Mycotoxins in cattle feeds and carry-over to dairy milk: A review

References

• Auerbach , H , Maas , RFM , Op den Camp , HJM , Pol , A and Fink-Gremmels , J . 1998 . Biodegradation of Aflatoxin B1 by bovine rumen micro-organisms in vitro and its effects on rumen fermentation . Proceedings of Mycotox 98 (Toulouse). Revue de Médecine Vétérinaire 573 . 1998 .
   Google Scholar
• Borst , P and Oude Elferink , R . 2002 . Mammalian ABC transporters in health and disease . Annual Review of Biochemistry , 71 : 537 – 592 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Browning , Jr R . 2000 . Physiological responses of Brahman and Hereford steers to an acute ergotamine challenge . Journal of Animal Science , 78 : 124 – 130 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Caloni , F , Spotti , M , Auerbach , H , Op den Camp , H , Fink-Gremmels , J and Pompa , G . 2000 . In vitro metabolism of fumonisin B1 by ruminal microflora . Veterinary Research Communications , 24 : 379 – 387 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carvajal , M , Rojo , F , Mendez , I and Bolanos , A . 2003 . Aflatoxin B1 and its interconverting metabolite aflatoxicol in milk: the situation in Mexico . Food Additives and Contaminants , 20 : 1077 – 1086 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cheeke , PR . 1995 . Endogenous toxins and mycotoxins in forage grasses and their effects on livestock . Journal of Animal Science , 73 : 909 – 918 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cole , RJ , Kirksey , JW , Dorner , JW , Wilson , DM , Johnson Jr , J , Bedell , D , Springer , JP , Chexal , KK , Clardy , J and Cox , RH . 1977 . Mycotoxins produced by Aspergillus fumigatus isolated from silage . Annual Nutrition Alimentation , 31 : 685 – 691 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Dalziel , JE , Finch , SC and Dunlop , J . 2005 . The fungal neurotoxin lolitrem B inhibits the function of human large conductance calcium-activated potassium channels . Toxicological Letters , 155 : 421 – 426 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dänicke , S , Matthaus , K , Lebzien , P , Valenta , H , Stemme , K , Ueberschar , KH , Razzazi-Fazeli , E , Bohm , J and Flachowsky , G . 2005 . Effects of Fusarium toxin-contaminated wheat grain on nutrient turnover, microbial protein synthesis and metabolism of deoxynivalenol and zearalenone in the rumen of dairy cows . Journal of Animal Physiolology Animal Nutrition (Berl) , 89 : 303 – 315 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• De Lorme , MJ , Lodge-Ivey , SL and Craig , AM . 2007 . Physiological and digestive effects of Neotyphodium coenophialum-infected tall fescue fed to lambs . Journal of Animal Science , 85 : 1199 – 1206 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Diekman , MA and Green , ML . 1992 . Mycotoxins and reproduction in domestic livestock . Journal of Animal Science , 70 : 1615 – 1627 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Escoula , L . 1975 . [Toxinogenic moulds of silage. IV. Patulin production in liquid medium using fungus species isolated in silages (author's trans.)] . Annual Research Veterinary , 6 : 303 – 310 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Escoula , L . 1992 . Patulin production by Penicillium granulatum and inhibition of ruminal flora . Journal of Environmental Pathology, Toxicology and Oncology , 11 : 45 – 48 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) . 2004 . Opinion of the Scientific Panel on Contaminants in the Food Chain on a request from the Commission related to Aflatoxin B1 as undesirable substance in animal feed , Request No. EFSA-Q-2003-035 Italy : EFSA, Parma .
   Google Scholar
• Fink-Gremmels , J . 2005 . “ Mycotoxins in forages ” . In The mycotoxin blue book , Edited by: Diaz , DE . 249 – 268 . Nottingham (UK) : Nottingham University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Galtier , P . 1998 . Biological fate of mycotoxins in animals . Revue de médecine vétérinaire , 149 : 549 – 554 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Galtier , P . 1999 . Biotransformation and fate of mycotoxins . Journal of Toxicology Toxin Review , 18 : 295 – 312 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Garon , D , Richard , E , Sage , L , Bouchart , V , Pottier , D and Lebailly , P . 2006 . Mycoflora and multimycotoxin detection in corn silage: experimental study . Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry , 54 : 3479 – 3484 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hendricks , JD . 1994 . “ Carcinogenicity of aflatoxins in nonmammalian organisms ” . In The toxicology of aflatoxins: human health, veterinary, and agricultural significance , Edited by: Eaton , DL and Groopman , JD . 103 San Diego (CA) : Academic Press .
   Google Scholar
• Hendricks , JD , Wales , JH , Sinnhuber , RO , Nixon , JE , Loveland , PM and Scanlan , RA . 1980 . Rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri) embryos: a sensitive animal model for experimental carcinogenesis . Federation Proceedings , 39 : 3222 – 3229 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Henry , SH , Whitaker , T , Rabbini , I , Bowers , J , Park , D , Price , WD , Bosch , FX , Pennington , J , Verger , P Yoshizawa , T . 2001 . Aflatoxin M1. In: Safety evaluation of certain mycotoxins in food. Prepared by the Fifty-sixth Meeting of the Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives (JECFA) , FAO Food and Nutrition Paper No. 74 Rome, , Italy : Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations .
   Google Scholar
• Hill , NS , Thompson , FN , Stuedemann , JA , Rottinghaus , GW , Ju , HJ , Dawe , DL and Hiatt EE , III . 2001 . Ergot alkaloid transport across ruminant gastric tissues . Journal of Animal Science , 79 : 542 – 549 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hult , K , Teiling , A and Gatenbeck , S . 1976 . Degradation of ochratoxin A by a ruminant . Applied and Environmental Microbiology , 32 : 443 – 444 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hussein , HS and Brasel , JM . 2001 . Toxicity, metabolism, and impact of mycotoxins on humans and animals . Toxicology , 167 : 101 – 134 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ingalls , JR . 1996 . Influence of deoxynivalenol on feed consumption by dairy cows . Animal Feed Science and Technology , 60 : 297 – 300 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jouany , J and Diaz , D . 2005 . “ Effects of mycotoxins in ruminants ” . In The mycotoxin blue book , Edited by: Diaz , DE . 295 – 321 . Nottingham (UK) : Nottingham University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Kennedy , DG , Hewitt , SA , McEvoy , JD , Currie , JW , Cannavan , A , Blanchflower , WJ and Elliot , CT . 1998 . Zeranol is formed from Fusarium spp. toxins in cattle in vivo . Food Additives and Contaminants , 15 : 393 – 400 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kiessling , KH , Pettersson , H , Sandholm , K and Olsen , M . 1984 . Metabolism of aflatoxin, ochratoxin, zearalenone, and three trichothecenes by intact rumen fluid, rumen protozoa, and rumen bacteria . Applied and Environmental Microbiology , 47 : 1070 – 1073 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kuilman , ME , Maas , RF and Fink-Gremmels , J . 2000 . Cytochrome P450-mediated metabolism and cytotoxicity of aflatoxin B(1) in bovine hepatocytes . Toxicology In Vitro , 14 : 321 – 327 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mansfield , MA and Kuldau , GA . 2007 . Microbiological and molecular determination of mycobiota in fresh and ensiled maize silage . Mycologia , 99 : 269 – 278 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Merino , G , Alvarez , AI , Pulido , MM , Molina , AJ , Schinkel , AH and Prieto , JG . 2006 . Breast cancer resistance protein (BCRP/ABCG2) transports fluoroquinolone antibiotics and affects their oral availability, pharmacokinetics, and milk secretion . Drug Metabolism and Disposition , 34 : 690 – 695 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Miller , DM and Wilson , DM . 1994 . “ Veterinary diseases related to aflatoxins ” . In The toxicology of aflatoxins , Edited by: Eaton , DL and Groopman , JD . 347 – 364 . San Diego (CA) : Academic Press .
   Google Scholar
• Morgavi , DP , Boudra , H , Jouany , J-P and Graviou , D . 2003 . Prevention of patulin toxicity on rumen microbial fermentation by SH containing reducing agents . Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry , 51 : 6906 – 6910 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Muller , HM , Muller , K and Steingass , H . 2001 . Effect of feeding regime on the metabolism of ochratoxin A during the in vitro incubation in buffered rumen fluid from cows . Archiv für Tierernährung , 54 : 265 – 279 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Nawaz , S , Scudamore , KA and Rainbird , SC . 1997 . Mycotoxins in ingredients of animal feeding stuffs: I. Determination of Alternaria mycotoxins in oilseed rape meal and sunflower seed meal . Food Additives and Contaminants , 14 : 249 – 262 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nyman , AK , Ekman , T , Emanuelson , U , Gustafsson , AH , Holtenius , K , Waller , KP and Sandgren , CH . 2007 . Risk factors associated with the incidence of veterinary-treated clinical mastitis in Swedish dairy herds with a high milk yield and a low prevalence of subclinical mastitis . Preventive Veterinary Medicine , 78 : 142 – 160 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• O’Brien , M , Nielsen , KF , O’Kiely , P , Forristal , PD , Fuller , HT and Frisvad , JC . 2006 . Mycotoxins and other secondary metabolites produced in vitro by Penicillium paneum Frisvad and Penicillium roqueforti Thom isolated from baled grass silage in Ireland . Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry , 54 : 9268 – 9276 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• O’Brien , M , O’Kiely , P , Forristal , PD and Fuller , HT . 2005 . Fungi isolated from contaminated baled grass silage on farms in the Irish Midlands . FEMS Microbiol Lett , 247 : 131 – 135 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Odrizola , E , Odeon , A , Cabton , G , Clemente , G and Escande , A . 2005 . Diploida maydis: a cause of death of cattle in Argentina . New Zealand Veterinary Journal , 53 : 160 – 161 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Oliviera , CA , Rosmaninho , J and Rosim , R . 2006 . Aflatoxin M1 and cyclopiazonic acid in fluid milk traded in Sao Paulo, Brazil . Food Additives and Contaminants , 23 : 196 – 201 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Osweiler , GD . 2000 . Mycotoxins. Contemporary issues of food animal health and productivity . The Veterinary Clinics of North America. Food Animal Practice , 16 : 511 – 530, vii .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Osweiler , GD , Kehrli , ME , Stabel , JR , Thurston , JR , Ross , PF and Wilson , TM . 1993 . Effects of fumonisin-contaminated corn screenings on growth and health of feeder calves . Journal of Animal Science , 71 : 459 – 466 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pettersson , H . 1998 . “ Complement to the Memo of 97-03-03 on ‘Carry-over of aflatoxin from feedingstuffs to milk’. ” . In Concerning Swedish derogation on aflatoxin , Uppsala (Sweden) : Department of Animal Nutrition and management, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences .
   Google Scholar
• Pettersson , H , Kiessling , KH and Ciszuk , P . 1982 . “ Proceedings of the Vth International IUPAC Symposium Mycotoxins and Phycotoxins. ” . In Degradation of ochratoxin A in rumen , Vienna, , Austria : Austrian Chemical Society .
   Google Scholar
• Pinto , C , Santos , VM , Dinis , J , Peleteiro , MC , Fitzgerald , JM , Hawkes , AD and Smith , BL . 2005 . Pithomycotoxicosis (facial eczema) in ruminants in the Azores, Portugal . The Veterinary Record , 157 : 805 – 810 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Placinta , CM , d’Mello , JPF and MacDonald , EK . 1999 . A review of worldwide contamination of animal feed with fusavium mycotoxins . Animal Feed Science and Technology , 78 : 21 – 37 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Puntenny , SB , Wang , Y and Forsberg , NE . 2003 . “ Paper presented at the Southwest Nutrition & Management Conference ” . In Mycotic infections in livestock: recent insight and studies on aetiology, diagnosis and presentation of hemorrhagic bowel syndrome , 49 – 63 . Phoenix, Az, , USA : University of Arizona, Department of Animal Science . Tuscon (AZ)
   Google Scholar
• Richard , JL , Meerdink , G , Maragos , CM , Tumbleson , M , Bordson , G , Rice , LG and Ross , PF . 1996 . Absence of detectable fumonisins in the milk of cows fed Fusarium proliferatum (Matsushima) Nirenberg culture material . Mycopathologia , 133 : 123 – 126 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sabater-Vilar , M , Maas , RF , De Bosschere , H , Ducatelle , R and Fink-Gremmels , J . 2004 . Patulin produced by Aspergillus clavatus isolated from feed containing malting residues associated with a lethal neurotoxicosis in cattle . Mycopathologia , 158 : 419 – 426 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schneweis , I , Meyer , K , Hormansdorfer , S and Bauer , J . 2001 . Metabolites of Monascus ruber in silages . Journal of Animal Physiolology Animal Nutrition (Berl) , 85 : 38 – 44 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schoenhard , GL , Hendricks , JD , Nixon , JE , Lee , DJ , Wales , JH , Sinnhuber , RO and Pawlowski , NE . 1981 . Aflatoxicol-induced hepatocellular carcinoma in rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri) and the synergistic effects of cyclopropenoid fatty acids . Cancer Research , 41 : 1011 – 1014 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schrickx , J , Lektarau , Y and Fink-Gremmels , J . 2006 . Ochratoxin A secretion by ATP-dependent membrane transporters in Caco-2 cells . Archives Toxicology , 80 : 243 – 249 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Scudamore , KA , Nawaz , S , Hetmanski , MT and Rainbird , SC . 1998b . Mycotoxins in ingredients of animal feeding stuffs: III. Determination of mycotoxins in rice bran . Food Additives and Contaminants , 15 : 185 – 194 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Scudamore , KA , Nawaz , S and Hetmanski , MT . 1998a . Mycotoxins in ingredients of animal feeding stuffs: II. Determination of mycotoxins in maize and maize products . Food Additives and Contaminants , 15 : 30 – 55 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Seeling , K , Boghun , J , Strobel , E , Dänicke , S , Valenta , H , Ueberschar , KH and Rodehutscord , M . 2006 . On the effects of Fusarium toxin contaminated wheat and what chaff on nutrient utilization and turnover of deoxynivalenol and zearlanone in vitro (Rusitec) . Toxicology in Vitro , 20 : 703 – 711 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Seeling , K , Dänicke , S , Ueberschar , KH , Lebzien , P and Flachowsky , G . 2005 . On the effects of Fusarium toxin-contaminated wheat and the feed intake level on the metabolism and carry over of zearalenone in dairy cows . Food Additives and Contaminants , 22 : 847 – 855 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Seeling , K , Dänicke , S , Valenta , H , Van Egmond , HP , Schothorst , RC , Jekel , AA , Lebzien , P , Schollenberger , M , Razzazi-Fazeli , E and Flachowsky , G . 2006a . Effects of Fusarium toxin-contaminated wheat and feed intake level on the biotransformation and carry-over of deoxynivalenol in dairy cows . Food Additives and Contaminants , 23 : 1008 – 1020 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Skaug , MA . 1999 . Analysis of Norwegian milk and infant formulas for ochratoxin A . Food Additives and Contaminants , 16 : 75 – 78 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smith , BL , McLeay , LM and Embling , PP . 1997 . Effect of the mycotoxins penitrem, paxilline and lolitrem B on the electromyographic activity of skeletal and gastrointestinal smooth muscle of sheep . Research in Veterinary Science , 62 : 111 – 116 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Van Egmond , HP , Schothorst , RC and Jonker , MA . 2007 . Regulations relating to mycotoxins in food: perspectives in a global and European context . Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry , 389 : 147 – 157 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Van Egmond , HP . 1989 . “ Aflatoxin M1: occurrence, toxicity, regulation ” . In Mycotoxins in dairy products , Edited by: Van Egmond , HP . London, , UK : Elsevier Applied Science .
   Google Scholar
• Van Herwaarden , AE , Wagenaar , E , Karnekamp , B , Merino , G , Jonker , JW and Schinkel , AH . 2006 . Breast cancer resistance protein (Bcrp1/Abcg2) reduces systemic exposure of the dietary carcinogens aflatoxin B1, IQ and Trp-P-1 but also mediates their secretion into breast milk . Carcinogenesis , 27 : 123 – 130 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Veldman , A , Meijst , JAC , Borggreve , GJ and Heeres-van Tol , JJ . 1992 . Carry-over of aflatoxin from cow's food to milk . Animal Production , 55 : 163 – 168 .
   Google Scholar
• Wang , L , Cross , AL , Allen , KL , Smith , BL and McLeay , LM . 2003 . Tremorgenic mycotoxins increase gastric smooth muscle activity of sheep reticulum and rumen in vitro . Research in Veterinary Science , 74 : 93 – 100 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wu , F . 2006 . Mycotoxin reduction in Bt corn: potential economic, health, and regulatory impacts . Transgenic Research , 15 : 277 – 289 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Xiao , H , Marquardt , RR , Frohlich , AA , Ohilipps , GD and Vitti , TG . 1991 . Effect of a hay and grain diet in the rate of hydrolysis of ochratoxin A in the rumen of sheep . Journal of Animal Science , 69 : 3706 – 3014 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yiannikouris , A and Jouany , J-P . 2002 . Mycotoxins in feeds and their fate in animals: a review . Animal Research , 51 : 81 – 99 .
   Google Scholar