4,761
Views
226
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Original Articles

The Properties of Fungal and Bacterial Cellulases with Comment on their Production and Application

Pages 39-110 | Published online: 15 Apr 2013

References

  • Ait , N. , Creuzet , N. and Cattaneo , J. 1982 . Properties of the ß-glucosidase purified from Clostridium thermocellum . Journal of General Microbiology , 128 : 569 – 577 .
  • Ait , N. , Creuzet , N. and Forget , P. 1979 . Partial purification of cellulase from . Clostridium thermocellum. Journal of General Microbiology , 113 : 399 – 402 .
  • Alberts , B. , Bray , D. , Lewis , V. , Raff , M. , Roberts , K. and Watson , J. D. 1983 . Molecular Biology of the Cell , New York : Garland Publishers .
  • Alexander , J. K. 1968 . Purification and specificity of cellobiose phosphorylase from . Clostridium thermocellum. Journal of Biological Chemistry , 243 : 2899 – 2904 .
  • Allen , A. L. and Mortensen , R. E. 1981 . Production of cellulase from Trichoderma reesei in fed-batch fermentation from soluble carbon sources . Biotechnology and Bioengineering , 23 : 2641 – 2645 .
  • Allen , A. L. and Sternberg , D. 1980 . ß-Glucosidase production by Aspergillus phoenicis in stirred tank fermentors . Biotechnology and Bioengineering Symposium , 10 : 180 – 197 .
  • Almin , K. E. , Eriksson , K. E. and Pettersson , L. G. 1975 . Extracellular enzyme system utilized by the fungus Sporotrichum pulverulenium (Chrysosporium lignorum) for the breakdown of cellulose. 2. Activities of the five endo-ß-1.4-glucanases towards carboxymethyl cellulose . European Journal of Biochemistry , 51 : 207 – 211 .
  • Alurralde , J. L. and Ellenreider , G. 1984 . Effect of attached carbohydrates on the activity of Trichoderma viride cellulases . Enzyme and Microbial Technology , 6 : 467 – 470 .
  • Anonymous (1981). Enzymatic Hydrolysis of Cellulose to Glucose. A report on the Natick Programme. US Army. Natick Research and Development Command, Natick, Mass., USA.
  • Armentrout , R. W. and Brown , R. D. 1981 . Molecular cloning of genes for cellobiose utilization and their expression in Escherichia coli . Applied and Environmental Microbiology , 41 : 1355 – 1362 .
  • Augustine , N. R. 1976 . Technology transfer from military requirements to public need . Biotechnology and Bioengineering Symposium , 6 : 1 – 8 .
  • Avgerinos , G. C. and Wang , D. I. C. 1980 . Direct microbiological conversion of cellulosics to ethanol . Annual Reports in Fermentation Processes , 4 : 165 – 191 .
  • Ayers , A. R. , Ayers , S. B. and Eriksson , K. E. 1978 . Cellobiose oxidase: Purification and partial characterization of a haemoprotein from Sporotrichum pulverulentum . European Journal of Biochemistry , 90 : 171 – 181 .
  • Ayers, W. A. (1959). Phosphorolysis and synthesis of cellobiose by cell extracts from Ruminococcus flavefaciens. Journal of Biological Chemistry 234, 2819–2822.
  • Bachofen, R. (Ed.) (1982). New trends in research and utilization of solar energy through biological systems. Experientia 38, 143–284.
  • Bailey, M. J. (1981). The effect of ß-glucosidase on some assays for cellulolytic enzymes. Biotechnology Letters 3, 695–700.
  • Bailey, M. J. and Oksanen, J. (1984). Cellulase production by mutant strains of Trichoderma reesei on non-cellulosic media. In Proceedings of the Third European Congress of Biotechnology, volume 2, pp. 1, 157–162. Verlag Chemie Weinheim.
  • Bailey, M., Enari, T. M. and Linko, M. (Eds) (1975). Symposium on Enzymatic Hydrolysis of Cellulose. SITRA, Helsinki.
  • Bartley, T. D., Murphy-Holland, K. and Eveleigh, D. E. (1984). A method for the detection and differentiation of cellulase components in polyacrylamide gels. Analytical Biochemistry 140, 157–161.
  • Beguin, P. (1983). Detection of cellulase activity in polyacrylamide gels using Congo Red-stained agar replicas. Analytical Biochemistry 131, 333–336.
  • Beguin, P., Cornet, P. and Millet, J. (1983). Identification of the endoglucanase encoded by the Cel B gene of Clostridium thermocellum. Bioehemie 65, 495–500.
  • Berezin, I. V. and Klesov, A. D. (1980). Enzymatic conversion of cellulose to glucose: Present state of the art and potential. In Enzyme Engineering (L. B. Wingard, Ed.), pp. 83–165. Plenum Press, New York.
  • Berghem, L. E. R. and Pettersson, L. G. (1973). The mechanism of enzymatic cellulose degradation. Purification of a cellulolytic enzyme from Trichoderma viride active on highly ordered cellulose. European Journal of Biochemistry 37, 21–30.
  • Berghem, I. E. R., Pettersson, L. G. and Axio-Fredriksson, U. B. (1975). The mechanism of enzymatic cellulose degradation. Characterization and enzymatic properties of a ß-1.4-glucan cellobiohydrolase from Trichoderma viride. European Journal of Biochemistry 53, 55–62.
  • Berghem, L. E. R., Pettersson, L. G. and Axio-Fredriksson, U.-B. (1976). The mechanism of enzymatic cellulose degradation. Purification and some properties of two different 1.4-ß-glucan glucanohydrolases from Trichoderma viride. European Journal of Biochemistry 61, 621–630.
  • Bisaria, V. S. and Ghose, T. K. (1977). Sorption characteristics of cellulases on cellulosic substances. In Bioconversion of Cellulosic Substances into Energy, Chemicals and Microbial Protein: Indian Institute of Technology Symposium, New Delhi, India, 1977. (T. K. Ghose, Ed.), pp. 155–164. IIT, New Delhi.
  • Brandt, D., Hontz., L. and Mandels, M. (1973). Engineering aspects of the enzymatic conversion of waste cellulose to glucose. AlChE Symposium Series 69, 127–133.
  • Breuii., C. and Saddier, J. N. (1985) A comparison of various cellulase assay procedures for measuring the cellulolytic activity of Trichoderma harzianum E58. Biochemical Society Transactions, in press.
  • Brown , D. E. and Waliuzzman , M. 1977 . “ Kinetics of enzymatic hydrolysis of waste newspaper ” . In Bioconversion of Cellulosic Substances into Energy, Chemicals and Microbial Protein , Edited by: Ghose , T. K. 351 – 372 . New Delhi : IIT . Indian Institute of Technology Symposium, New Delhi, India, 1977
  • Brown , D. E. and Zainudeen , M. A. 1977 . Growth kinetics and cellulase biosynthesis in the continuous culture of Trichodertna viride . Biotechnology and Bioengineering , 19 : 941 – 958 .
  • Castanon , M. and Wilke , C. R. 1980 . Adsorption and recovery of cellulases during hydrolysis of newspaper . Biotechnology and Bioengineering , 22 : 1037 – 1053 .
  • Castanon , M. and Wilke , C. R. 1981 . Effects of the surfactant Tween 80 on enzymatic hydrolysis of newspaper . Biotechnology and Bioengineering , 23 : 1365 – 1372 .
  • Cauchon , N. and Le Duy , A. 1984 . Effect of dilution on carboxymethylcellulase and xylanase assays . Biotechnology and Bioengineering , 26 : 988 – 993 .
  • Chanzy , H. , Henrissat , B. , Vuong , R. and Schulein , M. 1983 . The action of 1.4-ß-D-glucan cello-biohydroiase on Valonia cellulose microcrystals. An electron microscopic study . FEBS Letters , 153 : 113 – 117 .
  • Collmer , A. and Wilson , D. B. 1983 . Cloning and expression of a Thermomonos pora YX endocellulase gene in Escherichia coli. Bio/Technology , 1 : 594 – 601 .
  • Considine , P. J. and Coughlan , M. P. 1982 . A convenient procedure for the estimation of cellulase activity . Bioscienee Reports , 2 : 299 – 302 .
  • Cooney , C. L. , Wang , D. I. C. , Wang , S. D. , Gordon , J. and Jimenez , M. 1978 . Simultaneous cellulose hydrolysis and ethanol production by a cellulolytic anaerobic bacterium . Biotechnology and Bioengineering Symposium , 8 : 103 – 114 .
  • Cornet , P. , Millet , J. , Beguin , P. and Aubert , J. P. 1983a . Characterization of two eel (cellulose degradation) genes of Clostridium thermocellum coding for endoglucanases . Bio/Technology , 1 : 589 – 594 .
  • Cornet , P. , Tronik , D. , Millet , J. and Aubert , J. P. 1983b . Cloning and expression in Escherichia coli of Clostridium thermocellum genes coding for amino acid synthesis and cellulose hydrolysis . FEMS Microbiology Letters , 16 : 137 – 141 .
  • Coudray , M. R. , Canevascini , G. and Meier , H. 1982 . Characterization of a cellobiose dehydrogenase in the cellulolytic fungus . Sporotrichum (Chrysosporium) thermophile. Biochemical Journal , 203 : 277 – 284 .
  • Coughlan , M. P. 1985 . Cellulose hydrolysis: The potential, the problems and relevant research at Galway . Biochemical Society Transactions , 13 : 405 – 406 .
  • Creuzet , N. and Frixon , C. 1983 . Purification and characterization of an endoglucanase from a newly isolated thermophilic anaerobic bacterium . Biochemie , 65 : 149 – 156 .
  • Creuzet , N. , Berencer , J. F. and Frixon , C. 1983 . Characterization of exoglucanase and synergistic hydrolysis of cellulose in Clostridium stercorarium . FEMS Microbiology Letters , 20 : 347 – 350 .
  • De Bruyne , C. K. K. , Aerts , G. M. and DeGussem , R. L. 1979 . Hydrolysis of aryl ß-D-glucopyranosides and ß-D-xylopyranosides by an induced ß-D-glucosidase from . Stachybotrys atra. European Journal of Biochemistry , 102 : 257 – 267 .
  • Dekker , R. F. H. 1980 . Induction and characterization of a cellobiose dehydrogenase produced by a species of . Monilia. Journal of General Microbiology , 120 : 309 – 316 .
  • Dekker , R. F. H. 1981 . Induction, localization and characterization of (ß-D-glucosidases produced by a species of . Monilia. Journal of Microbiology , 127 : 177 – 184 .
  • Dekker , R. F. H. and Lindner , W. A. 1979 . Bioutilization of lignocelluiosie waste materials. A review . South African Journal of Science , 75 : 65 – 71 .
  • Dekker , R. F. H. and Wallis , A. F. R. 1983 . Enzymic saccharification of sugarcane bagasse pretreated by autohydrolysis steam explosion . Biotechnology and Bioengineering , 25 : 3027 – 3048 .
  • Deshpande , M. V. and Eriksson , K. E. 1984 . Reutilization of enzymes for saccharification of lignocellulosic materials . Enzyme and Microbial Technology , 6 : 338 – 340 .
  • Deshpande , V. , Eriksson , K. E. and Pettersson , B. 1978 . Production, purification and partial characterization of l.4-ß-glucosidase enzymes from Sporotrichum pulverulentum . European Journal of Biochemistry , 90 : 191 – 198 .
  • Deshpande , M. V. , Eriksson , K. E. and Pettersson , L. G. 1984 . An assay for selective determination of exo-ß-l.4-glucanases in a mixture of cellulolytic enzymes . Analytical Biochemistry , 138 : 481 – 487 .
  • Deshpande , V. , Rao , M. , Keskar , S. and Mishra , C. 1984 . Occurrence of a procellulase in the culture filtrates of Penicillium janthinellum . Enzyme and Microbial Technology , 6 : 371 – 374 .
  • Dunne , C. P. 1982 . Relationship between extracellular proteases and the cellulase complex of Trichoderma reesei . Enzyme Engineering , 6 : 355 – 356 .
  • Emert , G. H. and Brown , R. D. Jr . 1977 . “ Purification and characterization of cellobiase ” . In Proceedings of the Symposium on Biconversion of Cellulosic Substances into Energy, Chemicals and Microbial Protein , Edited by: Ghose , T. K. 153 – 154 . New Delhi : IIT . Indian Institute of Technology Symposium, New Delhi, India, 1977
  • Enari , T. M. 1983 . “ Microbial cellulases ” . In Microbial Enzymes and Biotechnology , Edited by: Fogarty , W. M. 183 – 223 . London : Applied Science Publishers .
  • Eriksson , K. E. 1969a . In discussion of paper by J. M. Leatherwood (1969) below.
  • Eriksson , K. E. 1969b . “ New methods for the investigation of cellulases ” . In Advances in Chemistry Series , Edited by: Gould , R. F. Vol. 95 , 83 – 104 . Washington, DC : American Chemical Society .
  • Eriksson , K. E. 1975 . “ Enzyme mechanisms involved in the degradation of wood components ” . In Symposium on Enzymatic Hydrolysis of Cellulose , Edited by: Bailey , M. , Enari , T. M. and Linko , M. 263 – 280 . Helsinki : SITRA .
  • Eriksson , K. E. 1978 . Enzyme mechanisms involved in cellulose hydrolysis by the rot fungus Sporotrichum pulverulentum . Biotechnology and Bioengineering , 20 : 317 – 332 .
  • Eriksson , K. E. 1982 . Degradation of cellulose . Experientia , 38 : 156 – 159 .
  • Eriksson , K. E. and Hamp , S. G. 1978 . Regulation of endo-1.4-ß-D-glucanase production in Sporotrichum pulverulentum . European Journal of Biochemistry , 90 : 183 – 190 .
  • Eriksson , K. E. and Johnsrud , S. C. 1983 . Mutants of the white rot fungus Sporotrichum pulverulentum with increased cellulase and ß-glucosidase production . Enzyme and Microbial Technology , 5 : 425 – 29 .
  • Eriksson , K. E. and Pettersson , B. 1973 . Zymogram technique for detection of carbohydrases . Analytical Biochemistry , 56 : 618 – 620 .
  • Eriksson , K. E. and Pettersson , B. 1975a . Extracellular enzyme system utilized by the fungus Sporotrichum pulverulentum for the breakdown of cellulose. 1. Separation, purification and physicochemical characterization of five endo-1.4-ß-glucanases . European Journal of Biochemistry , 51 : 193 – 206 .
  • Eriksson , K. E. and Pettersson , B. 1975b . Extracellular enzyme system utilized by the fungus Sporotrichum pulverulentum for the breakdown of cellulose. 3. Purification and physiocochemical characterization of an exo-ß-l.4-glucanase . European Journal of Biochemistry , 51 : 213 – 218 .
  • Eriksson , K. E. , Pettersson , B. and Westermark , U. 1974 . Oxidation: An important enzyme reaction in fungal degradation of cellulase . FEBS Letters , 49 : 282 – 285 .
  • Evans , C. S. 1985 . Properties of the ß-glucosidase (cellobiase) from the wood-rotting fungus . Coriolus versicolor. Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology , 21 in press
  • Fägerstam , L. G. and Pettersson , L. G. 1979 . The cellulolytic complex of Trichoderma reesei QM9414 . FEBS Letters , 98 : 363 – 367 .
  • Fägerstam , L. G. and Pettersson , L. G. 1980 . The 1.4-ß-glucan cellobiohydrolases of Trichoderma reesei QM9414. A new type of cellulolytic synergism . FEBS Letters , 119 : 97 – 100 .
  • Fägerstam , L. G. , Pettersson , L. G. and Engstrom , J. A. 1984 . The primary structure of a 1.4-ß-glucan cellobiohydrolase from the fungus Trichoderma reesei QM9414 . FEBS Letters , 167 : 309 – 315 .
  • Fähnrich , P. and Irrgang , K. 1984 . Affinity chromatography of extracellular cellulase from Chaetomium cellulolyticum . Biotechnology Letters , 6 : 251 – 256 .
  • Fennington , G. , Lupo , D. and Stutzenberger , F. 1982 . Enhanced cellulase production in mutants of Thermomonospora curvata . Biotechnology and Bioengineering , 24 : 2487 – 2497 .
  • Fennington , G. , Neubauer , D. and Stutzenberger , F. 1984 . Cellulase biosynthesis in a catabolite repression resistant mutant of Thermomonospora curvata . Applied and Environmental Microbiology , 47 : 201 – 204 .
  • Ferrero , G. , Ferranti , M. P. and Naveau , M. , eds. 1984 . Anaerobic Digestion and Carbohydrate Hydrolysis of Waste , UK : Elsevier Applied Science Publishers .
  • Flickinger , M. C. 1980 . Current biological research in conversion of cellulosic carbohydrates into liquid fuels. How far have we come? . Biotechnology and Bioengineering , 1 : 27 – 48 . 22
  • Gaden , E. L. , Mandels , M. H. , Reese , E. T. and Spano , L. A. , eds. 1976 . “ Enzymatic conversion of cellulosic materials: Technology and applications ” . In Biotechnology and Bioengineering Symposium Vol. 6 ,
  • Gardner , K. H. and Blackwell , J. 1974 . The hydrogen bonding in cellulose . Biochimica et biophysica acta , 343 : 232 – 237 .
  • Gascoigne , J. A. and Gascoigne , M. M. 1960 . Biological Degradation of Cellulose , London : Butterworths .
  • Ghose, T. K. (Ed.) (1977). Bioconversion of Cellulosic Substances into Energy, Chemicals and Microbial Protein: Indian Institute of Technology Symposium, New Delhi, India, 1977. IIT, New Delhi.
  • Ghose, T. K. and Bisaria, V. S. (1979). Studies on the mechanism of enzymatic hydrolysis of cellulosic substances. Biotechnology and Bioengineering 21, 131–146.
  • Ghose, T. K., Bailey, H. J., Bisaria, V. S., Enari, T. M. et al. (1983). Measurement of Cellulase Activities. Final Recommendations. Commission on Biotechnology. International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry.
  • Ghosh, A., Al-Rabiai, S., Ghosh, B. K., Trimino-Vazquez, H., Eveleigh, D. E. and Montenecourt, B. S. (1982). Increased endoplasmic reticulum content of a mutant of Triof choderma reesei (Rut-C30) in relation to cellulase synthesis. Enzyme and Microbial Technology 4, 110–113.
  • Gilkes, N. R., Kileburn, D. G., Miller, R. C. and Warren, R. A. J. (1984). A mutant of Escherichia coli that leaks cellulase activity encoded by cloned cellulase genes from Cellulomonas fimi. Bio/Technology 2, 259–263.
  • Gilligan, W. and Reese, E. T. (1984). Evidence for multiple components in microbial cellulases. Canadian Journal of Microbiology 1, 90–107.
  • Giuliano, C. and Khan, A. W. (1984). Cellulaseand sugar formation by Bacteroides cellulosolvens, a newly isolated cellulolytic anaerobe. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 48, 446–448.
  • Goel, S. C. and Ramachandran, K. B. (1983). Studies on the adsorption of cellulase on lignocellulosics. Journal of Fermentation Technology 61, 281–286.
  • Goksoyk, J. and Eriksen, J. (1980). Cellulases. In Microbial Enzymes and Bioconversions. Volume 5: Economic Microbiology, (A. H. Rose, Ed.), pp. 283–330. Academic Press. London.
  • Goksoyr, J., Eidsa, G., Eriksen, J. and Osmundsvag, K. (1975). A comparison of cellulases from different microorganisms. In Symposium of Enzymatic Hydrolysis of Cellulose (M. Bailey, T. M. Enari and M. Linko, Eds), pp. 217–230. SETRA, Helsinki.
  • Gong, C. S. and Tsao, G. T. (1979). Cellulase and biosynthesis regulation. Annual Reports on Fermentation Processes 3, 111–139.
  • Gong, C. S., Chen, L. F. and Tsao, G. T. (1979). Affinity chromatography of endoglucanase of Trichodernm viride by concanavalin A-agarose. Biotechnology and Bioengineering 21, 167–171.
  • Gong, C. S., Ladisch, M. R. and Tsao, G. T. (1977). Cellobiase from Trichoderma viride: Purification, properties, kinetics and mechanism. Biotechnology and Bioengineering 19, 959–981.
  • Gong, C. S., Ladisch, M. R. and Tsao, G. T. (1979). Biosynthesis, purification and mode of action of cellulases of Trichoderma reesei. Advances in Chemistry Series 181, 261–287.
  • Gould, R. F. (Ed) (1969). Cellulases and their applications. Advances in Chemistry Series 95. American Chemical Society, Washington, DC.
  • Griffin, H., Dintzis, F. R., Krull, L. and Baker, F. L. (1984). A microfibril generating factor from the enzyme complex of Trichoderma reesei. Biotechnology and Bioengineering 26, 296–300.
  • Gritzali, M. and Brown, R. D. (1979). The cellulase system of Trichoderma. Relationships between purified extracellular enzymes from induced or cellulose-grown cells. Advances in Chemistry Series 181, 237–260.
  • Groleau, D. and Forsberg, C. W. (1981). Cellulolytic activity of the rumen bacterium Bacteroides succinogenes. Canadian Journal of Microbiology 27, 517–530.
  • Gum, E. K. and Brown, R. D. (1977). Comparison of four purified extracellular 1.4-ß-D-glucan cellobiohydrolase enzymes from Trichoderma viride. Biochimica et biophysica acta 492, 225–231.
  • Gusakov, A. V., Sinitsyn, A. P., Goldstein, G. H. and Klyosov, A. A. (1984). Kinetics and mathematical model of hydrolysis and transglycosylation catalyzed by cellobiase. Enzyme and Microbial Technology 6, 275–282.
  • Hahn-Hägerdal, B. (1984). An enzyme coimmobilized with a microorganism. The conversion of cellobiose to ethanol using ß-glucosidase and Saccharomyces cerevisiae in calcium alginate gels. Biotechnology and Bioengineering 26, 771–774.
  • Hajny, G. J. and Reese, E. T. (1969). Preface. In Cellulases and Their Applications, Advances in Chemistry Series, 95, (R. F. Gould, Ed.), pp. ix–x. American Chemical Society, Washington, DC.
  • Hakansson , U. , Fagerstam , L. , Pettersson , L. G. and Andersson , L. 1978 . Purification and characterization of a low molecular weight 1.4-ß-glucan glucanohydrolase from the cellulolytic fungus Trichoderma viride QM9414 . Biochimica el biophysica acta , 524 : 385 – 392 .
  • Hakansson , U. , Fagerstam , L. G. , Pettersson , L. G. and Andersson , L. 1979 . A 1.4-ß-glucan glucanohydrolase from the cellulolytic fungus Trichoderma viride QM9414. Purification, characterization and preparation of an immunoadsorbent for the enzyme . Biochemical Journal , 179 : 141 – 149 .
  • Halliwell , G. 1961 . The action of cellulolytic enzymes from M . verrucaria. Biochemical Journal , 79 : 185 – 192 .
  • Halliwell , G. 1965 . Hydrolysis of fibrous cotton and reprecipitated cellulose by cellulolytic enzymes from soil micro-organisms . Biochemical Journal , 95 : 270 – 281 .
  • Halliwell , G. 1975 . “ Mode of action of components of the cellulase complex in relation to cellulolysis ” . In Symposium on Enzymatic Hydrolysis of Cellulose , Edited by: Bailey , M. , Enari , T. M. and Linko , M. 319 – 336 . Helsinki : SITRA .
  • Halliwell , G. and Griffin , M. 1973 . The nature and mode of action of the cellulolytic component C1 of Trichoderma koningii on native cellulose . Biochemical Journal , 135 : 587 – 594 .
  • Halliwell , G. and Griffin , M. 1978 . Affinity chromatography of the cellulasesystem of . Trichoderma koningii. Biochemical Journal , 169 : 713 – 715 .
  • Halliwell , G. and Riaz , M. 1970 . The formation of short fibres from native cellulose by components of Trichoderma koningii cellulase . Biochemical Journal , 116 : 35 – 42 .
  • Halliwell , G. and Riaz , M. 1971 . Interactions between components of the cellulase complex of T. koningii on native substrates . Archiv für Mikrobiologie , 78 : 295 – 309 .
  • Halliwell , G. and Vincent , R. 1981 . The action on cellulose and its derivatives of a purified 1.4-ß-glucanase from Trichoderma koningii . Biochemical Journal , 199 : 409 – 17 .
  • Hendy , N. A. , Wilke , C. R. and Blanch , H. W. 1984 . Enhanced cellulase production in fed-batch culture of Trichoderma reeset C30 . Enzyme and Microbial Technology , 6 : 73 – 77 .
  • Hirayama , T. , Nagayama , H. and Matsuda , K. 1979 . Studies on cellulases of a phytopathogenic fungus, Pyricularia oryzae Cavara. III. Multiplicity of ß-glucosidase. and purification and properties of a second component . Journal of Biochemistry , 85 : 591 – 599 .
  • Hirayama , T. , Nagayama , H. and Matsuda , K. 1980 . Studies on cellulases of a phytopathogenic fungus, Pyricularia oryzae Cavara. IV. Kinetic studies on ß-glucosidases . Journal of Biochemistry , 87 : 1203 – 1208 .
  • Hirayama , T. , Horie , S. , Nagayama , H. and Matsuda , K. 1978 . Studies on cellulases of a phytopathogenic fungus. Pyricularia oryzae Cavara. II. Purification and properties of a ß-glucosidase . Journal of Biochemistry , 84 : 21 – 37 .
  • Hofsten , B. V. and Berg , B. 1972 . Cellulase formation in Cellvibrio fulvus . Proceedings IV, IFS, Fermentation Technology Today , : 731 – 734 .
  • Holtzapple , M. T. and Humphrey , A. E. 1983 . Determination of soluble and insoluble glucose oligomers with chromotiapic acid . Analytical Chemistry , 55 : 584 – 585 .
  • Holtzapple , M. T. , Caram , H. S. and Humphrey , A. E. 1984a . The HCH-1 model of enzymatic cellulose hydrolysis . Biotechnology and Bioengineering , 26 : 775 – 780 .
  • Holtzapple , M. T. , Caram , H. S. and Humphrey , A. E. 1984b . Determining the inhibition constants in the HCH-1 model of cellulose hydrolysis . Biotechnology and Bioengineering , 26 : 753 – 757 .
  • Holtzapple , M. T. , Caram , H. S. and Humphrey , A. E. 1984c . A comparison of two empirical models for the enzymatic hydrolysis of pretreated poplar wood . Biotechnology and Bioengineering , 26 : 936 – 941 .
  • Honda , S. 1984 . High performance liquid chromatography of mono and oligosaccharides . Analytical Biochemistry , 140 : 1 – 47 .
  • Howell , J. A. and Stuck , J. D. 1975 . Kinetics of Solka floc hydrolysis by Trichoderma viride cellulase . Biotechnology and Bioengineering , 17 : 873 – 893 .
  • Huang , A. A. 1975 . Kinetic studies on insoluble cellulose-cellulase system . Biotechnology and Bioengineering , 27 : 1423 – 1433 .
  • Hurst , P. L. , Sullivan , P. A. and Shepherd , M. G. 1978 . Substrate specificity and mode of action of a cellulase from . Aspergillus niger. Biochemical Journal , 169 : 389 – 395 .
  • Jain , D. and Ghose , T. K. 1984 . Cellobiose hydrolysis using Pichia etchelsii cells immobilized in calcium alginate . Biotechnology and Bioengineering , 26 : 340 – 346 .
  • Joglekar , A. V. and Karanth , N. G. 1984 . Studies on cellulase production by a mutant—Penicillium funiculosum UV-49 . Biotechnology and Bioengineering , 26 : 1079 – 1084 .
  • Joglekar , A. V. , Karanth , N. G. and Srinivasan , M. C. 1983 . Significance of ß-D-glucosidase in the measurement of exo-ß-D-glucanase activity of cellulolytic fungi . Enzyme and Microbial Technology , 5 : 25 – 29 .
  • Johnson , E. A. , Sakajah , M. , Halliwell , G. , Madia , A. and Dkmain , A. L. 1982 . Saccharification of complex cellulosic substrates by the cellulase system from Clostridium thermocellum . Applied and Environmental Microbiology , 43 : 1125 – 1132 .
  • Kanda , T. , Wakabayashi , K. and Nisizawa , K. 1976a . Purification and properties of an endocellulase of Avicelase type from Irpex lacteus (Polyporus tulipiferae). . Journal of Biochemistry , 79 : 977 – 988 .
  • Kanda , T. , Wakabayashi , K. and Nisizawa , K. 1976b . Synergistic action of two different types of endocellulase components from Irpex lacteus (Polyporus tulipiferae) in the hydrolysis of some insoluble celluloses . Journal of Biochemistry , 79 : 997 – 1006 .
  • Kanda , T. , Wakabayashi , K. and Nisizawa , K. 1980 . Purification and properties of a lower molecular weight endocellulase from Irpex lacteus (Polyporus tulipifcrae). . Journal of Biochemistry , 87 : 1625 – 1634 .
  • Kierstan , M. , McHale , A. and Coughlan , M. P. 1982 . The production of ethanol from cellobiose using immobilized ß-glucosidase coentrapped with yeast in alginate gels . Biotechnology and Bioengineering , 24 : 1461 – 1463 .
  • King , K. W. and Vessal , M. I. 1969 . “ Enzymes of the cellulase complex ” . In Advances in Chemistry Series, Volume 95: Celluloses and Their Applications , Edited by: Gould , R. F. 7 – 25 . Washington, DC : American Chemical Society .
  • Klei , H. E. , Sundstrom , D. W. , Coughlin , R. W. and Ziolkowski , K. 1981 . Hollow-fibre enzyme reactors in cellulose hydrolysis . Biotechnology and Bioengineering Symposium , 11 : 593 – 601 .
  • Klesov , A. A. , Chernoglazov , V.M. , Rabinovich , M. L. and Sinitsyn , A. P. 1982 . Role of the adsorption capacity of endoglucanases in the degradation of crystalline and amorphous celluloses . Bioorganicheskaya Khirniya , 8 : 643 – 651 .
  • Knowles , J. K. C , Nevaleainen , K. M. H. , Penttila , M. E. , Salovuori , I. A. and Teeri , T. T. 1983 . “ The cloning of fungal cellulase genes ” . In Gene Expression in Yeast. Proceedings of the ALKO Yeast Symposium , Edited by: Korhola , M. and Vaisanen , E. 187 – 188 . Helsinki : Foundation for Biotechnical and Industrial Fermentation Research .
  • Koenigs , J. W. 1975 . Hydrogen peroxide and iron: A microbial cellulolytic system . Biotechnology and Bioengineering Symposium , 5 : 151 – 159 .
  • Koerner , H. U. , Gottschalk , D. , Viegel , J. and Puls , J. 1985 . Analysis of the degradation pattern of oligomers and polymers from lignocellulose . Analytica chimica acta , in press
  • Koeankaya , M. and Kaytan , G. 1980 . “ Enzymatic saccharification of various agricultural wastes ” . In Proceedings OECD Workshop 2 on Conversion of Lignocellulosic Materials to Simpler Carbohydrates , Edited by: Rijkens , B. A. 235 – 245 . Wageningen : IBVL .
  • Kubicek , C P. 1981 . Release of carboxymethylcellulase and ß-glucosidase from walls of Trichodemia reesei . European Journal of Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology , 13 : 226 – 231 .
  • Kubo , K. and Nisizawa , K. 1983 . Purification and properties of two endo-type cellulases from Irpex lacteus (Polyporus tulipiferae) . Journal of Fermentation Technology , 61 : 383 – 389 .
  • Kumakura , M. , Tamada , M. and Kaetsu , I. 1984 . Properties of Trichodema reesei cells immobilized by the irradiation technique . Enzyme and Microbial Technology , 6 : 411 – 114 .
  • Labudova , I. and Farkas , V. 1983 . Multiple enzyme forms in the cellulase system of Trichodemia reesei during its growth on cellulose . Biochemica et biophysica acta , 744 : 135 – 140 .
  • Lamed , R. , Setter , E. , Kenig , R. and Bayer , E. A. 1983 . The cellulosome—A discrete cell surface organelle of Clostridium thermocellum which exhibits separate antigenic cellulose-binding and various cellulolytic activities . Biotechnology and Bioengineering Symposium , 13 : 163 – 181 .
  • Leatherwood , J. M. 1969 . “ Cellulase complex of Ruminococcus and a new mechanism for cellulose degradation ” . In Advances in Chemistry Series, Volume 95: Cellulases and Their Applications , Edited by: Gould , R. F. 53 – 59 . Washington, DC : American Chemical Society .
  • Lee , Y. H. and Fan , L. T. 1982 . Kinetic studies of enzymatic hydrolysis of insoluble cellulose: Analysis of the initial rates . Biotechnology and Bioengineering , 24 : 2383 – 2406 .
  • Lee , Y. H. and Fan , L. T. 1983 . Kinetic studies of enzymatic hydrolysis of insoluble cellulose: Analysis of extended reaction times . Biotechnology and Bioengineering , 25 : 939 – 966 .
  • Lee , S. B. , Shin , H. S. and Ryu , D. D. Y. 1982 . Adsorption of cellulase on cellulose: Effect of physicochemical properties of cellulose on adsorption and rate of hydrolysis . Biotechnology and Bioengineering , 24 : 2137 – 2153 .
  • Li , L. H. , Flora , R. M. and King , K. W. 1965 . Individual roles of cellulase components derived from Trichoderma viride . Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics , 111 : 439 – 447 .
  • Linko , M. 1985 . Enzymatic hydrolysis—present status and future developments , in press : In Bereitstethmg und Venverlung von Lignocellulosen. Status—und Expertenseminarl Workshop. Kernforschungsanlage Julich GMBH .
  • Linko , M. , Ratto , M. , Viikari , L. and Bailey , M. 1982 . “ Organisms and enzymes for the hydrolysis of cellulose and xylan ” . In Proceedings of the International Symposium on Ethanol from Biomass , Edited by: Duckworth , H. E. and Thompson , E. A. 371 – 393 . Winnipeg : The Royai Society of Canada .
  • Ljungdahl , L. , Pettersson , B. , Eriksson , K. E. and Wiegel , J. 1983 . A yellow affinity substance involved in the cellulolytic system of Clostridium thermocellum . Current Microbiology , 9 : 195 – 200 .
  • Lusts , A. J. and Becker , R. R. 1973 . The ß-glucosidase system of the thermophilic fungus Chaetomium thermophile var. coprophile N. var . Biochimica et biophysica acta , 329 : 5 – 16 .
  • McHale , A. and Coughlan , M. P. 1980 . Synergistic hydrolysis of cellulose by components of the extracellular cellulase system of . Talaromyces emersonii. FEBS Letters , 117 : 319 – 322 .
  • McHale , A. and Coughlan , M. P. 1981a . A convenient zymogram stain for cellulases . Biochemical Journal , 199 : 267 – 268 .
  • McHale , A. and Coughlan , M. P. 1981b . The cellulolytic system of Talaromyces emersonii. Purification and characterization of the extracellular and intracellular ß-glucosidases . Biochimica et biophysica acta , 662 : 152 – 159 .
  • McHale , A. and Coughlan , M. P. 1982 . Properties of the ß-glucosidases of . Talaromyces emersonii. Journal of General Microbiology , 128 : 2327 – 2331 .
  • McNeil , M. , Darvill , A. G. , Fry , S. C and Alisersheim , P. 1984 . Structure and function of the primary cell walls of plants . Annual Reviews of Biochemistry , 53 : 625 – 664 .
  • Macris , B. J. 1984 . Enhanced cellulase and ß-glucosidase production by a mutant of Alternaria alternata . Biotechnology and Bioengineering , 26 : 194 – 196 .
  • Maguire , R. J. 1977 . Kinetics of the hydrolysis of cellulose by ß-1.4-glucan cellobiohydrolase of Trichoderma viride . Canadian Journal of Biochemistry , 55 : 644 – 650 .
  • Mahadevan , P. R. and Ebekhart , B. 1964 . The ß-glucosidase system of Neutrospora crassa. 11. Purification and characterization of aryl-ß-glucosidase . Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics , 108 : 22 – 29 .
  • Mandels , M. 1975 . Microbial sources of cellulase . Biotechnology and Bioengineering Symposium , 5 : 81 – 105 .
  • Mandels , M. 1985 . Applications of cellulases . Biochemical Society Transactions , 13 : 414 – 416 .
  • Mandels , M. and Andreotti , R. E. 1978 . Problems and challenges in the cellulose to cellulase fermentation . Process Biochemistry , 13 : 6 – 13 .
  • Mandels , M. and Reese , E. T. 1960 . Induction of cellulase in fungi by cellobiose . Journal of Bacteriology , 79 : 816 – 826 .
  • Mandels , M. and Reese , E. T. 1964 . Fungal cellulases and the microbial decomposition of cellulosic fabric . Developments in Industrial Microbiology , 5 : 5 – 20 .
  • Mandels , M. , Andreotti , R. E. and Roche , C . 1976 . Measurement of saccharifying cellulase . Biotechnology and Bioengineering Symposium , 6 : 21 – 33 .
  • Mandels , M. , Kostick , J. and Parizek , R. 1971 . The use of adsorbed cellulase in the continuous conversion of cellulose to glucose . Journal of Polymer Science , 36 : 445 – 459 . part C
  • Mandels , M. , Parrish , F. W. and Reese , E. T. 1962 . Sophorose as an inducer of cellulase in Trichoderma reesei . Journal of Bacteriology , 83 : 400 – 408 .
  • Mandels , M. , Medeiros , J. E. , Andkeotti , R. E. and Bissett , F. H. 1981 . Enzymatic hydrolysis of cellulose: Evaluation of cellulase culture filtrates under use conditions . Biotechnology and Bioengineering , 23 : 2009 – 2026 .
  • Manning , K. and Wood , D. A. 1983 . Production and regulation of extracellular endocellulase by Agaricus bisporus . Journal of General Microbiology , 129 : 1839 – 1847 .
  • Marsden , W. L. , Gray , P. P. and Dunn , N. W. 1982 . Alternative pathway for glucose production from cellulase using Trichoderma reesei QM9414 cellulase . Biotechnology Letters , 4 : 589 – 594 .
  • Matteau , P. P. and Saddler , J. N. 1982a . Glucose production using immobilized mycelial associated ß-glucosidase of Trichoderma E58 . Biotechnology Letters , 4 : 513 – 518 .
  • Matteau , P. P. and Saddler , J. N. 1982b . Continuous glucose production using encapsulated mycelial-associated ß-glucosidase from Trichoderma E58 . Biotechnology Letters , 4 : 715 – 720 .
  • Mega , T. and Matsushima , Y. 1979 . Comparative studies of three exo-ß-glucosidases of Apergillus oryzae . Journal of Biochemistry , 85 : 335 – 341 .
  • Merivuori , H. , Siegler , K. M. , Sands , J. A. and Montenecourt , B. S. 1985 . Regulation of cellulase biosynthesis and secretion in fungi . Biochemical Society Transactions , 13 : 411 – 114 .
  • Meyer , M. P. and Canevascini , G. 1981 . Separation and some properties of two intracellular ß-glucosidase of Sporotrichum thermophile . Applied and Environmental Microbiology , 41 : 924 – 931 .
  • Miller , G. L. 1959 . Use of dinitrosalicylic acid reagent for determination of reducing sugar . Analytical Chemistry , 31 : 426 – 428 .
  • Miller , G. L. , Dean , J. and Blum , R. 1960 . A study of methods for preparing oligosaccharides from cellulose . Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics , 91 : 21 – 26 .
  • Mishra , C. , Vaidya , M. , Rao , M. and Deshpande , V. 1983 . Purification and properties of two exocellobiohydrolases from a cellulolytic culture of . Fusariinn lini. Enzyme and Microbial Technology , 51 : 430 – 434 .
  • Moloney , A. P. and Coughlan , M. P. 1983 . Sorption of Talaromyces emersonii cellulase on cellulosic substrates . Biotechnology and Bioengineering , 25 : 271 – 280 .
  • Moloney , A. P. , Hackett , T. J. , Considinb , P. J. and Coughlan , M. P. 1983 . Isolation of mutants of Talaromyces emersonii CBS 814.70 with enhanced cellulase activity . Enzyme and Microbial Technology , 5 : 260 – 264 .
  • Moloney , A. P. , McCrae , S. I. , Wood , T. M. and Coughlan , M. P. 1985 . Isolation and characterization of the l.4-ß-D-glucan glucanohydrolases of Talaromyces emersonii . Biochemical Journal , 225 : 365 – 374 .
  • Montenecourt , B. S. 1983 . Trichoderma reesei cellulases . Trends in Biotechnology , 1 : 156 – 161 .
  • Montenecourt , B. S. and Eveleigh , D. E. 1977 . Semiquantitative plate assay for determination of cellulase production by Trichoderma viride . Applied and Environmental Microbiology , 33 : 178 – 183 .
  • Montenecourt , B. S. , Eveleigh , D. E. , Elmund , G. K. and Parcells , J. 1978 . Antibiotic discs—An improvement in the filter paper assay for cellulase . Biotechnology and Bioengineering , 20 : 297 – 300 .
  • Montenecourt, B. S., Nhlapo, S. D., Trimino-Vazquez, H., Cuskey, S. Schamhari, D. H. J. and Eveleigh, D. E. (1981). Regulatory controls in relation to overproduction of fungal cellulases. In Trends in the Biology of Fermentations for Fuels and Chemicals (A. Hollaender et al., Eds), pp. 33–53. Plenum Publishing Corporation, New York.
  • Moreika , A. R. , Phillips , J. A. and Humphrey , A. E. 1981a . Utilization of carbohydrates by Thermomonospora sp. grown on glucose, cellobiose, and cellulose . Biotechnology and Bioengineering , 23 : 1325 – 1338 .
  • Moreika , A. R. , Phillips , J. A. and Humphrey , A. E. 1981b . Production of cellulases by Thermomonospora sp . Biotechnology and Bioengineering , 23 : 1339 – 1347 .
  • Mullings , R. and Parish , J. H. 1984 . New reducing sugar assay for the study of cellulases . Enzyme and Microbial Technology , 6 : 491 – 496 .
  • Murphy-Holland , K. and Eveleigh , D. E. 1985 . Secretion, activity and stability of deglucosylated cellulase of Trichoderma reesei . Abstracts of the Annual Meeting of the American Society for Microbiology , : 1 – 130 .
  • Nakayama , M. J. , Tomita , Y. , Suzuki , H. and Nisizawa , K. 1976 . Partial proteolysis of some cellulase components and the substrate specificity of the modified products . Journal of Biochemistry , 79 : 955 – 966 .
  • Nelson , N. 1952 . A photometric adaptation of the Somogyi method for the determination of glucose . Journal of Biological Chemistry , 153 : 376 – 380 .
  • Nevalainen , K. M. , Palva , E. T. and Bailey , M. J. 1980 . High cellulase-producing mutant strain of Trichoderma reesei . Enzyme and Microbial Technology , 2 : 59 – 60 .
  • Ng , T. K. and Zeikus , J. G. 1981 . Purification and characterization of an endoglucanase (1.4-ß-D-glucan glucanohydrolase) from Clostridium thermocellum . Biochemical Journal , 199 : 341 – 350 .
  • Nummi , M. , Niku-Paavola , M. L. , Enari , T. M. and Raunio , V. 1980 . Immunoelectrophoretic detection of cellulases . FEBS Letters , 113 : 164 – 166 .
  • Nummi , M. , Niku-Paavoi , A. M. , Enari , L. and Raunio , T. M. 1981 . Isolation of cellulases by means of biospecihe sorption on amorphous cellulose . Analytical Biochemistry , 116 : 137 – 141 .
  • Nummi , M , Niku-Paavola , M. L. , Lappalainen , A. , Enari , T. M. and Raunio , V. 1983 . Cellobiohydrolase from Trichoderma reesei . Biochemical Journal , 215 : 677 – 683 .
  • Nystrom , J. M. and Andren , R. K. 1976 . Pilot plant conversion of cellulose to glucose . Process Biochemistry , 11 : 26 – 34 .
  • Okada , G. 1975 . Enzymatic studies on a cellular system of Trichoderma viride. II. Purification and properties of two cellulases . Journal of Biochemistry , 77 : 33 – 42 .
  • Okada , G. 1976 . Enzymatic studies on a cellulase system of Trichoderma viride. IV. Purification and properties of a less-random type cellulase . Journal of Biochemistry , 80 : 913 – 922 .
  • Okazaki , M. and Moo-Young , M. 1978 . Kinetics of enzymatic hydrolysis of cellulose: Analytical description of a mechanistic model . Biotechnology and Bioengineering , 20 : 637 – 663 .
  • Ooshima , H. , Sakaia , M. and Harano , Y. 1983 . Adsorption of cellulase from Trichoderma viride on cellulose . Biotechnology and Bioengineering , 25 : 3103 – 3114 .
  • Osmundsvag , K. and Goksoyr , J. 1975 . Cellulases from Sporocytophaga myxococcoides. Purification and properties . European Journal of Biochemistry , 57 : 405 – 409 .
  • Paice , M. G. , Dhsrochers , M. , Rho , D. , Jurasek , L. , Roy , C. , Rollin , C. F. , De Miguel , E. and Yaguchi , M. 1984 . Two forms of endoglucanase from the basidiomyecte Schizophyllum commune and their relationship to other ß-1.4-glucoside hydrolases . Biotechnology , 2 : 535 – 539 .
  • Parr , S. R. 1983 . Some kinetic properties of the ß-glucosidase (cellobiase) in a commercial cellulase product from Penicillium funiadosum and its relevance in the hydrolysis of cellulose . Enzyme and Microbial Technology , 5 : 457 – 462 .
  • Parry , J. B. , Stewart , J. C. and Hepinstale , J. 1983 . Purification of the major endogucanase from Aspergillus fumigillus Fresenius . Biochemical Journal , 213 : 437 – 444 .
  • Pettersen , N. , Medeiros , J. and Mandels , M. 1977 . Adsorption of Trichoderma cellulase on cellulose . Biotechnology and Bioengineering , 19 : 1091 – 1094 .
  • Penttila , M. E. , Nevalainen , K. M. H. , Raynal , A. and Knowles , J. K. C. 1984 . Cloning of Aspergillus niger genes in yeast. Expression of the gene coding Aspergillus ß-glucosidase . Molecular and General Genetics , 194 : 494 – 499 .
  • Persson , I. , Tjerneld , F. and Hahn-Hagerdal , B. 1984 . Semicontinuous cellulase production in an aqueous two phase system with Trichoderma reesi Rutgers C30 . Enzyme and Microbial Technology , 6 : 415 – 418 .
  • Petre , J. , Longin , R. and Millet , J. 1981 . Purification and properties of an endo-ß-l.4-glucanase from Clostridium thermocellum . Biochemie , 63 : 629 – 639 .
  • Pettersson , L. G. 1975 . “ The mechanism of enzymatic hydrolysis of cellulose by Trichoderma viride ” . In Symposium on Enzymatic Hydrolysis of Cellulose , Edited by: Bailey , M. , Enari , T. M. and Linko , M. 255 – 280 . Helsinki : SITRA .
  • Pettersson , L.G. , Fägerstam , L. G. , Bhikhabbhai , R. and Leandoer , K. 1981 . The cellulase complex of Trichoderma reesei QM9414 . The Ekman Days, International Symposium on Wood and Pulping Chemistry (Eng), SPCI, Stockholm , 3 : 39 – 42 .
  • Rabinovich , M. L. , Van Viet , N. and Klesov , A. A. 1982 . Adsorption of cellulolytic enzymes on cellulose and kinetics of the action of adsorbed enzymes. Two types of interaction of the enzymes with an insoluble substrate . Biokhimiva , 47 : 465 – 477 .
  • Rao , M. and Mishra , C. 1984 . Properties and applications of Penicillium funicuiosum cellulase immobilized on a soluble polymer . Biotechnology Letters , 6 : 319 – 322 .
  • Rapp , P. , Knobloch , U. and Wagner , F. 1982 . Repression of endo-l.4-ß-glucanase formation in Penicillium janthinellum and product inhibition of its 1.4-ß-glucanases and cellobiases . Journal of Bacteriology , 149 : 783 – 786 .
  • Rautela , G. S. and Cowling , E. B. 1966 . Simple cultural test for relative cellulolytic activity of fungi . Applied Microbiology , 14 : 892 – 898 .
  • Rees, D. A. (1977). Polysaccharide Shapes (Outline Studies in Biology), pp. 41–60. Chapman and Hall, London.
  • Rees, D. A., Morris, E. R., Thom, D. and Madden, J. K. (1982). Shapes and interactions of carbohydrate chains. In Polysaccharides, volume 1, pp. 195–290. Academic Press, New York.
  • Reese, E. T. (1969). Estimation of exo-ß-l.4-glucanase in crude cellulase solutions. In Advances in Chemistry Series, Volume 95: Cellulases and their Applications (R. F. Gould, Ed.), pp. 26–33. American Chemical Society, Washington.
  • Reese, E. T. (1982). Elution of cellulase from cellulose. Process Biochemistry 17, 2–6.
  • Reese, E. T., Siu, R. G. H. and Levinson, H. S. (1950). Biological degradation of soluble cellulose erivatives. Journal of Bacteriology 59, 485–497.
  • Rijkens, B. A. (Ed.) (1980). Proceedings OECD Workshop 2: Conversion of Lignocellulosic Materials to Simple Carbohydrates. IBVL. Wageningen.
  • Rivers, D. B., Gracheck, S. J., Woodford, L. C. and Emert, G. H. (1984). Limitations of the DNS assay for reducing sugars from saccharified Signocellulosics. Biotechnology and Bioengineering 26, 800–802.
  • Rosenberg, F. A. and Oberkotter, L. V. (1977). Methods for determining microbial biodegradation in cellulose. In Biodeterioration Investigation Techniques (A. H. Walters. Ed.), pp. 243–259. Applied Science Publishers. Barking, Essex, UK.
  • Rudrick, M. J. and Elbein, A. D. (1975). Glycoprotein enzymes secreted by Aspergillus fumigatus. Purification and properties of a second ß-glucosidase. Journal of Bacteriology 124, 534–541.
  • Ryu, D. D. Y. and Mandels, M. (1980). Cellulases. Biosynthesis and applications. Enzyme and Microbial Technology 2, 91–102.
  • Ryu, D. D. Y., Kim, C. and Mandels, M. (1984). Competitive adsorption of cellulase components and its significance in a synergistic mechanism. Biotechnology and Bioengineering 26, 488–496.
  • Ryu, D. D. Y., Andreotti, R., Mandels, M., Gallo, B. and Reese, E. T. (1979). Studies on quantitative physiology of Trichodcrma reesei with two-stage continuous culture for cellulase production. Biotechnology and Bioengineering 21, 1887–1903.
  • Sacco, M., Millet, J. and Aubert, J. P. (1984). Cloning and expression in Saccharomyces cerevisiae of a cellulase gene from Clostridium thermocelium. Annates de microbiologic (Institut Pasteur) 135A. 485–488.
  • Saddler, J. N. (1982). Screening of highly Cellulolytic fungi and the action of their cellulase enzyme systems. Enzyme and Microbial Technology 4, 414–418.
  • Saddler, J. N. and Chan, M. K. H. (1984). Conversion of pretrealed lignocellulosic substrates to ethanol by Clostridium thermocelium in mono- and co-culture with Clostridium thermosaccharo-lyticum and Clostridium thermohydro-sulphuricum. Canadian Journal of Microbiology 30, 212–220.
  • Saddler, J. N. and Khan, A. W. (1981). Cellulolytic enzyme system of Acetivibrio cellulolyticus. Canadian Journal of Microbiology 27, 288–294.
  • Saddler, J. N., Khan, A. W. and Martin, S. M. (1980)). Regulation of cellulase synthesis in Acetivibrio cellulolyticus. Microbios 28, 97–106.
  • Saha, S. C. Sanyal, A., Kundu, R. K., Dube, S. and Dure, D. K. (1981). Purification and characterization of two forms of extracellular ß-glucosidase from jute pathogenic fungus Macrophomina phaseolina. Biochimica et biophysica acta 662, 22–29.
  • Sarkar, J. M. and Burns, R. G. (1984). Characterization of cellulase in soils and sediments and the evaluation of artificial soil-cellulase complexes. In Anaerobic Digestion and Carbohydrate Hydrolysis of Wastes (G. L. Ferrero, M. P. Ferranti and H. Naveau, Eds), pp. 168–178. Elsevier Applied Science. UK.
  • Schülein, M., Schiff, H. E. and Dambmann, C. (1981). Immunoclectrophoretic characterization of Cellulolytic enzymes form Trichodcrma reesei. In Biconversion and Biochemical Engineering Symposium, No. 2 (T. K. Ghose. Ed.). Volume 1, pp. 97–105. IIT, New Delhi.
  • Selby, K. (1969). The purification and properties of the C1 component of the cellulase complex. In Advances in Chemistry Series, Volume 95: Cellulases and ‘Their Applications (R. F Gould. Ed.), pp. 34–50. American Chemical Society, Washington, DC.
  • Sheir-Nelss, G. and Montenecourt, B. S. (1984). Characterization of the secreted cellulases of Trichodcrma reesei wild type and mutants during controlled fermentations. Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology 20, 46–53.
  • Shepherd, M. G., Cole, A. L. and Tong, C. C. (1981). Substrate specificity and mode of action of the cellulases from the thermophilic fungus Thermoascus aurantiacus. Biochemical Journal 193, 67–74.
  • Sheth, K. and Alexander, J. K. (1969). Purification and properties of ß-1.4-oligoglucan: orthophosphate glucosyitransferase from Clostridium thermocelium. Journal of Biological Chemistry 244, 457–464.
  • Shew ale, J. G. (1982). ß-Glucosidase: its role in cellulase synthesis and hydrolysis of cellulose. International Journal of Biochemistry 14, 435–443.
  • Shewale, J. G. and Sadana, J. (1981). Purification, characterization and properties of ß-glucosidase enzymes from Sclerotium rolfsii. Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics 207, 185–196.
  • Shoemaker, S. P. and Brown, R. D. (1978a). Enzymic activities of endo-1.4-ß-D-glucanases purified from Trichodcrma viride. Biochimica et biophysica acta 523, 133–146.
  • Shoemaker, S. P. and Brown, R. D. (1978b). Characterization of endo-ß-l.4-glucanases purified from Trichodcrma viride. Biochimica et hiophvsiva acta 523, 147–163.
  • Shoemaker, S. P., Schweilkart, V., Ladner, M., Geleand, D., Kwok, S., Myambo, K. and Innis, M. (1983). Molecular cloning of the exocellobiohydrolase derived from Trichodcrma reesei strain L27. Bio/Technology 1, 691–696.
  • Sinner, M. and Puls, J. (1978). Non-corrosive dye reagent for detection of reducing sugars in borate complex ion-exchange chromatography. Journal of Chromatography 156, 197–204.
  • Sprey, B. and Lambert, C. (1983). Titration curves of cellulases from Trichoderma reesei: demonstration of a cellulase-xylanase-ß-glucosidase-containing complex. FEMS Microbiology Letters 18, 217–222.
  • Sternberg, D. (1976). Production of cellulase by Trichoderma. Biotechnology and Bioengineering Symposium 6, 35–53.
  • Sternberg, D. and Mandels, G. R. (1979). Induction of cellulolytic enzymes in Trichoderma reesei by sophorose. Journal of Bacteriology 139, 761–769.
  • Sternberg, D. and Mandels, G. R. (1980). Regulation of the cellulolytic system in Trichoderma reesei by sophorose: Induction of cellulase and repression of ß-glucosidase. Journal of Bacteriology 144, 1197–1199.
  • Sternberg , D. , Vijakumar , P. and Reese , E. T. 1977 . ß-glucosidase: Microbial production and effect on enzymatic hydrolysis of cellulose . Canadian Journal of Microbiology , 23 : 139 – 147 .
  • Stoppok , W. , Rapp , P. and Wagner , F. 1982 . Formation, location and regulation of endo-l.4-ß-glucanases and ß-glucosidases from Celhdomonas uda . Applied and Environmental Microbiology , 44 : 44 – 53 .
  • Stryer , L. 1981 . Biochemistry, , 2nd , 401 – 407 . San Francisco : W. H. Freeman & Company .
  • Stutzenberger , F. 1985 . Regulation of cellulolytic activity . Annual Reports of Fermentation Processes , in press
  • Suzuki , H. 1975 . “ Cellulase formation in Pseudomonas fluorescens var. cellulosa ” . In Symposium on Enzymatic Hydrolysis of Cellulose , Edited by: Bailey , M. , Enari , T. M. and Linko , M. 115 – 169 . Helsinki : SITRA .
  • Suzuki, H., Yamane, K. and Nisizawa, K. (1969). Extracellular and cell-bound components of bacteria. In Advances in Chemistry Series, Volume 95: Cellulases and their Applications (R. F. Gould, Ed.), pp. 60–82. American Chemical Society, Washington, DC.
  • Takahashi, N. and Egami, F. (1961). Hydrolysis of polysaccharide sulphate esters by a sulphatase preparation from Charonia lampas. Biochemical Journal 80, 384–386.
  • Tangnu, S. K., Blanch, H. W. and Wilke, C. R. (1981). Enhanced production of cellulase, hemicellulase and ß-glucosidase by Trichoderma reesei (Rut C-30). Biotechnology and Bioengineering 23, 1837–1849.
  • Tansey, M. R. (1971). Agar diffusion assay for cellulolytic ability of thermophilic fungi. Archiv fur Mikrobiologie 77, 1–11.
  • Teeri, T., Salovuori, I. and Knowles, J. (1983). The molecular cloning of the major cellulase gene from Trichoderma reesei. Bio/Technology 1, 696–699.
  • Tong, C. C, Cole, A. L. and Shepherd, M. G. (1980). Purification and properties of the cellulases from the thermophilic fungus Thermoascus aurantiacus. Biochemical Journal 191, 83–94.
  • Tyler, T. R. and Leatherwood, J. M. (1967). Epimerization of disaccharides by enzyme preparations from Ruminococcus albus. Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics 119, 363–367.
  • Umezurike, G. M. (1971). The purification and properties of extracellular ß-glucosidase from Botryodiplodia theobromae Pat. Biochimica et biophysica acta 227, 419–128.
  • Umezurike, G. M. (1975). The subunit structure of ß-glucosidase from Botryodiplodia theobromae Pat. Biochemical Journal 145, 361–368.
  • Vaidya, M., Seeta, R., Mishra, C., Deshpande, V. and Rao, M. (1984). A rapid and simplified procedure for purification of a cellulase from Fusarium lini. Biotechnology and Bioengineering 26, 41–45.
  • Van Tilbeurgh, H., Bhikhabhai, R., Pettersson, L. G. and Claeyssens, M. (1984). Separation of endo- and exo-type cellulases usina a new affinity chromatography method. FEBS Letters 169, 215–218.
  • Veal, D. A. and Lynch, J. M. (1984). Associative cellulolysis and dinitrogen fixation by co-cultures of Trichoderma harziamun and Clostridium butvriaim. Nature 310, 695–697.
  • Vernon, C. A. and Banks, B. (1963). The enzymic hydrolysis of glycosides. Biochemical Journal 86, 7P.
  • Voi.och, M., Ladisch, M. R., Cantarella, M. and Tsao, G. T. (1984). Preparation of cellodextrins using sulfuric acid. Biotechnology and Bioengineering 26, 557–559.
  • Wald, S., Wilke, C. R. and Blanch, H. W. (1984). Kinetics of the enzymatic hydrolysis of cellulose. Biotechnology and Bioengineering 26, 221–230.
  • Wang, D. I. C., Avgerinos, G. C.. Biocic, I., Wang, S. D. and Fang, H. Y. (1983). Ethanol from cellulosic biomass. Philosophical Transactions of the Roval Society of London B300, 323–333.
  • Waterbury, J. B., Calloway, C. B. and Turner, R. D. (1983). A cellulolyticnitrogen-fixing bacterium cultured from the gland of Deshayes in ship worms (Bivalve: Teredinidae). Science 221, 1401–1403.
  • Weber, M., Foglietti, M. J. and Percheron, F. (1980). Fractionnement d’une preparation cellulasique de Trichoderma viridc par chromatographie d’affinité sur cellulose reticuiée. Journal of Chromatography 188, 377–382.
  • Wiegel, J. (1982). Ethanol from cellulose. Experientia 38, 151–156.
  • Werner, W., Rey, H. G. and Wielinger, H. (1970). Properties of a new chromogen for the determination of glucose in blood by the GOD/POD method. Fresenius’ Zeitschrift für Analytische Chemie 252, 224–228.
  • Westermark, U. and Eriksson, K. E. (1974a). Carbohydrate-dependent enzymic quinone reduction during lignin degradation. Acta chemica scandinavica B 28, 204–208.
  • Westermark, U. and Eriksson, K. E. (1974b). Cellobiose: quinone oxidoreductase—a new wood-degradine enzyme from white rot fungi. Acta chemica scandinavica B 28, 209–214.
  • Westermark, U. and Eriksson, K. E. (1975). Purification and properties of cellobiose: quinone oxidoreductase from Sporotrichum pulverulentum. Acta chemica scandinavica B 29, 419–423.
  • Wheatley, M. A. and Phillips, C. R. (1984). Enzymatic properties of immobilized Alcaigenes faecalis cells with cell-associated ß-glucosidase activity. Biotechnology and Bioengineering 26, 583–589.
  • White, A. R. and Brown, R. M. (1981). Correlation of biochemical and visual evidence of enzymic cellulose degradation. In The Ekman-Days International Symposium on Wood Pulping Chemistry, volume 5, pp. 44–46. SPCI. Stockholm.
  • Whittle, D. J., Kilburn, D. G., Warren, R. A. J. and Miller, R. C. (1982). Molecular cloning of a Cellulotnonas fimi cellulose aene in Escherichia coli. Gene 17, 139–145.
  • Wilke, C. R. (Ed.) (1975). Cellulose as a chemical and energy resource. Biotechnology and Bioengineering Symposium 5.
  • Wilke, C. R. and Mitra, G. (1975). Process development studies on the enzymatic hydrolysis of cellulose. Biotechnology and Bioengineering Symposium 5, 253–274.
  • Wilke, C. R. and Yang, R. D. (1975). Process development and design studies for the enzymatic hydrolysis of cellulose. In Proceedings of the Symposium on Enzymatic Hydrolysis of Cellulose (M. Bailey, T. M. Enari and M. Linko, Eds), pp. 485–506. SITRA, Helsinki.
  • Wilke, C. R., Yang, R. D. and Von Stockar, U. (1976). Preliminary case analysis for enzymatic hydrolysis of newsprint. Biotechnology and Bioengineering Symposium 6, 155–176.
  • Wilke, C. R., Maiorella, B., Sciamanna, A., Tanquu, K., Wiley, D. and Wong, H. (1983). Enzymatic Hydrolysis of Cellulose: Theory and Applications. Noyes Data Corporation, New Jersey. USA.
  • Winterburn, P. J. (1974). Polysaccharide structure and function, in Companion to Biochemistry: Selected Topics for Further Reading (A. T. Bull, J. R. Lagnado, J. O. Thomas and K. E. Tipton, Eds), pp. 307–341. Longman. London.
  • Wood, T. M. (1969). The cellulase of Fusarium solani. Resolution of the enzyme complex. Biochemical Journal 115, 457–464.
  • Wood, T. M. (1971). The cellulase of Fusarium solani. Purification and specificity of the ß-1.4-glucanase and the ß-glucosidase. Biochemical Journal 121, 353–362.
  • Wood, T. M. (1975). Properties and mode of action of cellulases. Biotechnology and Bioengineering Symposium 5, 111–137.
  • Wood, T. M. (1980). Enzymes and mechanisms involved in fungal degradation of cellulasic materials. In OECD Workshop No. 2 on Conversion of Lignocellulosic Substrates to Simple Carbohydrates (B.A. Rijkens. Ed.), pp. 246–269. IBVL. Wageningen.
  • Wood, T. M. (1981). Enzyme interactions involved in fungal degradation of cellulosic materials. In The Ekman-Days International Symposium on Wood Pulping Chemistry, volume 3, pp. 31–38. SPCI, Stockholm.
  • Wood, T. M. (1985a). Observations and speculations on the complex interactions involved in the solubilization of native cellulose. In Proceedings 16th FEBS, Moscow, in press.
  • Wood, T. M. (1985b). Properties of cellulolytic enzyme systems. Biochemical Society Transactions 13, 407–410.
  • Wood, T. M. and McCrae, S. I. (1972). The purification and properties of the C1 component of T. koningii cellulase. Biochemical Journal 128, 1183–1192.
  • Wood, T. M. and McCrae, S. I. (1975). The cellulase complex of Trichoderma koningii. In Symposium on Enzymatic Hydrolysis of Cellulose (M. Bailey, T. M. Enari and M. Linko, Eds), pp. 231–254. SITRA, Helsinki.
  • Wood, T. M. and McCrae, S. I. (1977a). The mechanism of cellulase action with particular reference to the C1 component. In Bioconversion of Cellulosic Substances into Energy Chemicals and Microbial Protein: Indian Institute of Technology Symposium, New Delhi, India, 1977. (T. K. Ghose, Ed.), pp. 111–141. IIT, New Delhi.
  • Wood, T. M. and McCrae, S. I. (1977b). Cellulase from Fusarium solani. Purification and properties of the C1, component. Carbohydrate Research 57, 117–133.
  • Wood, T. M. and McCrae, S. I. (1978). The cellulase of Trichoderma koningii. Purification and properties of some endoglucanase components with special reference to their action on cellulose when acting alone and in synergism with the cellobiohydrolase. Biochemical Journal 171, 61–72.
  • Wood, T. M. and McCrae, S. 1. (1979). Synergism between enzymes involved in the solubilization of native cellulose. In Advances in Chemistry Series Volume 181 (R. D. Brown and L. Jurasek, Eds), pp. 181–209. American Chemical Society, Washington, DC.
  • Wood, T. M. and McCrae, S. I. (1982). Purification and some properties of a (1.4)-ß-D-glucan glucanohydrolase associated with the cellulase from the fungus Penicillium funiculosum. Carbohydrate Research 110, 291–303.
  • Wood, T. M., McCrae, S. I. and Macfarlane, C. C (1980). The isolation. purification and properties of the cellobiohydrolase component of Penicillium funiculosum cellulase. Biochemical Journal 189, 51–65.
  • Wood, T. M., Wilson, C. A. and Stewart, C S. (1982). Purification of the cellulase from the cellulolytic anaerobic rumen bacterium Ruminococcus ulbus and its release from the bacterial cell wall. Biochemical Journal 205, 129–137.
  • Woodward, J. and Wiseman, A. (1982). Fungal and other ß-glucosidases—their properties and applications. Enzyme and Microbial Technology 4, 73–79.
  • Yacuchi, M., Roy. C, Rollin, C. F., Paice, M. G. and Jurasek, L. (1983). A fungal cellulase shows sequence homology with the active site of hen egg-white Iysozyme. Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications 116, 408–411.
  • Yamada, K. (1977). Receni advances in industrial fermentation in Japan. Biotechnology and Bioengineering 19, 1563–1621.
  • Yoshioka, H., Anraku, S. I. and Hayashsda, S. (1982). Production and purification of a novel type of CMCase from Humicola grisea var. thermoidea YH-78. Agricultural and Biological Chemistry 46, 75–82.

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.