Personal growth in early pregnancy: the role of perceived stress and emotion regulation

References

• Alen, N. V., Hostinar, C. E., Mahrer, N. E., Martin, S. R., Guardino, C., Shalowitz, M. U., Ramey, S. L., & Schetter, C. D. (2020). Prenatal maternal stress and child hair cortisol four years later: Evidence from a low-income sample. Psychoneuroendocrinology, 117, 104707. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psyneuen.2020.104707
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barskova, T., & Oesterreich, R. (2009). Post-traumatic growth in people living with a serious medical condition and its relations to physical and mental health: A systematic review. Disability and Rehabilitation, 31(21), 1709–1733. https://doi.org/10.1080/09638280902738441
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bergbom, I., Modh, C., Lundgren, I., & Lindwall, L. (2017). First‐time pregnant women’s experiences of their body in early pregnancy. Scandinavian Journal of Caring Sciences, 31(3), 579–586. https://doi.org/10.1111/scs.12372
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brandão, T., Brites, R., Nunes, O., & Hipólito, J. (2020). Posttraumatic growth after childbirth in women: A systematic review. Journal of Clinical Psychology in Medical Settings, 27(2), 318–330. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10880-020-09720-w
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cárdenas Castro, M., Arnoso Martínez, M., & Faúndez Abarca, X. (2019). Deliberate rumination and positive reappraisal as serial mediators between life impact and posttraumatic growth in victims of state terrorism in Chile (1973-1990). Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 34(3), 545–561. https://doi.org/10.1177/0886260516642294
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cohen, S., Kamarck, T., & Mermelstein, R. (1983). A global measure of perceived stress. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 24(4), 385–396. https://doi.org/10.2307/2136404
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Coroiu, A., Körner, A., Burke, S., Meterissian, S., & Sabiston, C. M. (2016). Stress and posttraumatic growth among survivors of breast cancer: A test of curvilinear effects. International Journal of Stress Management, 23(1), 84–97. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0039247
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dunkel Schetter, C. (2009). Stress processes in pregnancy and preterm birth. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 18(4), 205–209. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8721.2009.01637.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dunkel Schetter, C., & Tanner, L. (2012). Anxiety, depression and stress in pregnancy: Implications for mothers, children, research, and practice. Current Opinion in Psychiatry, 25(2), 141–148. https://doi.org/10.1097/YCO.0b013e3283503680
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Buchner, A., & Lang, A. G. (2009). Statistical power analyses using G* Power 3.1: Tests for correlation and regression analyses. Behavior Research Methods, 41(4), 1149–1160. https://doi.org/10.3758/BRM.41.4.1149
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Glover, V. (2015). Prenatal stress and its effects on the fetus and the child: Possible underlying biological mechanisms. In M. C. Antonelli (Ed.), Perinatal programming of neurodevelopment (pp. 269–283). Springer.
   Google Scholar
• Goletzke, J., Kocalevent, R. D., Hansen, G., Rose, M., Becher, H., Hecher, K., Arck, P. C., & Diemert, A. (2017). Prenatal stress perception and coping strategies: Insights from a longitudinal prospective pregnancy cohort. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 102, 8–14. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpsychores.2017.09.002
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gross, J. J. (2002). Emotion regulation: Affective, cognitive, and social consequences. Psychology, 39(3), 281–291.
   Google Scholar
• Gross, J. J. (2013). Emotion regulation: Taking stock and moving forward. Emotion, 13(3), 359. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0032135
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gross, J. J., & John, O. P. (2003). Individual differences in two emotion regulation processes: Implications for affect, relationships, and well-being. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 85(2), 348. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.85.2.348
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hayes, A. F. (2017). Introduction to mediation, moderation, and conditional process analysis: A regression-based approach. Guilford.
   Google Scholar
• Hussain, D., & Bhushan, B. (2011). Posttraumatic stress and growth among Tibetan refugees: The mediating role of cognitive‐emotional regulation strategies. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 67(7), 720–735. https://doi.org/10.1002/jclp.20801
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kira, I. A., Shuwiekh, H., Al Ibraheem, B., & Aljakoub, J. (2019). Appraisals and emotion regulation mediate the effects of identity salience and cumulative stressors and traumas, on PTG and mental health: The case of Syrian’s IDPs and refugees. Self and Identity, 18(3), 284–305. https://doi.org/10.1080/15298868.2018.1451361
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kleim, B., & Ehlers, A. (2009). Evidence for a curvilinear relationship between posttraumatic growth and posttrauma depression and PTSD in assault survivors. Journal of Traumatic Stress: Official Publication of the International Society for Traumatic Stress Studies, 22(1), 45–52. https://doi.org/10.1002/jts.20378
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Koutrouli, N., Anagnostopoulos, F., & Potamianos, G. (2012). Posttraumatic stress disorder and posttraumatic growth in breast cancer patients: A systematic review. Women & Health, 52(5), 503–516. https://doi.org/10.1080/03630242.2012.679337
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Larsen, S. E., & Berenbaum, H. (2015). Are specific emotion regulation strategies differentially associated with posttraumatic growth versus stress? Journal of Aggression, Maltreatment & Trauma, 24(7), 794–808. https://doi.org/10.1080/10926771.2015.1062451
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Levy-Gigi, E., Bonanno, G. A., Shapiro, A. R., Richter-Levin, G., Kéri, S., & Sheppes, G. (2016). Emotion regulatory flexibility sheds light on the elusive relationship between repeated traumatic exposure and posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms. Clinical Psychological Science, 4(1), 28–39. https://doi.org/10.1177/2167702615577783
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lundsberg, L., Schwarz, E. B., & Gariepy, A. M. (2018). Depression screening in early pregnancy and associations with pregnancy outcomes among a diverse cohort. Obstetrics and Gynecology, 131(1), 116–117. https://doi.org/10.1097/01.AOG.0000533497.92455.5b
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Modh, C., Lundgren, I., & Bergbom, I. (2011). First time pregnant women’s experiences in early pregnancy. International Journal of Qualitative Studies on Health and Well-being, 6(2), 1–11.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moore, S. A., Zoellner, L. A., & Mollenholt, N. (2008). Are expressive suppression and cognitive reappraisal associated with stress-related symptoms? Behaviour Research and Therapy, 46(9), 993–1000. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brat.2008.05.001
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mulder, E. J., De Medina, P. R., Huizink, A. C., Van den Bergh, B. R., Buitelaar, J. K., & Visser, G. H. (2002). Prenatal maternal stress: Effects on pregnancy and the (unborn) child. Early Human Development, 70(1–2), 3–14. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0378-3782(02)00075-0
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nicolson, P. (1999). Loss, happiness and postpartum depression: The ultimate paradox. Canadian Psychology/Psychologie Canadienne, 40(2), 162–178. https://doi.org/10.1037/h0086834
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Orejuela-Dávila, A. I., Levens, S. M., Sagui-Henson, S. J., Tedeschi, R. G., & Sheppes, G. (2019). The relation between emotion regulation choice and posttraumatic growth. Cognition & Emotion, 33(8), 1–9. https://doi.org/10.1080/02699931.2019.1592117
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Park, C. L., Aldwin, C. M., Fenster, J. R., & Snyder, L. B. (2008). Pathways to posttraumatic growth versus posttraumatic stress: Coping and emotional reactions following the September 11, 2001, terrorist attacks. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 78(3), 300–312. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0014054
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rozen, G., Taubman–Ben-Ari, O., Strauss, T., & Morag, I. (2018). Personal growth of mothers of preterms: Objective severity of the event, subjective stress, personal resources, and maternal emotional support. Journal of Happiness Studies, 19(7), 2167–2186. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10902-017-9915-5
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sawyer, A., & Ayers, S. (2009). Post-traumatic growth in women after childbirth. Psychology & Health, 24(4), 457–471. https://doi.org/10.1080/08870440701864520
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sawyer, A., Ayers, S., & Field, A. P. (2010). Posttraumatic growth and adjustment among individuals with cancer or HIV/AIDS: A meta-analysis. Clinical Psychology Review, 30(4), 436–447. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpr.2010.02.004
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shakespeare-Finch, J., & Lurie-Beck, J. (2014). A meta-analytic clarification of the relationship between posttraumatic growth and symptoms of posttraumatic distress disorder. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 28(2), 223–229. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.janxdis.2013.10.005
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Simcock, G., Laplante, D. P., Elgbeili, G., Kildea, S., & King, S. (2018). A trajectory analysis of childhood motor development following stress in pregnancy: The QF2011 flood study. Developmental Psychobiology, 60(7), 836–848. https://doi.org/10.1002/dev.21767
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Solomon, Z., & Dekel, R. (2007). Posttraumatic stress disorder and posttraumatic growth among Israeli ex‐ POWs. Journal of Traumatic Stress: Official Publication of the International Society for Traumatic Stress Studies, 20(3), 303–312.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tanpradit, K., & Kaewkiattikun, K. (2020). The effect of perceived stress during pregnancy on preterm birth. International Journal of Women’s Health, 12, 287–293. https://doi.org/10.2147/IJWH.S239138
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Taubman – Ben-Ari, O. (2012). Becoming and developing: Personal growth in the wake of parenthood and grandparenthood. In P. R. Shaver & M. Mikulincer (Eds.), Meaning, mortality, and choice—The social psychology of existential concerns (pp. 163–181). American Psychological Association.
   Google Scholar
• Taubman – Ben-Ari, O. (2019). Blossoming and growing in the transition to parenthood. In O. Taubman Ben-Ari (Ed.), Pathways and barriers to parenthood – Existential concerns regarding fertility, pregnancy, and early parenthood. Springer.
   Google Scholar
• Taubman – Ben-Ari, O., Ben Shlomo, S., Sivan, E., & Dolizki, M. (2009). The transition to motherhood—A time for growth. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 28(8), 943–970. https://doi.org/10.1521/jscp.2009.28.8.943
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Taubman – Ben-Ari, O., Findler, L., & Kuint, J. (2010). Personal growth in the wake of stress: The case of mothers of preterm twins. The Journal of Psychology, 144(2), 185–204. https://doi.org/10.1080/00223980903472268
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Taubman – Ben-Ari, O., Findler, L., & Sharon, N. (2011). Personal growth in mothers: Examination of the suitability of the posttraumatic growth inventory as a measurement tool. Women & Health, 51(6), 604–622. https://doi.org/10.1080/03630242.2011.614324
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tedeschi, R. G., & Calhoun, L. G. (1996). The posttraumatic growth inventory: Measuring the positive legacy of trauma. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 9(3), 455–471. https://doi.org/10.1002/jts.2490090305
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tedeschi, R. G., Shakespeare-Finch, J., Taku, K., & Calhoun, L. G. (2018). Posttraumatic growth: Theory, research, and applications. Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Thiruchselvam, R., Blechert, J., Sheppes, G., Rydstrom, A., & Gross, J. J. (2011). The temporal dynamics of emotion regulation: An EEG study of distraction and reappraisal. Biological Psychology, 87(1), 84–92. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopsycho.2011.02.009
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tsai, J., El-Gabalawy, R., Sledge, W. H., Southwick, S. M., & Pietrzak, R. H. (2015). Post-traumatic growth among veterans in the USA: Results from the national health and resilience in veterans study. Psychological Medicine, 45(1), 165–179. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291714001202
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wei, W., Li, X., Tu, X., Zhao, J., & Zhao, G. (2016). Perceived social support, hopefulness, and emotional regulations as mediators of the relationship between enacted stigma and post-traumatic growth among children affected by parental HIV/AIDS in rural China. AIDS Care, 28(1), 99–105. https://doi.org/10.1080/09540121.2016.1146217
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zoellner, T., & Maercker, A. (2006). Posttraumatic growth in clinical psychology — A critical review and introduction of a two component model. Clinical Psychology Review, 26(5), 626–653. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpr.2006.01.008
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar