Psychological factors in the aetiology and treatment of recurrent miscarriage. a review and critique

References

• Ader , R. and Cohen , N. 1985 . CNS–immune system interactions: conditioning phenomena . Behavioural and Brain Sciences , 8 : 379 – 394 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Alvarez , H. and Caldeyrc‐Bareia , R. 1953 . First World Congress in Fertility and Sterility , International Fertility Association .
   Google Scholar
• Bardwick , J. M. and Behrman , S. J. 1967 . Investigation into the effects of anxiety, sexual arousal and menstrual cycle phase in uterine contractions . Psychosomatic Medicine , 29 : 468 – 482 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Beard , R. W. 1988 . “ Clinical associations of recurrent miscarriage ” . In Early Pregnancy Loss: Mechanisms and Treatment , Edited by: Beard , R. W. and Sharp , F. London : Royal College of Obstetrics and Gynaecology .
   Google Scholar
• Beer , A. E. 1986 . “ New horizons in die diagnosis, evaluation and therapy of recurrent spontaneous abortion ” . In Climes in Obstetrics and Gynaecology , Edited by: Lafeda , J. A. Vol. 13 , London : W.B Saunders .
   Google Scholar
• Bevis , D. C. A. 1951 . Treatment of habitual abortion . Lancet , ii : 207
   Google Scholar
• Bovbjerg , D. , Ader , R. and Cohen , N. 1984 . Acquisition and extinction of conditioned suppression of graft‐vs‐host response in the rat . Journal of Immunology , 132 : 111 – 113 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boue , J. , Boue , A. and Lazar , P. 1975 . “ The epidemiology of human spontaneous abortions with chromosomal anomalies ” . In Aging Gametes , Edited by: Blandon , R. J. Basel : Karger .
   Google Scholar
• Candiani , G. B. and Fedele , L. 1987 . Recurrent spontaneous abortion: state of the art and new horizon . Acta Europaca Fcrtititatis , 18 : 91 – 104 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Carp , H. J. A. , Todcr , V. , Mashiach , S. , Ncbd , L. and Serr , D. M. 1990 . Recurrent miscarriage: a review of current concepts, immune mechanisms and results of treatment . Obstetrical and Gynecological Survey , 45 : 657 – 669 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Coghi , I. , Pancheri , P. , Connolly , A. M. , Dominici , L. , Nicotra , M. , Calella , A. and Vctrone , G. Psychological variables in habitual abortion: a combined diagnostic‐therapeutic approach . Emotion and Reproduction: 5th International Congress of Psychosomatic Obstetrics and Gynecology, Proceedings of the Serono Symposia . Edited by: Carenza , L. and Zichclla , L. London : Academic Press .
   Google Scholar
• Creasy , R. 1988 . “ The cytogenetics of spontaneous abortion in humans ” . In Early Pregnancy Loss: Mechanisms and Treatment , Edited by: Beard , R. W. and Sharp , F. London : Royal College of Obstetrics and Gynaecology .
   Google Scholar
• Deutsch , H. 1945 . The Psychology of Women , New York : Grune & Stratton .
   Google Scholar
• Deutsch , H. 1950 . “ The psychiatric component in gynecology ” . In Progress in Gynaecology , Edited by: Meigs , J. V. and Sturgis , S. H. Vol. 2 , London : Heinemann .
   Google Scholar
• Dudley , D. J. and Branch , D. W. 1989 . New approaches to recurrent pregnancy loss . Clinical Obstetrics and Gynecology , 32 : 520 – 532 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dunbar , H. F. 1954 . Emotions and Bodily Changes , 4th Edition , New York : Columbia University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Eastman , N. J. 1946 . “ Habitual abortion ” . In Progress in Gynecology , Edited by: Murgs , J. V. and Sturgis , S. Volume 1 , New York : Grune & Stratton .
   Google Scholar
• Eysenck , H. J. 1985 . Personality, cancer and cardiovascular disease: a causal analysis . Personality and Individual Difference , 5 : 535 – 557 .
   Google Scholar
• Eysenck , H. J. 1988 . Personality, stress and cancer: prediction and prophylaxis . British Journal of Medical Psychology , 61 : 57 – 75 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fordyce , W. E. 1976 . Behavioural Methods for Chronic Pain and Illness , St Louis , MO : C.V. Mosby .
   Google Scholar
• Gill , J. J. 1983 . Immunogenetics of spontaneous abortion in humans . Transplantation , 35 : 1 – 6 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Glass , R. H. and Golbus , M. S. 1978 . Habitual abortion . Fertility and Sterility , 29 : 257 – 265 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goldzicher , J. W. and Benigno , B. B. 1958 . The treatment of threatened and recurrent abortion: a critical review . American Journal ofObstetrics andGynecology , 75 : 1202 – 1214 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grimm , E. R. 1962 . Psychological investigation of habitual abortion . Psychosomatic Medicine , 24 : 369 – 378 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harger , J. H. , Archer , D. F. , Marchesc , S. G. , Muracca‐Clemens , M. and Garvcr , K. L. 1983 . Etiology of recurrent pregnancy losses and outcome of subsequent pregnancies . Obstetrics and Gynaecology , 62 : 574 – 581 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hertz , D. G. 1973 . Rejection of motherhood: a psychosomatic appraisal of habitual abortion . Psychosomatics , 14 : 241 – 244 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hetzel , B. S. , Bruer , B. and Poidevin , L. O.S. 1961 . A survey of the relation between certain common antenatal complications in primiparae and stressful life situations during pregnancy . Journal ofPsychosomatic Research , 5 : 175 – 182 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Horta , J. L.H. , Fernandez , J. G. , Deleon , B. S. and Cortes‐Gallegos , V. 1977 . Direct evidence of luteal insufficiency in women with habitual abortion . Obstetrics and Gynaecology , 49 : 705 – 708 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Houwert‐de Jong , M. H. , Eskes , T. I.C. A. B. , Termijtelen , A. and Bruinse , H. W. 1989 . Habitual abortion: a review . European Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology and Reproductive Biology , 30 : 39 – 52 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• James , W. H. 1963a . Control data for evaluating the efficacy of psychotherapy in habitual spontaneous abortion . British Journal of Psychiatry , 109 : 81 – 83 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• James , W. H. 1963b . The problem of spontaneous abortion: X. The efficacy of psychotherapy . American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology , 85 : 38 – 40 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Javert , C. T. , Finn , W. F. and Sander , H. J. 1949 . Primary and secondary spontaneous habitual abortion . American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology , 57 : 878 – 889 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Johnston , D. W. 1982 . Behavioural treatment in the reduction of coronary risk factors: type A behaviour and blood pressure . British Journal of Clinical Psychology , 21 : 281 – 294 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jones , H. W. and Jones , G. E.S. 1953 . Double uterus as an etiological factor of repeated abortion: indication for surgical repair . American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology , 65 : 325 – 339 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Koren , Z. and Spigland , I. 1987 . Investigation technique for detection of mycoplasma intrauterine infection in infertile patients . Obstetrical and Gynaecological Survey , 52 : 588 – 592 .
   Google Scholar
• Kroeger , W. S. and Freed , S. C. 1951 . Psychosomatic Gynecology , Philadelphia : W.B. Saunders .
   Google Scholar
• Malpas , P. 1938 . A study of abortion sequences . Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology of the British Empire , 45 : 932 – 949 .
   Google Scholar
• Mandy , A. J. , Mandy , T. E. , Farkas , R. , Scher , E. and Kaiser , I. 1950 . The emotional aspects of obstetrics and gynecologic disorders . American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology , 60 : 605 – 615 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mann , E. C. 1959 . Habitual abortion: a report in two parts on 160 patients . Americanjoumalof'Obstetrics and Gynecology , 77 : 716 – 718 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Melzack , R. and Wall , P. D. 1985 . The Challenge of Pain , Harmondsworth : Penguin .
   Google Scholar
• Michel‐Wolfromm , H. 1968 . The psychological factor in spontaneous abortion . Journal of Psychosomatic Research , 12 : 67 – 71 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moghissi , K. S. 1982 . What causes habitual abortion? . Contemporary Obstetrics and Gynecology , 20 : 45 – 61 .
   Google Scholar
• Mowbray , J. F. , Gibbings , C. , Liddell , H. F. , Reginald , P. W. , Underwood , J. L. and Beard , R. W. 1985 . Controlled trial of treatment of recurrent spontaneous abortion by immunization with paternal cells . Lancet , i : 941 – 943 .
   Google Scholar
• Myers , R. E. 1975 . Maternal psychological stress and fetal asphyxia: a study in the monkey . Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology , 122 : 47 – 59 .
   Google Scholar
• Myers , R. E. 1977 . Production of fetal asphyxia by maternal psychological stress . Pavlovian Journal of Biological Science , 12 : 51 – 62 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• McDonald , L. A. 1987 . “ Cervical incompetence as a cause of spontaneous abortion ” . In Spontaneous and Recurrent Abortion , Edited by: Bennett , M. J. and Edmonds , D. K. Oxford : Blackwell Scientific Publications .
   Google Scholar
• McDonough , P. G. 1985 . Repeated first‐trimester pregnancy loss: evaluation and management . American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology , 153 : 1 – 6 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pearce , S. 1986 . “ A biobehavioural approach to chronic pain ” . In The Psychosomatic Approach: Contemporary Practice of Whole Person Cart , Edited by: Christie , M. J. and Mellett , P. G. Chichester : Wiley .
   Google Scholar
• Pearce , S. and Erskine , A. 1989 . “ Chronic pain ” . In The Practice of Behavioural Medicine , Edited by: Pearce , S. and Wardie , J. Oxford : British Psychological Society, Leicester/Oxford University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Reid , D. , Ryan , K. G. and Benirschkc , K. 1972 . Principles and Management of Human Reproduction , Philadelphia : W.B. Saunders .
   Google Scholar
• Reis , R. A. 1953 . Discussion on Wilson, RB (1953) Habitual abortion: hormonal physiology and suggested endocrine treatment for selected patients . American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology , 69 : 614 – 628 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rock , J. A. and Zacur , H. A. 1983 . Thedinical management of repeated early pregnancy wastage . Fertility and Sterility , 39 : 123 – 140 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sant‐Cassia , L. F. 1985 . “ Recurrent abortion ” . In Progressin Obstetrics and Gynaecology , Edited by: Studd , J. Vol. 5 , London : Churchill Livingstone .
   Google Scholar
• Simpson , J. L. and Bombard , A. 1987 . “ Chromosomal abnormalities in spontaneous abortion: frequency, pathology and genetic counselling ” . In Spontaneous and Recurrent Abortion , Edited by: Bennet , M. J. and Edmonds , D. K. Oxford : Blackwell Scientific Publications .
   Google Scholar
• Speert , H. 1954 . Pregnancy prognosis following repeated abortion . American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology , 68 : 665 – 673 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Squier , R. and Dunbar , F. 1946 . Emotional factors in the course of pregnancy . Psychosomatic Medicine , 8 : 161 – 175 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stirrat , G. M. 1990 . Recurrent miscarriage ii: clinical associations, causes and management . Lancet , 336 : 728 – 733 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stray‐Pederson , B. and Stray‐Pedcrson , S. 1984 . Etiologic factors and subsequent reproductive performance in 195 couples with a prior history of habitual abortion . American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology , 148 : 140 – 146 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stray‐Pederson , B. and Stray‐Pedcrson , S. 1988 . “ Recurrent abortion: the role of psychotherapy ” . In Early Pregnancy Loss: Mechanisms and Treatment , Edited by: Beard , R. W. and Sharp , F. London : Royal College of Obstetrics and Gynecology .
   Google Scholar
• Stray‐Pederson , B. , Eng , J. and Rikvam , T. M. 1978 . Uterine T‐mycoplasma colonization in reproductive failure . American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology , 130 : 307 – 311 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tupper , C. and Weil , R. J. 1962 . The problem of spontaneous abortion be: die treatment of habitual aborters by psychodierapy . American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology , 83 : 421 – 424 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tupper , C. , Moya , F. , Stewart , L. C. , Weil , R. J. and Gray , J. D. 1957 . The problem of spontaneous abortion i: a combined approach . American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology , 73 : 313 – 321 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vellay , P. The action of conscious and unconscious stress on uterine contractions . Emotion and Reproduction: Fifth International Congress of Psychosomatic Obstetrics and Gynecology. Proceedings of the Serono Symposia . Edited by: Carcnza , L. and Zichella , L. London : Academic Press .
   Google Scholar
• Warburton , D. and Fraser , F. C. 1961 . On the probability that a woman who has had a spontaneous abortion will abort in subsequent pregnancies . Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology of the British Commonwealth , 68 : 784 – 788 .
   Google Scholar
• Warburton , D. and Fraser , F. C. 1964 . Spontaneous abortion risks in man: data from reproductive histories collected in a medical genetics unit . Human Genetics , 16 : 1 – 25 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weil , R. J. and Stewart , L. C. 1957 . The problem of spontaneous abortion iii: psychosomatic and interpersonal aspects of habitual akomon . American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology , 73 : 322 – 327 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weil , R. J. and Tupper , C. 1960 . Personality, life situation and communication: a study of habitual abortion . Psychosomatic Medicine , 22 : 448 – 455 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar