Use of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors during pregnancy and disorganised infant–mother attachment

References

• Affonso , D. , De , A. , Horowitz , J. and Mayberry , L. 2000 . An international study exploring levels of postpartum depressive symptomatology . Journal of Psychosomatic Research , 49 ( 3 ) : 207 – 216 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ainsworth , M. , Blehar , M. , Waters , E. and Wall , S. 1978 . Patterns of attachment: A psychological study of the strange situation , Hillsdale , NJ : Erlbaum .
   Google Scholar
• Andrade , S. , Raebel , M. , Brown , J. , Lane , K. , Livingston , J. Boudreau , D. 2008 . Use of antidepressant medications during pregnancy: A multistate study . American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology , 198 ( 194 ) : 1 – 5 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ansorge , M.S. , Zhou , M. , Lira , A. , Hen , R. and Gingrich , J.A. 2004 . Early-life blockade of the 5-HT transporter alters emotional behavior in adult mice . Science , 306 : 879 – 881 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bakker , M. , Kolling , P. and van den Berg , P. 2008 . Increase in use of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors in pregnancy during the last decade, a population-based cohort study fro the Netherlands . British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology , 65 : 600 – 606 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Beck , A. and Steer , R. 1993 . Beck Depression Inventory manual , San Antonio , TX : The Psychological Corporation .
   Google Scholar
• Beck , A. , Steer , R. and Garbin , M. 1988 . Psychometric properties of the Beck Depression Inventory: Twenty-five years of evaluation . Clinical Psychology Review , 8 : 77 – 100 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Broussard , E. 1995 . Infant attachment in a sample of adolescent mothers . Child Psychiatry and Human Development , 25 : 211 – 219 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bunevicius , R. , Kusminskas , L. , Bunevicius , A. , Nadisauskiene , R. , Jureniene , K. and Pop , V. 2009 . Psychosocial risk factors for depression during pregnancy . Acta Obstetricia et Gynecologica , 88 : 599 – 605 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carlson , E. , Egeland , B. and Sroufe , L.A. 2009 . A prospective investigation of the development of borderline personality symptoms . Development and Psychopathology , 21 : 1311 – 1334 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Casper , R. , Fleisher , B. and Lee-Ancajas , J. 2003 . Follow-up of children of depressed mothers exposed or not exposed to antidepressant drugs . Journal of Pediatrics , 142 : 402 – 408 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Casper , R. , Gilles , A. , Fleisher , B. , Baran , J. , Enns , G. and Lazzeroni , L. 2011 . Length of prenatal exposure to selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) antidepressants: Effects on neonatal adaptation and psychomotor development . Psychopharmacology , 217 : 211 – 219 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Caspers , K. , Paradiso , S. , Yucuis , R. , Troutman , B. , Arndt , S. and Philibert , R. 2009 . Association between the Serotonin Transporter Promoter Polymorphism (5-HTTLPR) and adult unresolved attachment . Developmental Psychology , 45 ( 1 ) : 64 – 76 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cassidy , J. and Shaver , P. , eds. 2008 . Handbook of attachment , second edition , New York , NY : Guilford Press .
   Google Scholar
• Chambers , C.D. , Johnson , K.A. , Dick , L.M. , Felix , R.J. and Jones , K.L. 1996 . Birth outcomes in pregnant women taking fluoxetine . New England Journal of Medicine , 335 ( 14 ) : 1010 – 1015 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Croen , L. , Grether , J. , Yoshida , C. , Odouli , R. and Hendrick , V. 2011 . Antidepressant use during pregnancy and childhood autism spectrum disorders . Archives of General Psychiatry , 68 ( 11 ) : 1104 – 1112 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cutrona , C. and Troutman , B. 1986 . Social support, infant temperament, and parenting self-efficacy: A mediational model of postpartum depression . Child Development , 57 : 1507 – 1518 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cyr , C. , Euser , E. , Bakermans-Kranenburg , M. and van Ijzendoorn , M. 2010 . Attachment security and disorganization in maltreating and high-risk families: A series of meta-analyses . Development and Psychopathology , 22 : 87 – 108 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Forman , D. , O’Hara , M. , Stuart , S. , Gorman , L. , Larsen , K. and Coy , K. 2007 . Effective treatment for postpartum depression is not sufficient to improve the developing mother–child relationship . Development and Psychopathology , 19 : 585 – 602 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fournier , J. , DeRubeis , R. , Hollon , S. , Dimidjian , S. , Amsterdam , J. Shelton , R. 2010 . Antidepressant drug effects and depression severity: A patient-level meta-analysis . Journal of the American Medical Association , 303 ( 1 ) : 47 – 53 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gavin , N. , Gaynes , B. , Lohr , K. , Meltzer-Brody , S. , Gartlehner , G. and Swinson , T. 2005 . Perinatal depression: A systematic review of prevalence and incidence . Obstetrics & Gynecology , 106 ( 5 ) : 1071 – 1083 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gaynes , B. , Gavin , N. , Meltzer-Brody , S. , Lohr , K. , Swinson , T. Gartlehener , G. 2005 . Perinatal depression: Prevalence, screening accuracy, and screening outcomes. Evidence Report/Technical Assessment (Summary) , 119 : 1 – 8 .
   Google Scholar
• Gelfand , D. , Teti , D. , Seiner , S. and Jameson , P. 1996 . Helping mothers fight depression: Evaluation of a home-based intervention program for depressed mothers and their infants . Journal of Clinical Child Psychology , 25 : 406 – 422 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gentile , S. 2011 . Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor exposure during early pregnancy and the risk of birth defects . Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica , 123 : 266 – 275 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gervai , J. 2009 . Environmental and genetic influences on early attachment . Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Mental Health , 3 : 25
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Grzeskowiak , L. , Gilbert , A. and Morrison , J. 2011 . Investigating outcomes following the use of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors for treating depression in pregnancy . Drug Safety , 34 ( 11 ) : 1027 – 1048 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harris , B. , Huckle , P. , Thomas , R. , Johns , S. and Fung , H. 1989 . The use of rating scales to identify post-natal depression . British Journal of Psychiatry , 154 : 813 – 817 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Haslam , D. , Pakenham , K. and Smith , A. 2006 . Social support and postpartum depressive symptomatology: The mediating role of maternal self-efficacy . Infant Mental Health Journal , 27 ( 3 ) : 276 – 291 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Huffman , L. , Lamour , M. , Byran , Y. and Pederson , F. 1990 . Depressive symptomatology during pregnancy and the postpartum period: Is the Beck Depression Inventory applicable? . Journal of Reproductive and Infant Psychology , 8 : 87 – 97 .
   Google Scholar
• Jarjoura , D. and O’Hara , M. 1987 . A structural model for postpartum responses to the somatic and cognitive items on the Beck Depression Inventory . Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment , 9 : 389 – 402 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Karg , K. , Burmeister , M. , Shedden , K. and Sen , S. 2011 . The serotonin transporter promoter variant (5-HTTLPR), stress, and depression meta-analysis revisted . Archives of General Psychiatry , 68 ( 5 ) : 444 – 454 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kirsch , I. , Deacon , B. , Huedo-Medina , T. , Scoboria , A. , Moore , T. and Johnson , B. 2008 . Initial severity and antidepressant benefits: A meta-analysis of data subitted to the Food and Drug Administration . PLoS Med , 5 ( 2 ) : e45
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee , D. , Yip , A. , Chui , H. and Chung , T. 2000 . Screening for postnatal depression using the double-test strategy . Psychosomatic Medicine , 62 : 258 – 261 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MacDonald , H. , Beeghly , M. , Grant-Knight , W. , Augustyn , M. , Woods , R. and Cabral , H. 2008 . Longitudinal association between infant disorganized attachment and childhood posttraumatic stress symptoms . Development and Psychopathology , 20 : 493 – 508 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Madigan , S. , Moran , G. , Schuengel , C. , Pederson , D. and Otten , R. 2007 . Unresolved maternal attachment representations, disrupted maternal behavior and disorganized attachment in infancy: Links to toddler behavior problems . Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry , 48 ( 10 ) : 1042 – 1050 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Main , M. and Solomon , J. 1990 . “ Procedures for identifying infants as disorganized/disoriented during the Ainsworth Strange situation ” . In Attachment in the preschool years: Theory, research, and intervention , Edited by: Greenberg , M. , Cicchetti , D. and Cummings , E. Chicago , IL : The University of Chicago Press .
   Google Scholar
• Marcus , S.M. , Flynn , H.A. , Blow , F. and Barry , K. 2005 . A screening study of antidepressant treatment rates and mood symptoms in pregnancy . Archives of Women’s Mental Health , 8 : 25 – 27 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Martins , C. and Gaffan , E.A. 2000 . Effects of early maternal depression on patterns of infant–mother attachment: A meta-analytic investigation . Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry , 41 ( 6 ) : 737 – 746 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mayer , S. 2008 . Study shows difference between antidepressants and placebo is significant only in severe depression . British Medical Journal , 336 : 466
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McMahon , C. , Barnett , B. , Kowalenko , N. and Tennant , C. 2006 . Maternal attachment state of mind moderates the impact of postnatal depression on infant attachment . Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry , 47 ( 7 ) : 660 – 669 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Munson , J. , McMahon , R. and Spieker , S. 2001 . Structure and variability in the developmental trajectory of children’s externalizing problems: Impact of infant attachment, maternal depressive symptomatology, and child sex . Development and Psychopathology , 13 : 277 – 296 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Murray , L. , Cooper , P. , Wilson , A. and Romaniuk , H. 2003 . Controlled trial of the short- and long-term effect of psychological treatment of post-partum depression: 2. Impact on the mother–child relationship and child outcome . British Journal of Psychiatry , 182 : 420 – 427 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• National Collaborating Centre for Mental Health . 2007 . Antenatal and postnatal mental health: The NICE guideline on clinical management and service guidance , London : NCCMH .
   Google Scholar
• O’Hara , M. , Zekoski , E. , Phillipps , L. and Wright , E. 1990 . Controlled prospective study of postpartum mood disorders: Comparison of childbearing and nonchildbearing women . Journal of Abnormal Psychology , 99 : 3 – 15 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• O’Hara , M. , Stuart , S. , Gorman , L. and Wenzel , A. 2000 . Efficacy of interpersonal psychotherapy for postpartum depression . Archives of General Psychiatry , 57 ( 11 ) : 1039 – 1045 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Oberlander , T. , Papsdorf , M. , Brain , U. , Misri , S. , Ross , C. and Grunau , R. 2010 . Prenatal effects of Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitor antidepressants, Serotonin Transport Promotor genotype (SLC6A4), and maternal mood on child behavior at 3 years of age . Archives of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine , 164 ( 5 ) : 444 – 451 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Oberlander , T. , Reebye , P. , Misri , S. , Papsdorf , M. , Kim , J. and Grunau , R. 2007 . Externalizing and attentional behaviors in children of depressed mothers treated with a Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitor antidepressant during pregnancy . Archives of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine , 161 : 22 – 29 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Oberlander , T. , Warburton , W. , Misri , S. , Aghajanian , J. and Hertzman , C. 2006 . Neonatal outcomes after prenatal exposure to selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor antidepressants and maternal depression using population-based linked health data . Archives of General Psychiatry , 63 : 898 – 906 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Parry , B. 2009 . Assessing risk and benefit: To treat or not to treat major depression during pregnancy with antidepressant medication . American Journal of Psychiatry , 166 ( 5 ) : 512 – 514 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ramos , E. , Oraichi , D. and Rey , E. 2007 . Prevalence and predictors of antidepressant use in a cohort of pregnant women . British Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology , 114 : 1055 – 1064 .
   Google Scholar
• Rampono , J. , Simmer , K. , Ilett , K. , Hackett , L. , Doherty , D. Elliot , R. 2009 . Placental transfer of SSRI and SNRI antidepressants and effects on the neonate . Pharmacopsychiatry , 42 : 95 – 100 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reefhuis , J. , Rasmussen , S.A. and Friedman , J.M. 2006 . Selective serotonin-reuptake inhibitors and persistent pulmonary hypertension of the newborn; Reply of Chamver C, Hernandez-Diaz, S., Mitchell, A.A. (letter) . New England Journal of Medicine , 354 : 2188 – 2190 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smeekens , S. , Riksen-Walraven , J. and van Bakel , H. 2007 . Multiple determinants of externalizing behavior in 5-year-olds: A longitudinal model . Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology , 35 : 347 – 361 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Spangler , G. , Johann , M. , Ronai , Z. and Zimmerman , P. 2009 . Genetic and environmental influence on attachment and disorganization . Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry , 50 ( 8 ) : 952 – 961 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Spieker , S. and Bensley , L. 1994 . Roles of living arrangements and grandmother social support in adolescent mothering and infant attachment . Developmental Psychology , 30 : 102 – 111 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stams , G. , Juffer , F. and van Ijzendoorn , M. 2002 . Maternal sensitivity, infant attachment, and temperament in early childhood predict adjustment in middle childhood: The case of adopted children and their biologically unrelated parents . Developmental Psychology , 38 ( 5 ) : 806 – 821 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stewart , D. 2011 . Depression during pregnancy . New England Journal of Medicine , 365 ( 17 ) : 1605 – 1611 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stuart , S. , Couser , G. , Schilder , K. , O’Hara , M.W. and Gorman , L. 1998 . Postpartum anxiety and depression: Onset and comorbidity in a community sample . Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease , 186 ( 7 ) : 420 – 424 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Troutman , B. and Cutrona , C. 1990 . Nonpsychotic postpartum depression among adolescent mothers . Journal of Abnormal Psychology , 99 ( 1 ) : 69 – 78 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• van Ijzendoorn , M. , Schuengel , C. and Bakermans-Kranenberg , M. 1999 . Disorganized attachment in early childhood: Meta-analysis of precursors, concomitants, and sequelae . Development and Psychopathology , 11 : 225 – 249 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Whiffen , V. 1988 . Screening for postpartum depression: A methodological note . Journal of Clinical Psychology , 44 : 367 – 371 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zeanah , C. , Berlin , L. and Boris , N. 2011 . Practitioner review: Clinical applications of attachment theory and research for infants and young children . The Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry , 52 ( 8 ) : 819 – 833 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar