1,383
Views
48
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Original Articles

Genetics and Potential Biotechnological Applications of Thermophilic and Extremely Thermophilic Microorganisms

, , , , &
Pages 199-244 | Published online: 15 Apr 2013

References

  • Aiba, S., and Koizumi, J-I. (1984). Effects of temperature on plasmid stability and penicillinase productivity in a transformant of Bacillus stearothermophilus. Biotechnology and Bioengineering 26, 1026–1031.
  • Aït, N., Creuzet, N. and Cattanéo. J. (1979). Characterization and purification of thermostable ß-glucosidase from Clostridium ihermoccllum. Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications 90. 537–546.
  • Aït, N., Creuzet, N. and Cattanéo, J. (1982). Properties of ß-glucosidase from Clostridium thennocellum. Journal of General Microbiology 128. 569–577.
  • Alber, T., Grutter, M.G., Gray. T.M., Wozniak, J.A., Weaver, L.H., Chen, B-L., Baker, E.N. and Matthews, B.W. (1986). Structure and stability of mutant lysozymes from bacteriophage T4. In Protein Structure Folding and Design: GENEX-UCLA Symposium, Volume 39 (D.L. Oxender. Ed.f, pp. 307–318. Adam R. Liss. Inc., New York.
  • Allen, M.B. (1953). The thermophilic aerobic sporeforming bacteria. Bacteriological Reviews 17, 125–173.
  • Amann, E., Brosius, J. and Ptashne, M. (1983). Vectors bearing a hybrid trp-lac promoter useful for regulated expression of cloned genes in Escherichia coli. Gene 25. 167–178.
  • Barany, F. (1985). Single-stranded hexameric linkers: a system for in-phase mutagenesis and protein engineering. Gene 37. 111–123.
  • Béguin, P. and Aubert, J-P. (1985). Sequence of a cellulase gene of the thermophilic bacterium Clostridium thermocellum. Journal of Bacteriology 162, 102–105.
  • Béguin, P., Rocancourt, M-C. Chebrou, M-C. and Aubert. J-P. (1986). Mapping of mRNA encoding endoglucanase A from Clostridium thermocellum. Molecular and General Generics 202, 251–254.
  • Bickle, T.A. (1982). The ATP-dependent restriction endonucleases. In Nucleases (S.M. Linn and R.J. Roberts. Eds), pp. 85–108. Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory-Cold Spring Harbor, New York.
  • Bingham, A.H.A., Bruton, C.J. and Atkinson. T. (1980). Characterization of Bacillus steurothermophilus plasmid pABl24 and construction of deletion variants. Journal of General Microbiology 114, 401–40S.
  • Boer, H.A. de, Comstock, L.J. and Vasser, M. (1983). The tac promoter: a functional hybrid derived from the trp and lac promoters. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 80. 21–25.
  • Botstfjn, D. and Shortle, D. (1985). Strategies and applications of in vitro mutagenesis. Science 229, 1193–1201.
  • Boyer, H.W. (1971). DNA restriction and modification mechanisms in bacteria. Annual Review of Microbiology 25, 153–176.
  • Brandts, J.F. (1967). Heat effects on proteins and enzymes. In Thermobiology (A.H. Rose, Ed.), pp. 25–72. Academic Press, New York.
  • Brock, T.D. (1985). Life at high temperatures. Science 230, 132–138.
  • Budgen, N. and Danson. M.J. (1986). Metabolism of glucose via a modified Entner-Doudoroff pathway in the thermoacidophilic archaebacterium Thermoplasma acidophilum. FEBS Letters 196. 207–210.
  • Chang. A.C.Y. and Cohen, S.N. (1978). Construction and characterization of amplifiable multicopy DNA cloning vehicles derived from the P15A cryptic miniplasmid. Journal of Bacteriology 134, 1141–1156.
  • Chen, Z., Wojcik, S.F. and Welker. N.E. (1986). Genetic analysis of Bacillus stearothermophilus by protoplast fusion. Journal of Bacteriology 165, 994–1001.
  • Cornet, P., Tronik, D., Millet, J. and Aubert, J-P. (1983a). Cloning and expression in Escherichia coli of Clostridium thermocellum genes coding for amino acid synthesis and cellulose hydrolysis. FEMS Microbiology Letters 16. 137–141.
  • Cornet, P., Millet, J., Béguin, P. and Aubert, J-P. (1983b). Characterization of two eel (cellulose degradation) genes of Clostridium thermoeellum coding for endoglucanases. Biotechnology 1, 589–594.
  • Cowan, D., Daniel, R. and Morgan, H. (1985). Thermophilic proteases: properties and potential applications. Trends in Biotechnology 3, 68–72.
  • Craik, C.S. (1985). Use of oligonucleotides for site-specific mutagenesis. BioTechniques 3, 12–19.
  • Craik. C.S., Largman, C, Fletcher. T., Roczntak, S., Barr. P.J., Fletterick, R. and Rutter, W.J. (1985). Redesigning trypsin: alteration of substrate specificity. Science 228, 291–297.
  • Croft, J.E. (1986). Genetic Studies of Thermus. PhD thesis. University of Auckland.
  • Croft, J.E., Love, D.R., Streiff, M.B. and Bergquist, P.L. (1986). Expression of leucine genes from an extremely thermophilic bacterium in E. coli. In Proceedings Seventh Australian Biotechnology Conference, Melbourne (G. Tregear, Ed.), pp. 199–202. Seventh Australian Biotechnology Conference Committee, Melbourne.
  • Cue, D., Beckler, G.S., Reeve, J.N. and Konisky, J. (1985). Structure and sequence divergence of two archaebacterial genes. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 82, 4207–4211.
  • Dams, E., Londei, P., Cammarano, P., Vandenberghe, A. and Wachter, R. de (1983). Sequences of the 5S rRNAs of the thermoacidophilic archaebacterium Sulfolobus solfataricus (Calderiella acidophila) and the thermophilic eubacteria Bacillus acidocaldahus and Thermits aqtiaticus. Nucleic Acids Research 11, 4667–4676.
  • Daniel, R.M. (1986). The stability of proteins from extreme thermophiSes. In Protein Structure, Folding and Design: GENEX-UCLA Symposium, Volume 39 (D.L. Oxendcr. Ed.), pp. 291–296. Allan R. Liss Inc., New York.
  • Daniel. R.M., Cowan. D.A. and Morgan. H.W. (1981). The industrial potential of enzymes from extremely thermophilic bacteria. Chemistrv and Industry in New Zealand 15. 94–97.
  • Daniel, R.M., Donnison. A.M., Bragger. J. and Morgan. H.W. (1986). The stability of enzymes from extreme thermophiies. In Proceedings of the Seventh Australian Biotechnology Conference, Melbourne (G. Tregear. Ed.). pp. 158–170. Seventh Australian Biotechnology Conference Committee. Melbourne.
  • Deming, J.W. (1986). The biotechnological future for newly described, extremely thermophilic bacteria. Microbial Ecology 12, 111–119.
  • Donnison, A.M., Brocklesbury. C.M. and Morgan. W.H. (1986). A new species of non-sporulating thermophilic cellulolytic bacterium. Abstract PI4/18. Proceedings, International Congress of Microbiology, Manchester.
  • Esser, A.F. (1978). Physical chemistry of thermostable membranes. In Strategies of Microbial Life in Extreme Environments: Dahletn Konferenzen, Berlin (M. Shilo. Ed.), pp. 433–454. Springer-Verlag, Berlin.
  • Estell., D.A., Graycar, T.P. and Wells, J.A. (1985). Engineering an enzyme by site-directed mutagenesis to be resistant to chemical oxidation. Journal of Biological Chemistry 260, 6518–6521.
  • Fersht, A.R. (1971). Conformational equilibria and the salt bridge in chymotrypsin. Cold Spring Harbor Symposium of Quantitative Biology 36. 71–73.
  • Friedberg. D., Rosenthal. E.R., Jones. J.W. and Calvo, J.M. (1985). Characterization of the 3’ end of the leucine operon of Salmonella typhimurium. Molecular and General Genetics 199. 486–494.
  • Gardner, R.C., Caughey, P.A., Lane. D. and Bekgquist. P.L. (1980). Replication mutants of the F-plasmid of Escherichia coli. II. Cloned replication regions of temperature-sensitive mutants. Plasmid 3, 179–192.
  • Gaughran, E.R.L. (1947). The thermophilic microorganisms. Bacteriological Reviews 11. 189–225.
  • Gemmill, R.M., Wessler, S.R., Keller. E.B. and Calvo, J.M. (1979). leu operon of Salmonella typhimurium is controlled by an attenuation mechanism. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 76. 4941–4945.
  • Glover, D.M. (1984). Gene Cloning, pp. 1–222. Chapman and Mall. London.
  • Gomez, R.F., Snedecor. B. and Mendez. B.M. (1981). Development of genetic principles in Clostridium thermocellum. Developments in Industrial Microbiology 22, 87–95.
  • Gray, G.L., Mainzer. S.E., Rey. M.W., Lamsa. M.H., Kindle, K., Carmona. C. and Requadt. C. (1986). Structural genes encoding the thermophilic a-amylases of Bacillus stearothermophilus and Bacillus licheniformis. Journal of Bacteriology 166. 635–643.
  • Grepinet. O. and Béguin. P. (1986). Sequence of the cellulase gene of Clostridium ihcrmocelluin coding for endoglucanase B. Nucleic Acids Research 14, 1791–1799.
  • Grutter, M.G., Hawkes, R.M. and Matthews. B.W. (1979). Molecular basis of thermostability in the lysozyme from bacteriophage T4. Nature 277, 667–669.
  • Guy, G.R. and Daniel, R.M. (1982). The purification and some properties of a sterospecific D-asparaginase from an extremely thermophilic bacterium. Biochemical Journal 203, 782–790.
  • I-Iagerdal, B., FerrchaK. J.D. and Pye, E.K. (1980). Saccharilication of cellulose by the cellulolytic enzyme system of Thermomonospora sp. I. Stability of cellulolytic activities with respect to time, temperature and pH. Biotechnology and Bioengineering 12, 1515–1526.
  • Hamilton. P.T. and Reeve, J.N. (1984). Cloning and expression of archaebacterial DNA from methanogens in Escherichia coli. In Microbial Chemoautotrophy (W.R. Strohl and O.H. Tuovincn. Eds), pp. 291–307. The Ohio University Press, Columbus, Ohio.
  • Hamilton, P.T. and Reeve, J.N. (1985a). Sequence divergence of an archaebacterial gene cloned from a mesophilic and a thermophilic methanogen. Journal of Molecular Evolution 22, 351–360.
  • Hamilton, P.T. and Reeve, J.N. (1985b). Structure of genes and an insertion element in the methane producing archaebacterium Methanobrevibacter smithii. Molecular and General Genetics 200, 47–59.
  • Hamilton, P.T. and Reeve, J.N. (1986). Molecular biology of archaebacteria. In Microbiology-1986 (L. Leive, Ed.), pp. 338–348. American Society of Microbiology, Washington, DC.
  • Han, Y.W. and Srinivasan, V.R. (1969). Purification and characterization of ß-glucosidase of Alcaligenes faecalis. Journal of Bacteriology 100, 1355–1363.
  • Hara-Yokoyama, M., Yokoyama, S., Watanabe. T,, Watanabe, K., Kitazume. M., Mitamura. Y., Moril, T., Takahashi, S., Kuchino, Y., Nishimura. S. and Miyazawa, T. (1986). Characteristic anticodon sequences of major tRNA species from an extreme thermophile, Thermus thermophilus HB8. FEBS Letters 202, 149–152.
  • Hardy, K.G. and Oliver, S.G. (1985). Genetics and biotechnology. In Biotechnology. Principles and Applications (I.J. Higgins, DJ. Best and J. Jones. Eds), pp. 257–282. Blackwell Scientific Publications. Oxford.
  • Hartley, B.S. and Payton, M.A. (1983). Industrial prospects for thermophiles and thermophilic enzymes. Biochemical Society Symposium 48, 133–146.
  • Hecht, M.H., Hehir, K.M., Nuson, H.C.M., Sturtevant, J.M. and Sauer. R.T. (1986). Increasing and decreasing protein stability: Effects of revertant substitutions on the thermal denaturation of phage ? repressor. In Protein Structure, Folding and Design: GENEX-UCLA Symposium Volume 39 (D.L. Oxender. Ed.), pp. 47–54. Adam R. Liss, Inc., New York.
  • Hensel, R., Demhakter, W., Kandler, O., Kroppenstedt. R.M. and Stackeb-randt, E. (1986). Chemotaxonomic and molecular genetic studies of the genus Thermus: evidence for a phylogenetic relationship of Thermus aquaticus and Thermus ruber to the genus Deinococcus. International Journal of Systematic Bacteriology 36, 444–453.
  • Hirata, H., Negoro, S. and Okada, H. (1985). High production of thermostable ß-galactosidase of Bacillus stearothermophilus in Bacillus subtilis. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 49, 1547–1549.
  • Hirata, H., Fukazawa, T., Negoro, S. and Okada. H. (1986). Structure of a ß-galactosidase gene of Bacillus stearothermophilus. Journal of Bacteriology 166, 722–727.
  • Hishinuma, F., Tanaka, T. and Sakaguchi, K. (1978). Isolation of extrachromosomal deoxyribonucleic acids from extremely thermophilic bacteria. Journal of General Microbiology 104, 193–199.
  • Hohn, B. and Collins. J. (1980). A small cosmid for efficient cloning of large DNA fragments. Gene 11. 291–298.
  • Horie, N., Hara-Yokoyama, M., Yokoyama, S., Watanabe. K., Kuchino, Y., Nishimura, S. and Miyazawa, J. (1985). Two tRNARc species from an extreme thermophile, Thermus thermophilus HB8: Effect of 2-thiolation of ribothymidine on the thermostability of tRNA. Biochemistry 24, 5711–5715.
  • Hoshino, T., Ikeda, T., Narushima, H. and Tomizuka, N. (1985). Isolation and characterization of antibiotic-resistance plasmids in thermophilic bacilli. Canadian Journal of Microbiology 31. 339–345.
  • Huber, R., Langworthy, T.A., König. H.,Thomm, M., Woese, C.R., Sleytr, U.B. and Stetter, K.O. (1986). Thermotoga maritima sp.nov. represents a new genus of unique extremely thermophilic eubacteria growing up to 90°C. Archives of Microbiology 144, 324–333.
  • Hudson, J.A. and Morgan, W.H. (1986). Taxonomy and ecology of the genus Thermits. Abstract P14/17. Proceedings of the 14th International Microbiology Conference, Manchester.
  • Huser, B.A., Patel, B.K.C., Daniel, R.H. and Morgan. H.W. (1986). Isolation and characterisation of a novel thermophilic anaerobic chemo-organotrophic eubacterium. FEMS Microbiology Letters 37, 121–127.
  • Hvun, H.H. and Zeikus, J.G. (1985a). Regulation and genetic enhancement of ß-amylase production in Clostridium thermosulfurogenes. Journal of Bacteriology 164. 1162–1170.
  • Hyun, H.H. and Zeikus, J.G. (1985b). General biochemical characterization of thermostable pullulanase and glucoamyiase from Clostridium thermohydrosulfuricum. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 49, 1168–1173.
  • Hyun, H.H. and Zeikus, J.G. (1985c). Regulation and genetic enhancement of glucoamylase and pullulanase production in Clostridium thermohydrosulfuricum. Journal of Bacteriology 164. 1146–1152.
  • Iuima, S., Uozumi. T. and Beppu, T. (1986). Molecular cloning of Thermits flavus malate dehydrogenase gene. Agricultural and Biological Chemistry 50, 589–592.
  • Imanaka. T. (1983). Host-vector systems in thermophilic Bacilli and their applications. Trends in Biotechnology 1, 139–144.
  • Imanaka. T. and Aiba, S. (1986). Applied genetics of aerobic thermophiles. In Thermophiles: General. Molecular and Applied Genetics (T.D. Brock, Ed.), pp. 159–178. John Wiley and Sons, New York.
  • Imanaka, T., Fujii. M., Aramori, I. and Aiba. S. (1982). Transformation of Bacillus stearothermophilus with plasmid DNA and characterization of shuttle vector plasmids between Bacillus stearothermophilus and Bacillus subtilis. Journal of Bacteriology 149, 824–830.
  • Imanaka, T., Ano. T., Fujii, M. and Aiba. S. (1984). Two replication determinants of an antibiotic-resistance plasmid, pTB19, from a thermophilic Bacillus. Journal of General Microbiology 130, 1399–1408.
  • Janekovic, D., Wunderl, S., Holz, I., Zlllig. W. and Neumann, H. (1983). TTV1, TTV2 and TTV3, a family of viruses of the extremely thermophilic, anaerobic, sulfur-reducing archaebacterium Thermoproteus tenax. Molecular and General Genetics 192, 39–45.
  • Jensen. B.F. and Norman, B.C. (1984). Bacillus acidopullulyticus pullulanase: application and regulatory aspects for use in the food industry. Process Biochemistry 19, 129–134.
  • Joliee. G., Béguin, P. and Aubert. J-P. (1986). Nucleotide sequence of the cellulase gene celD encoding endoglucanase D of Clostridium thermocellum. Nucleic Acids Research 14. 8605–8613.
  • Joliee. G., Béguin, P., Juy, M., Ryter. A., Poljak. P. and Aubert. J-P. (1986a). Isolation, crystallization and properties of a new cellulase of Clostridium thermocellum overproduced in Escherichia coli. Biotechnology 4, 896–900.
  • Joliee, G., Béguin. P., Millet. J., Aubert. J-P., Alzari, P., Juy, M. and Poijak. R.P. (1986b). Crystallization and preliminary X-ray diffraction study of an endoglucanase from Clostridium thermocellum. Journal of Molecular Biology 189, 249–250.
  • Jones, M.D., Lowe. D.M., Bokgeord.T. and Fersht, A.R. (1986). Natural variation of tvrosyl-tRNA synthetase and comparison with engineered mutants. Biochemistry 25. 1887–1891.
  • Kagawa, Y., Nojima, H., Nukiwa, N., Ishizuka, M., Nakajima. T., Yasuhara, T., Tanaka. T. and Oshima. T. (1984). High guanine plus cylosinc content in the third letter of codons of an extreme thermophile. DNA sequence of the isopropylmalate dehydrogenase of Thermus thermophilus. Journal of Biological Chemistry 259. 2956–2960.
  • Kaine. B.P., Gupta, R. and Woese, C.R. (1983). Putative introns in tRNA genes of prokaryotes. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 80, 3309–3312.
  • Koffler, H. and Gale, CO. (1957). The relative thermostability of cytoplasmic proteins from thermophilic bacteria. Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics 67, 249–251.
  • Koizumi, J-I., Monden. Y. and Aiba. S. (1985). Effects of temperature and dilution rate on the copy number of recombinant plasmid in continuous culture of Bacillus stearothermophilus. Biotechnology and Bioenginccring 27, 721–728.
  • Koizumi, J-L. Min, Z., Imanaka, T. and Aiba. S. (1986). Temperature-dependent piasmid integration into and excision from the chromosome of Bacillus stearothermophilus. Journal of General Microbiology 132, 1951–1958.
  • Kovama, Y., Hoshino, T., Tomizuka. N. and Fukukawa. K. (1986). Genetic transformation of the extreme thermophile Thermits thermophilus and of other ’Thermits spp. Journal of Bacteriology 166, 338–340.
  • Langridge:. J. (1968). Genetic and enzymatic experiments relating to the tertiary structure of ß-galactosidase. Journal of Bacteriology 96. 1711–1717.
  • Langworthy. T.A. (1985). Lipids of Archaebacteria. In The Bacteria, Volume 8. Arehaehactcna (C.R. Woese and R.S. Wolfe, Eds), pp. 459–497. Academic Press, Inc., Orlando.
  • Langworthy, T.A, and Pond. J.L. (1986). Membranes and lipids of thermophiles. In Thermophiles: General, Molecular, and Applied Microbiology (T.D. Brock, Ed.), pp. 107–135. John Wiley and Sons Inc., New York.
  • Leatherbarrow, R.J. and Fersht, A.R. (1986). Protein engineering. Protein Engineering 1, 7–16.
  • Liao, H., McKfnzie, T. and Hageman, R. (1986). Isolation of a thermostable enzyme variant by cloning and selection in a thermophile. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 83. 576–580.
  • Love, D.R. and Streiff, M.B. (1987). Molecular cloning of a ß-glucosidase from an extremely thermophilic anaerobe in E. coli and B. subtilis. Biotechnology. 5, 384–387.
  • Love, D.R., Streiff, M.B. and Bergquist. P.L. (1986). Molecular cloning of a ß-glucosidase gene from an extremely thermophilic anaerobe in E. coli and B. subtilis. Proceedings Seventh Australian Biotechnology Conference (G. Tregear, Ed.), pp. 207–210. Seventh Australian Biotechnology Conference Committee. Melbourne.
  • McHale, A. and Coughlan, M.P. (1981). The cellulolytic system of Talaromyces emersonii. Purification and characterisation of the cellular and intracellular ß-glucosidases. Biochimica et biophysica acta 662, 152–159.
  • McKenney. K., Shimitake, H., Court, D., Schmeissner, U., Brady. C. and Rosenberg, M. (1981). A system to study promoter and terminator signals recognized by Escherichia coli RNA polymerase. In Gene Amplification and Analysis 2: Analysis of Nucleic Acids by Enzymatic Methods (J. Chirikjian and T. Papas. Eds), pp. 383–415. Elsevier, New York.
  • Maoris. B.J. (1984). Production and characterization of cellulase and ß-glucosidase from a mutant of Alternaria alternata. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 47, 560–565.
  • Martin, A., Yeats. S., Janekovic, D., Reiter, W-D., Aicher. W. and Zillig. W. (1984). SAV I, a temperate UV-inducible DNA virus-like particle from the archaebacterium Sulfolobus acidocaldarium. EMBO Journal 3, 2165–2168.
  • Matsumara, M. and Aiba. S. (1985). Screening for thermostable mutant of kanamycin nucleotidyltransferase by the use of a transformation system for a thermophile, Bacillus stearothermophilus. Journal of Biological Chemistry 260, 15228–15303.
  • Matsumara, M., Kataoka, S. and Aiba, S. (1986). Single amino acid replacements affecting the thermostability of kanamycin nucleotidyltransferase. Molecular and General Genetics 204, 355–358.
  • Matsumara, M., Yasumura, S. and Aiba. S. (1986). Cumulative effect of intragenic amino acid replacements on the thermostability of a protein. Nature 323, 356–358.
  • Matsumara. M., Katakura, Y., Imanaka. T. and Aiba S. (1984). Enzymatic and nucleotide sequence studies of a kanamycin-inactivating enzyme encoded by a plasmid from thermophilic Bacilli in comparison with that encoded by plasmid pUBl 10. Journal of Bacteriology 160. 413–420.
  • Meile. L. and Reeve, J.N. (1985). Potential shuttle vectors based on the methanohen plasmid pME200l. Biotechnology 3. 69–72.
  • Meile. L., Kiener, A. and Leisinger. T. (1983). A plasmid in the archaebacterium Methanobaaerium thermoautotrophicum. Molecular and General Genetics 191. 480–484.
  • Mendez. B.M. and Gomez. R.F. (1982). Isolation of Clostridium ihermocellum auxotrophs. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 43, 495–196.
  • Michaelis. S., Chapon. C. D’Enfert, C. Pugsley. A.F. and Schwartz. M. (1985). Characterization and expression of the structural gene for pullulanase. a maltose-inducible secreted protein of Klebsiella pneumoniae. Journal of Bacteriology 164, 633–638.
  • Millet. J., Pétre. D., Béguin. P., Raynaud. O. and Aubert. J-P. (1985). Cloning of ten distinct DNA fragments of Clostridium thermocellum codina for cellulascs. FEMS Microbiology Letters 29. 145–149.
  • Munster, M.J., Munster. A.P. and Sharp. R.J. (1985). Incidence of plasmids in Thermits sp. isolated in Yellowstone National Park. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 50. 1325–1327.
  • Nagahari. K., Koshikawa, T. and Sakaguchi. K. (1980). Cloning and expression of the leucine gene from Thermus thermophilus in Escherichia cob. Gene 10. 137–145.
  • Neumann. H., Gierl. A., Tu. J., Leibrock. J., Staiger. D. and Zillig. W. (1983). Organization of the genes for ribosomal RNA in archaebacteria. Molecular and General Genetics 192. 66–72.
  • Ng. T.K. and Kenealy. W.F. (1986). Industrial applications of thermostable enzymes. In Thermophiles: General, Molecular and Applied Microbiology (T.D. Brock. Ed.), pp. 197–216. J. Wiley and Sons. Inc., New York.
  • Ogawa. H., Sekiguchi. T., Shisimdo. K. and Nosoh. Y. (1984). Molecular cloning of the promoter-containing fragments from Bacillus stearothermophilus and their expression in Escherichia coli and Bacillus subtilis. FEMS Microbiology Letters 24. 169–172.
  • Ohno-Iwashita, Y., Oshima. T. and Imahori, K. (1976). The effect of polyamines on the thermostability of a cell free protein synthesizing system of an extreme thermophile. In Experientia, Supplement 26: Enzymes and Proteins from Thermophilic Micro-organisms (H. Zuber. Ed.), pp. 333–345. H. Zuber. Zurich.
  • Olsen. G.J., Pace, N.R., Nuell. M., Kaine. B.P., Gupta. R. and Woese. C.R. (1985). Sequence of the 16S rRNA genes from the thermoacidophilic archaebacterium Sulfolobus solfataricus and its evolutionary implications. Journal of Molecular Evolution 22. 301–307.
  • Oshima. T. (1982). A pentamine is present in an extreme thermophile. Journal of Biological Chemistry 257. 9913–9914.
  • Oshima. T. (1983). Novel polyamines in Thermits thermophilus: isolation, identification, and chemical synthesis. Methods in Enzymology 94. 401–411.
  • Oshima. T. (1986). The genes and genetic apparatus of extreme thermophiles. In Thermophiles: General. Molecular, and Applied Microbiology (T.D. Brock. Ed.), pp. 137–157. John Wiley and Sons. Inc., New York.
  • Patel. B.K.C. (1985). Extremely Thermophilic Bacteria in New Zealand Hot Springs. PhD thesis. University of Waikato.
  • Payton. M.A. (1984). Production of ethanol by thermophilic bacteria. Trends in Biotechnology 2. 153–158.
  • Perutz, M.F. (1978). Electrostatic effects in proteins. Science 201, 1187–1191.
  • Perutz, M.F. and Raidt, II. (1975). Stereochemical basis of heat stability in bacterial ferridoxins and in haemoglobin A2. Nature 244. 256–259.
  • Petre, J., Longin. R. and Millet, J. (1981). Purification and properties of an endo-ß-1,4-glucanase from Clostridium thermocellum. Biochimie 63, 629–639.
  • Pétre. D., Millet, J., Longin. R., Béguin. P., Girard, H. and Aubert, J-P. (1986). Purification and properties of the endoglucanase C of Clostridium thermocellum produced in Escherichia coli. Biochimie 68, 687–695.
  • Plant, A.R., Morgan, H.W. and Daniel, R.M. (1986). A highly stable pullulanase from Thermus aquaticus YT-1. Enzyme and Microbial Technology 8, 668–672.
  • Ratcliee, H. and Drozd, J.W. (1978). Utilization of l.-glutamine and products of its thermal decomposition by Klebsiella pneumoniae and Rhizobimn leguminosarum. FEMS Microbiology Letters 3, 65–69.
  • Raven, N.D.H. and Williams, R.A.D. (1985). Isolation and partial characterization of two cryptic plasmids from an extreme thermophile. Biochemical Society Transactions 13. 214.
  • Reeve, J.N., Hamilton, P.T., Beckler, G.S., Morris, C.J. and Clarke, C.M. (1986). Structure of methanogen genes. Systematic and Applied Microbiology 7, 5–12.
  • Rosenberg, M. and Court, D. (1979). Regulatory sequences involved in the promotion and termination of RNA transcription. Annual Reviews of Genetics 13, 319–353.
  • Ruegg, C, Ammer, D. and Lerch. K. (1982). Comparison of amino acid sequence and thermostability of tyrosinase from three wild type strains in Neurospora crassa. Journal of Biological Chemistry 247, 6420–6426.
  • Sakaguchi, R., Shishido, K., Hoshino, T. and Furukawa, K. (1986). The nucleotide sequence of the tetracycline-resistance gene of plasmid pNSI981 from Bacillus subtilis differs from pTHT15 from a thermophilic Bacillus by two base pairs. Plasmid 16, 72–73.
  • Sakaki, Y. and Oshima, T. (1975). Isolation and characterization of a bacteriophage infectious to an extreme thermophile. Thermus thermophilus. Journal of Virology 15, 1449–1453.
  • Sanger, F., Nicklen, S. and Coulson, A.R. (1977). DNA sequencing with chain terminating inhibitors. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United Stales of America 74, 5463–5467.
  • Sato, F. and Shinomiya, T. (1978). An isoschizomer of Taql from Thermits thermophilus HB8. Journal of Biochemistry 84, 1319–1321.
  • Schwarz, W., Bronnenmeier, K. and Staudenbauer, W.L. (1985). Molecular cloning of Clostridium thermocellum genes involved in ß-glucan degradation in bacteriophage lambda. Biotechnology Letters 7, 859–864.
  • Schwarz, W.G., Grabnitz, F. and Staudenbauer, W.L. (1986). Properties of a Clostridium thermocellum endoglucanase produced in Escherichia coli. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 51, 1293–1299.
  • Sekiguchi, T., Ortega-Cesena, J., Noson, Y., Ohashi, S., Tsuda, K. and Kanaya, S. (1986a). DNA and amino acid sequence of 3-isopropylmalate dehydrogenase of Bacillus coagulans. Comparison with the enzymes of Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Thermus thermophilus. Biochimica et biophysiea acta 867, 36–44.
  • Sekiguchi, T., Suda, M., Sekiguchi, T. and Nosoh, Y. (1986b). Cloning and DNA homology of 3-isopropylmalate dehydrogenase from thermophilic bacilli. FEMS Microbiology Letters 36, 41–45.
  • Singh, M., Heaphy, S. and Gait, M.J. (1986). Oligonucleotide-directed misincorporation mutagenesis on single-stranded DNA templates. Protein Engineering 1, 75–76.
  • Skipper, N., Sutherland, M., Davies, W.R., Kilburn, D., Miller, R.C., Warren, A. and Wong, R. (1985). Secretion of bacterial cetlulase by yeast. Science 230, 958–960.
  • Slatko, B., Moran, L., Jager, T. and Wilson, G. (1985). Cloning and characterization of the Taql restriction/modification genes from the thermophile Thermits aquaticus. Genetics 110, s63.
  • Snedecor, B., Chen, E. and Gomez, R.F. (1982). An insertion sequence from Clostridium thermocellum. In Proceedings IV Symposium Genetics of Industrial Micro-organisms (Y. Ikeda and T. Beppu. Eds), pp. 356–358. Kodansha Ltd. Tokyo.
  • Sonnleitner. B. (1984). Biotechnology of thermophilic bacteria–growth, products and application. Advances in Biochemical Engineering 28. 69–138.
  • Sonnleitner. B. and Flechter. A. (1983). Advantages of using thermophiles in biotechnolosical processes: expectations and reality. Trends in Biotechnology 1, 74–80.
  • Soutschek-Bauer. E., Hartl. L. and Staudenbauer. W.L. (1985). Transformation of Clostridium thermohydrosulfuricum DSM 568 with plasmid DNA. Biotechnology letters 7, 705–710.
  • Stetter. K.O. (1986). Diversity of extremely thermophilic archacbacteria. In Thermophiles: General. Molecular and Applied Microbiology (T.D. Brock. Ed.), pp. 39–74. John Wiley and Sons, Inc., New York.
  • Streief. M.B., Love. D.R., Chameey. L. and Bergquist, P.L. (1986). Molecular cloning of cellulases from an extremely thermophilic bacterium. In Proceedings Seventh Australian Biotechnology Conference, Melbourne (G. Tregear, Ed.). pp. 179–182. Seventh Australian Biotechnology Conference Committee. Melbourne.
  • Streips. U.N. and Welker, N.E. (1971). Competence-inducing factor of Bacillus stearothermophilus. Journal of Bacteriology 106. 960–965.
  • Sundaram. T.K. (1986). Physiology and growth of thermophilic bacteria. In Thermophiles: General Molecular, and Applied Microbiology (T.D. Brock. Ed.), pp. 75–106. John Wiley and Sons. Inc., New York.
  • Takagi. M., Imanaka, T. and Aiba. S. (1985). Nucleotide sequence and promoter region for the neutral protease gene from Bacillus stearothermophilus. Journal of Bacteriology 163. 824–831.
  • Tanaka. T., Kawano. N. and Oshima, T. (1981). Cloning of the 3-isopropylmalate dehydrogenase of an extreme thermophile and partial purification of the gene product. Journal of Biochemistry 89. 677–682.
  • Teather, R.M. and Wood, P.J. (1982). Use of Congo Red-polysaccharide interactions in enumeration and characterization of cellulolytic bacteria from bovine rumen. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 43. 777–780.
  • Thomas. P.G., Russell. A.J. and Fersht. A.R. (1985). Tailoring the pH dependence of enzyme catalysis using protein engineering. Nature 318. 375–376.
  • Titani. K., Hermodson. M.A., Ericsson, L.H., Walsh. K.A. and Neurath. H. (1972). Amino acid sequence of thermolysin. Nature New Biology 238, 35–37.
  • Tsukagoshi, N., Ihara. H., Yamagata. H. and Ukada. S. (1984). Cloning and expression of a thermophilic a-amylase gene from Bacillus stearothermophilus in Escherichia coli. Molecular and General Genetics 193. 58–63.
  • Van Brunt, J. (1986). Protein architecture: designing from the ground up. Biotechnology 4, 277–283.
  • Vasquez, C, Villanueva, J. and Vicuna. R. (1983). Plasmid curing in Thermus thermophilus and Thermus flavus, FEBS Letters 158. 339–342.
  • Vasquez. C., Gonzalez. B. and Vicuna. R. (1984). Plasmids from thermophilic bacteria. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology 78B. 507–514.
  • Venegas, A., Vicuna, R., Alonson. A., Valdes, F. and Yudelevich. A. (1980). A rapid procedure for purifying a restriction endonuclease from Thermus thermophilus (Tth1). FEBS Letters 109, 156–158.
  • Wachter. R. de, Huysmans, E., and Vandenberghe, A. (1985). 5S ribosomal RNA as a tool for studying evaluation. In Evaluation of Prokaryotes: FFMS Symposium 29 (K.H. Schleifer and E. Stackebrandt. Eds), pp. 115–142. Academic Press. London.
  • Walker, J.E., Wonacott, A.J. and Harris. J.I. (1980). Heat stability of a tetrameric enzyme. D-glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase. European Journal of Biochemistry 108, 581–586.
  • Walsh, K.A.H, Daniel, R.M. and Morgan, H.W. (1983). A soluble NADH dehydrogenase from Thermus aquaticus strain T.351. Biochemical Journal 209, 427–433.
  • Watanabe, K., Kuchino, Y., Yamazumi, Z., Kato, M., Oshima, T. and Nishimura, S. (1979). Nucieotide sequence of formylmethionine tRNA from an extreme thennophile, Thermus thermophilic HB8. Journal of Biochemistry 86, 893–905.
  • Watanabe, K., Oshima, T., Iuima, K., Yamazumi, Z. and Nishimura. S. (1980). Purification and thermal stability of several specific tRNAs from an extreme thermophile, Thermus thermophilus HBS. Journal of Biochemistry 87, 1–13.
  • Weigel, J. and Ljungdahl, L.B. (1986). The importance of thermophilic bacteria in biotechnology. CRC Critical Reviews in Biotechnology 3, 39–108.
  • Weimer, P.J. (1986). Use of thermophiles for the production of fuels and chemicals. In Thermophiles: General, Molecular and Applied Microbiology (T.D. Brock, Ed.), pp. 217–255. John Wiley and Sons, Inc., New York.
  • Welker, N.E. (1978). Physiological and genetic factors affecting transfection and transformation in Bacillus stearothermophilus. In Biochemistry of Thermophily (S.M. Friedman, Ed.), pp. 127–147. Academic Press, Inc., New York.
  • Willekens, P., Stetter. K.O., Vandenberghe, A., Huysmans. E. and Wachter. R. De. (1986). The structure of 5S ribosomal RNA in the methanogenic archaebacteria Methanolobus tindarius and Methanococats thermolithotrophicus. FEBS Letters 204, 273–278.
  • Winter, G. and Feksht, A.R. (1984). Engineering enzymes. Trends in Biotechnology 2, 115–119.
  • Winter, G., Fersht, A.R., Wilkinson, A.J., Zoller, M. and Smith, M. (1982). Redesigning enzyme structure by site-directed mutagenesis: tyrosyl tRNA synthetase and ATP binding. Nature 299, 756–758.
  • Wood, T.M. and McRae, S.I. (1982). Purification and some properties of the extracellular ß-D-glucosidase of the cellulolytic fungus Trichoderma koningii. Journal of General Microbiology 128, 2973–2982.
  • Yang, H. and Kessler, D.P. (1974). Genetic analysis of the leucine region in Escherichia coli B/r: gene-enzyme assignments. Journal of Bacteriology 117. 63–72.
  • Yeats, S., McWilliam, P. and Zillig, W. (1982). A plasmid in the archaebacterium Sulfolobus acidocaldarius. EMBO Journal 1, 1035–1038.
  • Yutani, K., Ogasahara, K., Sugino, Y. and Matsushiro, A. (1977). Effect of a single amino acid substitution on stability of conformation of a protein. Nature 267, 274–275.
  • Zeikus, J.B. (1979). Thermophilic bacteria: ecology, physiology and technology. Enzyme and Microbial Technology 1, 243–252.
  • Zillig, W., Stetter, K.O., Schnabel, R. and Thomm, M. (1985a). DNA-dependent RNA polymerases of the archaebacteria. In The Bacteria: Archaebacteria (J.R. Sokatch and L.N. Ornston, Eds), volume 8, pp. 499–524. Academic Press, Inc., New York.
  • Zillig, W., Yeats, S., Holz, I., Bock, A., Gropp. F., Rettenburger, M. and Lutz, S. (1985b). Plasmid-related anaerobic autotrophy of the novel archaebacterium Sulfolobus ambivalens. Nature 313, 789–791.

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.