Post-traumatic stress symptoms after childbirth and early mother–child interactions: an exploratory study

References

• Affleck, G., Tennen, H., & Rowe, J. (1991). Infants in crisis: How parents cope with newborn intensive care and its aftermath. New York, NY: Springer.
   Google Scholar
• Alcorn, K. L., O’Donovan, A., Patrick, J. C., & Devilly, G. J. (2010). A prospective longitudinal study of the prevalence of post-traumatic stress disorder resulting from childbirth events. Pyschological Medicine, 40, 1849–1859.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• American Psychiatric Association (1994). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (4th ed.). Washington, DC: Author.
   Google Scholar
• Ayers, S. (2003). Commentary on ‘Post-traumatic stress following childbirth: a review of the emerging literature and directions for research and practice’. Psychology, Health & Medicine, 8, 169–171.
   Google Scholar
• Ayers, S. (2004). Delivery as a traumatic event: Prevalence, risk factors, and treatment for postnatal posttraumatic stress disorder. Clinical Obstetrics and Gynecology, 47, 552–567.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ayers, S., & Pickering, A. D. (2001). Do women get posttraumatic stress disorder as a result of childbirth? A prospective study of incidence. Birth, 28, 111–118.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ayers, S., & Pickering, A. D. (2005). Women’s expectations and experience of birth. Psychology and Health, 20, 79–92.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ayers, S., Eagle, A., & Waring, H. (2006). The effects of childbirth-related post-traumatic stress disorder on women and their relationships: A qualitative study. Psychology, Health & Medicine, 11, 389–398.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ayers, S., Wright, D. B., & Wells, N. (2007). Symptoms of post-traumatic stress disorder in couples after birth: Association with the couple’s relationship and parent–baby bond. Journal of Reproductive and Infant Psychology, 25, 40–50.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bailham, D., & Joseph, S. (2003). Post-traumatic stress following childbirth: A review of the emerging literature and directions for research and practice. Psychology, Health & Medicine, 8, 159–168.
   Google Scholar
• Ballard, C. G., Stanley, A. K., & Brockington, I. F. (1995). Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) after childbirth. British Journal of Psychiatry, 166, 525–528.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Beck, C. T. (2004). Birth trauma: In the eye of the beholder. Nursing Research, 53, 28–35.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Beck, C. T. (2004). Post-traumatic stress disorder due to childbirth: The aftermath. Nursing Research, 53, 216–224.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boorman, R. J., Devilly, G. J., Gamble J., Creedy, D. K., & Fenwick, J. (2013). Childbirth and criteria for traumatic events. Midwifery, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.midw.2013.03.001.
   Google Scholar
• Cohn, J. F., & Tronick, E. Z. (1989). Specificity of infants’ response to mothers’ affective behavior. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 28, 242–248.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cohn, J. F., Campbell, S. B., Matias, R., & Hopkins, J. (1990). Face-to-face interactions of postpartum depressed and nondepressed mother–infant pairs at 2 months. Developmental Psychology, 26, 15–23.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Creedy, D. K., Shochet, I. M., & Horsfall, J. (2000). Childbirth and the development of acute trauma symptoms: Incidence and contributing factors. Birth, 27, 104–111.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Czarnocka, J., & Slade, P. (2000). Prevalence and predictors of post-traumatic stress symptoms following childbirth. British Journal of Clinical Psychology, 39, 35–51.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• DeMier, R. L., Hynan, M. T., Harris, H. B., & Manniello, R. L. (1996). Perinatal stressors as predictors of symptoms of posttraumatic stress in mother and infants at high-risk. Journal of Perinatology, 16, 276–280.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Denis, A., Parant, O., & Callahan, S. (2011). Post-traumatic stress disorder related to birth: A prospective longitudinal study in a French population. Journal of Reproductive and Infant Psychology, 29, 125–135.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dewar, G. (2007). The psychological effects of childbirth stress. Retrieved from http://www.parentingscience.com/childbirth-trauma.html.
   Google Scholar
• Di Blasio, P., & Ionio, C. (2002). Childbirth and narratives: How do mothers deal with their child birth? Journal of Prenatal and Perinatal Psychology and Health, 17, 143–151.
   Google Scholar
• Di Blasio, P., & Ionio, C. (2001). Elaborazione emotiva e sintomatologia da stress post partum. Psicologia della salute, 2, 27–44.
   Google Scholar
• Di Blasio, P., & Ionio, C. (2005). Post partum stress symptoms and child temperament: A follow-up study. Journal of Prenatal and Perinatal Psychology and Health, 17, 143–151.
   Google Scholar
• Di Blasio, P., Ionio, C., & Confalonieri, E. (2009). Symptoms of postpartum PTSD and expressive writing: A prospective study. Journal of Prenatal and Perinatal Psychology and Health, 24, 49–65.
   Google Scholar
• Edworthy, Z., Chasey, R., & Williams, H. (2008). The role of schema and appraisals in the development of post-traumatic stress symptoms following birth. Journal of Reproductive and Infant Psychology, 26, 123–138.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Enlow, M. B., Kitts, R. L., Blood, E., Bizarro, A., Hofmeister, M., & Wright, R. J. (2011). Maternal posttraumatic stress symptoms and infant emotional reactivity and emotion regulation. Infant Behavior and Development, 34, 487–503.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fatouye, F. O., Oladimeji, B. Y., & Adeyemi, A. B. (2006). Difficult delivery and some selected factors as predictors of early postpartum and psychological symptoms among Nigerian women. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 60, 299–301.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Feeley, N., Zelkowitz, P., Cormier, C., Charbonneau, L., & Lacroix, A. (2011). Posttraumatic stress among mothers of very low birthweight infants at 6 months after discharge from the neonatal intensive care unit. Applied Nursing Research, 24, 114–117.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Field, T. (1984). Early interactions between infants and their postpartum depressed mothers. Infant Behavior and Development, 7, 527–532.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Field, T., Healy, B., Goldstein, S., & Guthertz, M. (1990). Behavior state matching in mother–infant interactions of nondepressed versus depressed mother–infant dyads. Developmental Psychology, 26, 7–14.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fones, C. (1996). Posttraumatic stress disorder occurring after painful childbirth. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 184, 195–196.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Forcada-Guex, M., Borghini, A., Pierrehumbert, B., Ansermet, F., & Muller-Nix, C. (2011). Prematurity, maternal posttraumatic stress and consequences on the mother–infant relationship. Early Human Development, 87, 21–26.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gianino, A., & Tronick, E. (1988). The mutual regulation model: The infant’s self and interactive regulation. Coping and defense capacities. In T. Field, P. McCabe, & N. Schneiderman (Eds.), Stress and coping (pp. 47–68). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc.
   Google Scholar
• Hathaway, S. R., & McKinley, J. C. (1997). MMPI-2 – Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory-2. Firenze: Organizzazioni Speciali.
   Google Scholar
• Keogh, E., Ayers, S., & Francis, H. (2002). Does anxiety sensitivity predict post-traumatic stress symptoms following childbirth? A preliminary report. Cognitive Behaviour Therapy, 31, 145–155.
   Google Scholar
• McDonald, S., Slade, P., Spiby, H., & Iles, J. (2011). Post-traumatic stress symptoms, parenting stress and mother–child relationships following childbirth and at 2 years postpartum. Journal of Psychosomatic Obstetrics & Gynecology, 32, 141–146.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Musser, E. D., Ablow, J. C., & Measelle, J. R. (2012). Predicting maternal sensitivity: The roles of postnatal depressive symptoms and parasympathetic dysregulation. Infant Mental Health Journal, 33, 350–359.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Olde, E., van der Hart, O., Kleber, R., & van Son, M. (2006). Posttraumatic stress following childbirth: A review. Clinical Psychology Review, 26, 1–16.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pancheri, P., & Sirigatti, S. (2002). MMPI-2. Manuale di istruzione. Firenze: Giunti O. S. Organizzazioni Speciali.
   Google Scholar
• Pantlen, A., & Rohde, A. (2001). Psychische Auswirkungen traumatisch erlebter Entbindungen. Zentralblatt für Gynakologie, 123, 42–47.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Parfitt, Y., & Ayers, S. (2009). The effect of postnatal symptoms of post-traumatic stress and depression on the couple’s relationship and parent–baby bond. Journal of Reproductive and Infant Psychology, 27, 127–142.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Quinnell, F. A., & Hynan, M. T. (1999). Convergent and discriminant validity of perinatal PTSD questionnaire (PPQ). Journal of Traumatic Stress, 12, 193–199.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reynolds, J. L. (1997). Post-traumatic stress disorders after childbirth: The phenomenon of traumatic birth. Canadian Medical Association Journal, 156, 831–835.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Skari, H., Skreden, M., Mault, U. F., Dalholt, M., Ostensen, A. B., Egeland, T., et al. (2002). Comparative levels of psychological distress, stress symptoms, depression and anxiety after childbirth – A prospective population-based study of mothers and fathers. British Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, 109, 1154–1163.
   Google Scholar
• Soderquist, J., Wijma, K., & Wijma, B. (2002). Traumatic stress after childbirth: The role of obstetric variables. Journal of Psychosomatic Obstetrics and Gynaecology, 23, 31–39.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Soet, J. E., Brack, G. A., & Dilorio, C. (2003). Prevalence and predictors of women’s experience of psychological trauma during childbirth. Birth, 30, 36–46.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stanley, C., Murray, L., & Stein, A. (2004). The effect of postnatal depression on mother–infant interaction, infant response to the still-face perturbation, and performance on an instrumental learning task. Development and Psychopathology, 16, 1–18.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tronick, E. Z., & Field, T. (1987). Maternal depression and infant disturbance. San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass.
   Google Scholar
• Tronick, E. Z., & Weinberg, M. K. (1997). Depressed mothers and infants: Failure to form dyadic states of consciousness. In L. Murray, & P. J. Cooper (Eds.), Postpartum depression and child development. New York, NY: Guilford Press.
   Google Scholar
• Tronick, E. Z., & Weinberg, M. K. (1990). The Infant Regulatory Scoring System (IRSS). Boston, MA: Unpublished manuscript. Children’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School.
   Google Scholar
• Tronick, E. Z., & Weinberg, M. K. (1990). The Maternal Regulatory Scoring System (MRSS). Boston, MA: Unpublished manuscript. Children’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School.
   Google Scholar
• Tronick, E. Z., Als, H., Adamson, L., Wise, S., & Brazelton, T. B. (1978). The infant’s response to entrapment between contradictory messages in face to face interaction. American Academy of Child Psychiatry, 17, 1–13.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weaver, J. (1997). Childbirth: Preventing post-traumatic stress disorder. Professional Care of Mother and Child, 7, 2–3.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Weinberg, M. K., & Tronick, E. Z. (1996). Infant affective reactions to the resumption of maternal interaction after the still-face. Child Development, 67, 905–914.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weinberg, M. K., Olson, K. L., Beeghly, M., & Tronick, E. Z. (2006). Making up is hard to do, especially for mothers with high levels of depressive symptoms and their infant sons. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 47, 670–683.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weinberg, M. K., Beeghly, M., Olson, K. L., & Tronick, E. (2008). Effects of maternal depression and panic disorders on mother–infant interactive behavior in the face-to-face still-face paradigm. Infant Mental Health Journal, 29, 472–491.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Whiffen, V. E. (1992). Is postpartum depression a distinct diagnosis? Clinical Psychology Review, 12, 485–508.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wijma, K., Wijma, B., & Soderquist, M. A. (1997). Posttraumatic Stress Disorders after childbirth: A cross sectional study. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 11, 587–597.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar