. C. , Van Orden , G. C. and Jacobs , A. M. 1997 . Phonology can help or hurt the perception of print . Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance , 23 : 845 – 860 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar