Advanced search
Publication Cover
Journal of Reproductive and Infant Psychology Volume 19, 2001 - Issue 3
Submit an article Journal homepage
1,063
Views
52
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Reviews

The treatment of postnatal depression: A comprehensive literature review

E. Boath
&
C. Henshaw
Pages 215-248 | Published online: 04 Aug 2010

  • ABIDEN , R.R . 1986 . Parenting Stress índex , (2nd edn) , Charlottesville, VA : Paediatric Psychology Press .
  • AHOKAS , A.J. , TURTIAINBN , S. and Arro , M. 1998 . Sublingual oestrogen treatment of postnatal depression . The Lancet , 351 : 109
  • ALDBR , E.M. 2000 . Counselling post natal depression NRR Project: N0405016308
  • AMERICAN PSYCHIATRIC ASSOCIATION (APA) . 1994 . Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders, VbI IV , (4th edn, revised) , Vol. VbI IV , Washington, DC : APA .
  • APPLEBY , L. 2000a . Working with families: a new approach to the treatment of postnatal depression NRR Project: N0226078658
  • APPLEBY , L. 2000b . A new brief counselling intervention for postnatal depression NRR Project: N0500000482
  • APPLEBY , L , WARNBR , R. , WHITTON , A. and FARAGHER , B. 1997 . A controlled study of fluoxetine and cognitivebehavioural counselling in the treatment of postnatal depression . British Medical Journal , 314 : 932 – 936 .
  • AUSTIN , M.P. and MITCHBLL , P.B . 1998 . Use of psychotropic medications in breast-feeding women: acute and prophylactic treatment . Australian New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry , 32 (6) : 778 – 784 .
  • BECK , A.T. , WARD , C.H. , MENDELSON , M. , MOCK , J. and ERBAUGH , J. 1961 . An inventory for measuring depression . Archives of General Psychiatry , 4 : 561 – 569 .
  • BOATH , E. , PRYCE , A. and Cox , J. 1995a . Social adjustment in chilbearing women: the modified Work Leisure and Family Life Questionnaire . Journal of Reproductive and Infant Psychology , 13 : 211 – 218 .
  • BOATH , E. , BARNETT , B. , BRITTO , D. , PRYCE , A. and Cox , J. 1995b . When the bough breaks: Charles Street Parent and Baby Day Unit . Journal of Reproductive and Infant Psychology , 13 : 237 – 240 .
  • BOATH , E. , Cox , J. , LEWIS , M. , JONES , R and PRYCE , A. 1999 . When the cradle falls: the treatment of postnatal depression in a psychiatric day hospital compared with routine primary care . Journal of Affective Disorders , 53 : 143 – 151 .
  • BOATH , E. , MAJOR , K. and Cox , JL. When the cradle falls II: the cost-effectiveness of treating postnatal depression in a psychiatric day hospital compared with routine primary care . Journal of Affective Disorders , (submitted)
  • BOYCE , P.M. and STUBBS , J.M. 1994 . The importance of postnatal depression . Medical Journal of Australia , 161 (8) : 471 – 472 .
  • BRIBRLEY , E. 1988 . A cognitive-behavioural approach to the treatment of post-natal distress . Mane Bulletin , 1 : 27 – 41 .
  • BROCKINGTON , I.F. 1992 . Disorders specific to the puerperium . International Journal of Mental Health , 21 (2) : 41 – 52 .
  • CBRRUTI , R , SICHEL , M.P. , PBRIN , R and ZULIAN , O. 1993 . Psychological distress during pueiperium: a novel therapeutic approach using S-adenosylmethionine . Current Therapeutic Research , 53 (6) : 707 – 717 .
  • CHAMBERS , R . 2000 . Involving patients and the public: how to do it better , Abingdon : Radcliffe Medical Press .
  • June 2000 . CLINICAL EVIDENCE , June , BMJ Publishing Group .
  • COGILL , SA. , CAPLAN , H.L. , ALEXANDRA , H. , MORDECA ROBSON , K. and KUMAR , R. 1986 . Impact of maternal depression on the cognitive development of young children . British Medical Journal , 292 : 1165 – 1167 .
  • COOPER , P.J. and MURRAY , L. 1997 . “ The impact of psychological treatments of postnatal depression on maternal mood and infant development ” . In Posipartum depression and chad development , Edited by: MURRAY , L. and COOPER , P.J. London : Guilford Press .
  • COOPER , P.J. , CAMPBELL , E.A , DAY , A. , KENNERLEY , H. and BOND , A. 1988 . Non-psychotic psychiatric disorder after childbirth: a prospective study of prevalence, incidence, course and nature . British Journal of Psychiatry , 152 : 799 – 806 .
  • COOPBRSMITH , S. 1981 . Self-esteem inventories , PaIo Alto, CA : Consulting Psychologists Press .
  • CORRAL , M. , KUAN , A. and KOSTARAS , D. 2000 . Bright light therapy's effect on postpartum depression . American Journal of Psychiatry , 157 (2) : 303 – 304 .
  • COSTBLLO , E.J. , CAMPBELL , S.B. , MATIAS , R. and HOPKINS , J. 1990 . Face-to-face interactions of postpartum depresed and non-depressed mother-infant pairs at two months . Developmental Psychology , 26 : 185 – 193 .
  • Cox , J.L. 1989 . Postnatal depression: a serious and neglected postpartum complication . BaiUere's Clinical Obstetrics and Gynaecology , 3 : 839 – 855 .
  • Cox , J.L. , CONNOR , Y.M. and KENDBLL , RE. 1982 . Prospective study of the psychiatric disorders of childbirth by personal interview . British Journal of Psychiatry , 140 : 111 – 117 .
  • Cox , J.L. , HOLDEN , J.M. and SAGOVSKY , R . 1987 . Detection of postnatal depression: development of the Edinburgh Postnatal depression Scale . British Journal of Psychiatry , 150 : 782 – 786 .
  • Cox , JL , MURRAY , D. and CHAPMAN , G. 1993a . A controlled study of the onset, duration and prevalence of postnatal depression . American Journal of Obstetrics & Gynaecology , 168 (5) : 1388 – 1393 .
  • Cox , JL. , GBRRARD , J. , COOKSON , D. and JONES , J.M. 1993b . Development and audit of Charles Street Parent and Baby Day Unit, Stoke-on-Trent . Psychiatric Bulletin , 17 : 711 – 713 .
  • CRAMER , B. 1997 . “ Psychodynarnic perspectives on the treatments of postnatal depression ” . In Postpartum depression and child development , Edited by: MURRAY , L. and COOPER , P.J. London : GuilfordPress .
  • DALTON , K. 1985 . Pogesterone prophylaxis used successfully in postnatal depression . The Practioner , 229 : 507 – 508 .
  • DEAN , C. , WILLIAMS , R.J. and BROCKINGTON , I.F. 1989 . Is puerperal psychosis the same as bipolar manicdepressive disorder: a family study . Psychological Medicine , 19 : 637 – 647 .
  • DEPARTMENT op HEALTH . 1997a . The new NHS: modern, dependable , London : Department of Health .
  • DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH . 1997b . Priorities and planning guidelines JbrtheNHS: medium term priorities , London : HMSO .
  • DEPARTMENT op HEALTH . 1999 . Patient and public involvement in the new NHS , London : Department of Health, HMSO .
  • EASTWOOD , P. 1995 . Promoting peer group support with postnatally depressed women . Health Visitor , 68 (4) : 148 – 150 .
  • ELUOTT , S.A. 1989 . Psychological strategies in the prevention and treatment of postnatal depression . Bailliere's Clinical Obstetrics and Gynaecology , 3 (4) : 879 – 903 .
  • ENDICOTT , J. 1986 . “ Schedule for affective disorders and schizophrenia, regular and change versions: measures of depression ” . In Assessment of depression , Edited by: SARTORIUS , N. and BANN , T.A . Heidelberg : Springer Verlauf .
  • FAVA , GA. 1986 . Italian validation of the Symptom Rating lest (SRT) and Symptom Questionnaire (SQ) . Canadian Journal of Psychiatry , 28 : 117 – 123 .
  • FIELD , T. 1997 . “ The treatment of depressed mothers and their infants ” . In Postpartum depression and chad development , Edited by: MURRAY , L. and COOPER , P.J. London : Guilford Press .
  • FiELD , T. , GRIZZLE , N. , SCAFIDI , F. and SCHANBBRG , S. 1996 . Massage and relaxation therapies' effects on depressed adolesccent mothers . Adolescence , 31 : 903 – 911 .
  • FIRST , M.B. , SPITZER , R.L , GIBBON , M. and WILLIAMS , J.B.W. 1997 . Structure clinical interview for DSM-IVAxis I disorders, research version, non-patient edition , New York : New York State Psychiatric Institute .
  • FLEMING , AS. , RUBLE , D.N. , FLBTT , G.L and SHAUL , D. 1988 . Postpartum adjustment in first-time mothers: relations between mood, maternal attitudes and mother-infant interactions . Developmental Psychology , 24 : 77 – 81 .
  • FLEMING , AS. , KLEiN , E. and CORTBR , C. 1992 . The effects of a social support group on depression, maternal attitudes and behaviour in new mothers . Journal of Child Psychology & Psychiatry , 33 (4) : 685 – 698 .
  • FOYSTBR , L. 1995 . Supporting mothers: an inter-disciplinary approach . Health Visitor , 68 (4) : 151 – 152 .
  • GALANTE , P , BUIST , A. and SLATER , N. Art therapy in postpartum depression . Proceedings of the Marcé Society Biennial Conference 2000 . Manchester.
  • GBRRARD , J , HOLDEN , J.M , ELLIOTTT , S.A , McKBNzm , P , MCKBNZIE , J. and Cox , J.L. 1993 . A trainer's perspective of an innovative programme teaching health visitors about the detection, treatment and prevention of postnatal depression . Journal of Advance nursing , 18 : 1825 – 1832 .
  • GOLDBBRG , D.P , COOPER , B , EASTWOOD , MR , KEDWARD , H.B. and SHEPHERD , M. 1970 . A standardised psychiatric interview for use in community studies . British Journal of Preventative and Social Medicine , 24 : 18 – 23 .
  • GoRDON , J. , ROBERTSON , R. and SWAN , M. 1995 . 'Babies don't come with a set of instructions': running support groups for mothers . Health Visitor , 68 (4) : 155 – 156 .
  • GRBGOiRB , A.J , KUMAR , R , EvERTTT , B , HBNDBRSON , A.F. and STUDD , J.W.W. 1996 . Transdermal oestrogen for treatment of severe postnatal depression . The Lancet , 347 : 930 – 933 .
  • GRUBN , D.S. 1993 . A group psychotherapy approach to postpartum depression . International Journal of Group Psychotherapy , 43 (2) : 191 – 203 .
  • HAMILTON , J.A. 1982 . “ The identity of postpartum psychosis ” . In Motherhood and mental illness , Edited by: BROCKINGTON , I.F. and KUMAR , R. London : Academic Press .
  • HAMILTON , M . 1976 . “ Hamilton depression scale ” . In ECDEU assessment manual of psychopharmacology , Edited by: GUY , W. Rockville, MD : National Institute of Mental Health .
  • HAMMBRSLBY , D. and BEELBY , L . 1992 . The effect of medication on counselling . Counselling , August : 162 – 164 .
  • HARRIS , B , LOVETT , L , SMITH , J , READ , G , WALKER , R. and NEWCOMBE , R. 1996 . Cardiff Puerperal Mood and Hormone Study. III. Postnatal depression as 5 to 6 weeks postpartum, and its hormonal correlates across the perinatal period . British Journal of Psychiatry , 168 : 739 – 744 .
  • HENDERSON , A.F. , GREGOIRE , A.J.P. , KUMAR , R. and STUD , J.W.W . 1991 . Treatment of severe postnatal depression with oestradiol skin patches . Lancet , 338 : 816 – 817 .
  • HOPPBRAND , S. , HOWARD , L. and CRAWLEY , H. 2000 . “ Antidepressant drug treatment for postnatal depression (protocol for a Cochiane Review) ” . Oxford : The Cochrane Library . Issue 3 Update Software
  • HOLDEN , J.M. , SAGOVSKY , R. and Cox , J.L . 1989 . Counselling in a general practice setting: controlled study of health visitor intervention in treatment of postnatal depression . British Medical Journal , 298 : 223 – 226 .
  • HOPKINS , J. , MARCUS , M. and CAMPBELL , S.R . 1984 . Postpartum depression: a critical review . Psychological Bulletin , 95 : 498 – 515 .
  • ILBS , S. , DEAN , D. and KBNNBRLBY , H. 1989 . Maternity blues II a comparison between post-operative women and postnatal women . British Journal of Psychiatry , 155 : 363 – 366 .
  • JONES , A. , WATTS , T. and ROMAIN , S. 1995 . Postnatal depression: facilitating peer group support . Health Visitor , 68 (4) : 153
  • KATON , W. , VON KORPF , M , LIN , E. , WALKER , E. , SIMON , G.E. , BUSH , T , ROBINSON , P. and Russo , J. 1995 . Collaborative management to achieve treatment guidelines: impact on depression in primary care . Journal of the American Medical Association , 273 (13) : 1026 – 1031 .
  • KBNDBLL , RE. 1985 . Emotional and physical factors in the genesis of puerperal mental disorders . Journal of Psychosomatic Research , 29 : 3 – 11 .
  • KRAUSE , M and REDMAN , E.S. 1986 . Postpartum depression: an interactional view . Journal of Maritaland Family Therapy , 12 : 63 – 74 .
  • KUMAR , R. 1990 . An overview of postpartum psychiatric mood disorders . Clinical Issues in PerinatalWomen's Health Nursing , 1 : 351 – 358 .
  • KUMAR , R. and ROBSON , K.M. 1984 . A prospective study of emotional disorders in childbeaiing women . British Journal of Psychiatry , 144 : 35 – 47 .
  • LAWRt , T.A , HERXHBIMBR , A. and DALTON , K. 2000 . “ Oestrogens and progestogens for preventing and treating postnatal depression (Cochrane Review) ” . Oxford : The Cochrane Library . Issue 3 Update Software
  • LEWIS , G. , PELOSI , A.J. , ARAYA , R. and DUNN , G. 1992 . Measuring psychiatric disorder in the community: a standardized assessment tool for use by lay interviewers . Psychological Medicine , 22 : 465 – 486 .
  • LUNDH , W. and GYLLANG , C. 1993 . Use of the Edinburgh postnatal depression scale in some Swedish child health care centres . Scandinavian Journal of Caring Sciences , 7 : 149 – 154 .
  • MAUTHNER , N.S. 1995 . Postnatal depression: the significance of social contacts between mothers . Women's Studies International Forum , 18 (3) : 311 – 323 .
  • MANDY , A. , GARD , P.R. , Ross , K. and VALBNTINB , B.H. 1998 . Psychological sequelae in women following either parturition or non-gynaecological surgery . Journal of Reproductive and Infant Psychology , 16 (2/3) : 133 – 141 .
  • MAY , A. 1995 . Amultidisciplinary approach to postnatal depression . Health Visitor , 68 (4) : 146 – 147 .
  • McCARTHY , A. 1998 . Postnatal depression: diagnosis and treatment . Irish Medical Journal , 91 (2) : 44
  • McCLARBY , M. and STOKOE , R . 1995 . A multidisciplinary approach to postnatal depression . Health Visitor , 68 (4) : 141 – 143 .
  • McLEAN , P and HAKSTIAN , A. 1979 . Clinical depression: comparative efficacy of outpatient treatment . Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology , 47 : 818 – 836 .
  • McNAiR , D. , LORR , M and DROPPLEMAN , L. 1971 . Profile of mood states manual , San Diego : Educational & IndustrialTesting Services .
  • MEAGER , I. and MILGROM , J. 1996 . Group treatment for postpartum depression: a pilot study . Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry , 30 (6) : 852 – 860 .
  • MILGROM , J. , MARTIN , P and NBGRI , L. A randomized controlled trial of non-pharmacological intervention for postnatal depression . Proceedings of the Manx Society Biennial Conference 2000 . Manchester.
  • MiLGROM , J. , MARTIN , P and NEG RI , L. 2000b . Treating postnatal depression: a psychological approach for healthcare practitioners , London : WÛey .
  • MISRI , S. , KOSTARAS , X. , Fox , D. and KOSTARAS , D. 2000 . The impact of partner support in the treatment of postnatal depression . Canadian Journal of Psychiatry , 45 (6) : 554 – 558 .
  • MONTGOMERY , S.A. and ASBBRG , M. 1979 . A new depression scales designed to be sensitive to change . British Journal of Psychiatry , 134 : 382 – 389 .
  • MORGAN , M. , MATTHEY , S. , BARNETT , B. and RICHARDSON , C. 1997 . A group programme for postnatally distressed women and their partners . Journal of Advanced Nursing , 26 (5) : 913 – 920 .
  • MORRIS , J.B. 1987 . Group psychotherapy for prolonged postnatal depression . British Journal of Medical Psychology , 60 : 279 – 281 .
  • MURRAY , D. 1996 . Oestrogen and postnatal depression . Lancet , 347 : 918 – 919 .
  • MURRAY , L. and STEIN , A. 1989 . The effects of postnatal depression on the infant . Bailliere's Clinical Obstetrics and Gynaecology , 3 : 921 – 933 .
  • MURRAY , L. , COOPER , P.J. and STEIN , A. 1991 . Postnatal depression and infant development . British Medical Journal , 302 : 978 – 979 .
  • NONACS , R. and COHEN , L. 1998 . Postpartum mood disorders: diagnosis and treatment guidelines . Journal of Clinical Psychiatry , 59 : 34 – 40 .
  • O'BRiEN , S. and PRTT , B. 1994 . “ Hormonal theories and therapy for postnatal depression ” . In Perinatal psychiatry: use and misuse of the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale , Edited by: Cox , J. and HOLDBN , J. London : Gaskell .
  • O'HARA , M.W. 1987 . Post-partum 'blues', depression and psychosis: a review . Journal of Psychosomatic Obstetrics and Gynaecology , 7 : 205 – 227 .
  • O'HARA , M.W. 1994 . Postpartum depression: causes and consequences , Series in psychopathology New York : Springer-Verlag .
  • O'HARA , M. Long-term outcome of interpersonal psychotherapy for postpartum depression . Proceedings of the Manx Society Biennial Conference 2000 . Manchester.
  • O'HARA , MW. and SWAIN , A.M. 1996 . Rates and risk of postpartum depression-a meta analysis . International Review of Psychiatry , 8 : 37 – 54 .
  • O'HARA , M.W. and ZBKOSKI , E.M . 1988 . “ Postpartum depression: a comprehensive review ” . In Motherhood and mental illness 2. Causes and consequences , Edited by: BROCKINGTON , I.F. and KUMAR , R. London : Wright .
  • O'HARA , MW , NEUNABER , D.J. and ZEKOSKI , R. 1984 . A propspective study of postpartum depression: prevalence, course, and predictive factors . Journal of Abnormal Psychology , 93 : 158 – 171 .
  • O'HARA , MW , ZBKOSKI , E.M , PHILLIPS , L.H. and WRIGHT , E.J. 1990 . Controlled prospective study of postpartum mood disorders: comparison of childbearing and nonchildbearing controls . Journal of Abnormal Psychology , 99 (1) : 3 – 15 .
  • O'HARA , M.W. , HOFFMAN , J.G. and PHILLIPS , L.H.C. 1992 . Adjustment in childbearing women: the Postpartum Adjustment Questionnaire . Psychological Assessment , 4 : 160 – 169 .
  • O'HARA , MW , STUART , S. , GORMAN , L. and WBNZBL , A. 2000 . Efficacy of interpersonal psychotherapy for postpartum depression . Archives of General Psychiatry , 57 : 1039 – 1045 .
  • PARKER , B. , TUPLING , H. and BROWN , L.B. 1979 . A parental bonding instrument . British Journal of Medical Psychology , 52 (1) : 1 – 10 .
  • PARRY , B. Chronobiology of pregnancy and postpartum depression . Proceedings of the Manx Society Biennial Conference 2000 . Manchester.
  • PAYKBL , E.S. 2000 . Classification of postpartum disorders in ICD1O and DSM4: recommendations prepared by Sätra Bruk Workshop on Classification of Postnatal Mood Disorders, November 1999 . The Manx Society Newsletter , : 9
  • PAYKEL , E.S. , EMMS , E.M. , FLBTCHER , J. and RASSABY , E.S. 1980 . Life events and social support in puerperal depression . British Journal of Psychiatry , 136 : 339 – 346 .
  • PHILLIPS , L. 1986 . Behavior analysis in a case of 'postpartum depression' . Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry , 17 : 101 – 104 .
  • PITT , B. 1968 . Typical' depression following childbirth . British Journal of Psychiatry , 114 : 1325 – 1335 .
  • PITT , B. 1973 . 'Maternity blues' . British Journal of Psychiatry , 122 : 431 – 433 .
  • PLATANIA-SOLAZZO , A. , FIELD , T , BLANK , J. , SBLIGMAN , F , KUHN , C. , SCHANBBRG , S. and SAAB , P. 1992 . Relaxation therapy reduces anxiety in child/adolescent psychiatry patients . Acta Paedopsychiatrica , 55 : 115 – 120 .
  • PRESCRIPTION TRBNDS SURVEY . 1993 . American Druggist , 208 : 31 – 34 .
  • PRIEST , R.G. 1994 . Improving the management and knowledge of depression . British Journal of Psychiatry , 164 : 285 – 287 .
  • RAY , K.L. and HODNBTT , E.D. 2000 . “ Caregiver support for postpartum depression (Cochrane Review) ” . Oxford : The Cochrane Library . Issue 3 Update Software
  • ROBiN , AA. 1962 . The psychological changes of normal parturition . Psychology Quarterly , 36 : 129 – 150 .
  • ROMITO , P. 1990 . Postpartum depression or the medicalization of maternal unhappiness: a critical review . Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand , 69 : 7 – 19 .
  • ROY , A. , COLE , K. , GOLDMAN , Z. and BARRIS , M. 1993 . Fluoxetine treatment of postpartum depression . American Journal of Psychiatry , 150 (8) : 1273
  • SACKBTT , D.L. , RICHARDSON , W.S. , ROSBNBERG , W and HAYNBS , R.B. 1997 . Evidence-based medicine: how to practice and teach EBM , London : Churchill Livingstone .
  • SBBLBY , S. , MURRAY , L. and COOPER , P.J. 1996 . The outcome for mothers and babies of health visitor intervention . Health Visitor , 69 (4) : 135 – 138 .
  • SHARP , D. 2000 . A pilot study to assess the feasibility of providing couple based therapy for women with postnatal depression in primary care NRR Project: N0463042065
  • SHBBHAN , D. V. 1998 . The mini-international neuropsychiatrie interview (MINI): the development and validation of a structured diagnostic interview for DSM-IV and ICD-IO . Journal of Clinical Psychiatry , 59 : 22 – 23 .
  • SICHEL , D.A. 1995 . Prophylactic oestrogen in recurrent postpartum affective disorder . Biological Psychiatry , 38 : 814 – 818 .
  • SMALL , R. , BROWN , S. and LUMLBY , J. 1994 . Missing voices: what women say and do about depression after childbirth . Journal of Reproductive and Infant Psychology , 12 : 89 – 103 .
  • SPANIER , G.B. 1976 . Measuring dyadic adjustment: new scales for assessing the quality of marriage and similar dyads . Journal of Marriage and the Family , 38 : 15 – 28 .
  • SPIBLBBRGBR , C.D. , GORSUCH , R.L. and LUSHENB , R.E. 1970 . The State-Trait Anxiety Inventory , PaIo Alto, CA : Consulting Psychologists Press .
  • SPITZER , R.L , WILLIAMS , J.B. , GIBBON , M. and FIRST , M.B. 1989 . Structured clinical interview for DSM-III-R patient edition (with psychotic screen) , NewYork : Biometrics Research Department, NewYork State Psychiatric Institute .
  • STEIN , G. 1982 . “ The maternity blues ” . In Motherhood and mental illness , Edited by: BROCKINOTON , I.F. and KUMAR , R. London : Academic Press .
  • STOWE , Z.N. , CASARELLA , J. , LANDRY , J. and NEMBROFF , C.B. 1995 . Sertraline in the treatment of women with postpartum major depression . Depression , 3 : 49 – 55 .
  • STUART , S. and O'HARA , M.W. 1995 . Interpersonal psychotherapy for postpartum depression: a treatment program . Journal of Psychotherapy Practice and Research , 4 : 18 – 29 .
  • TEASDALE , J.D. , FENNELL , MJ.V , HIBBERT , G.A. and AMIES , P.L. 1984 . Cognitive therapy for major depressive disorders in primary care . British Journal of Psychiatry , 144 : 400 – 406 .
  • TROUT , M. 1991 . Perinatal depression in four mothers reared by borderline mothers . Pre- and Peri-natal Psychology , 5 (4) : 297 – 325 .
  • USSHBR , J.M. 1992 . Research and theory related to female reproduction: implications for clinical psychology . British Journal of Clinical Psychology , 31 : 129 – 151 .
  • VAN DBR MEE , R. , LOBNDERSLOOT , E.W. and VAN LOBNEN , A.C. 1984 . Effect of high dose progesterone in postpartum depression . Journal of Psychosomatic Obstetr Gynaecology , 3 : 67 – 68 .
  • WARNER , R , APPLEBY , L. , WHITTON , A. and FARAGHER , B. 1996 . Demographic and obstetric risk factors for postnatal psychiatric morbidity . British Journal of Psychiatry , 168 : 607 – 611 .
  • WEISS , R. 1974 . “ The provisions in social relationships ” . In Doing unto others , Edited by: RUBIN , Z. Englewood Cliffs, NJ : Prentice Hall .
  • WEISSMAN , M.M. and BOTHWBLL , S. 1976 . Assessment of social adjustment by patient self-report . Archives of General Psychiatry , 38 : 1250 – 1258 .
  • WHIFFEN , V.E. 1992 . Is postpartum depression a distinct diagnosis? . Clinical Psychology Review , 12 : 485 – 508 .
  • WHITTON , A. , WARNER , R. and APPLEBY , L. 1996 . The pathway to care in postnatal depression: women's attitudes to postnatal depression and its treatment . British Journal of General Practice , 46 : 427 – 428 .
  • WICKBBRG , R and HWANG , C.P. 1996 . Counselling of postnatal depression: a controlled study on a population based Swedish sample . Journal of Affective Disorders , 39 : 209 – 216 .
  • WISNBR , K.L , PBRBL , J.T. and FINDLING , R.L. 1996 . Antidepressant treatment during breast-feeding./imiran . Journal of Psychiatry , 153 (9) : 1132 – 1137 .
  • WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION (WHO) . 1992 . The International Classification of Diseases 10 , Geneva : World Health Organization .
  • YALOM , I.C. , LUNDE , D.T. , Moos , R.H. and HAMBURG , DA. 1968 . 'Post partum blues' syndrome: a detailed description and variables . Archives of General Psychiatry , 18 : 16 – 27 .
  • YOSHIDA , K. , SMITH , B. , CRAGGS , M. and KUMAR , R. 1998 . Fluoxetine in breast milk . British Journal of Psychiatry , 172 : 175 – 179 .
  • ZIGMOND , A.S. and SNAITH , R.P. 1983 . The Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale . Acta Psychiatric Scandinavica , 67 : 361 – 370 .
  • ZIMMERMAN , M. and CORYELL , W. 1987 . The Inventory to Diagnose Depression (IDD): a self-report scale to diagnose major depressive disorder . Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology , 55 : 55 – 59 .
  • ZUCKERMAN , M. and IJUBIN , S. 1988 . Manual for the Multiple Affect Adjective Checklist , San Diego : Educational and IndustrialTesting Service .

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Order Reprints Request Corporate Permissions

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

Request Academic Permissions

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.

Related research

People also read lists articles that other readers of this article have read.

Recommended articles lists articles that we recommend and is powered by our AI driven recommendation engine.

Cited by lists all citing articles based on Crossref citations.
Articles with the Crossref icon will open in a new tab.