Surveillance programmes for managing risks from naturally occurring toxicants

References

• Aoac . 1990 . Official Methods of Analysis , 15th edition , Arlington, VA : AOAC International .
   Google Scholar
• Baden , D. G. , Sechet , V. M. , Rein , K. S. and Edwards , R. A. 1992 . Methods for detecting brevetoxins in seawater, in biological matrices revealed and on excitable membranes . Bull. Soc. Pathol. Exot. , 85 : 516 – 519 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Bagnis , R. , Barsinas , M. , Prieur , C. , Pompon , A. , Chunque , E. and Legrand , A. M. 1987 . Interest of the mosquito bioassay to determine the risk posed to man by ciguateric fish . Biological Bulletin , 172 : 137 – 143 .
   Google Scholar
• Bignami , G. S. , Raybould , T. J. G. , Sachinvala , N. D. , Grothaus , P. G. , Simpson , S. B. , Lazo , C. B. , Byrnes , J. B. , Moore , R. E. and Vann , D. C. 1992 . Monoclonal antibody‐based enzyme‐linked immunoassays for the measurement of palytoxin in biological samples . Toxicon , 30 : 687 – 700 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Busby , W. F. Jr and Wogan , G. N. 1984 . “ Aflatoxins ” . In Chemical Carcinogens , Edited by: Searle , C. E. 945 – 1136 . Washington, DC : American Chemical Society .
   Google Scholar
• Cast . 1989 . Mycotoxins: Economic and Health Risks , Ames, IA : Council for Agricultural Science and Technology .
   Google Scholar
• Christensen , C. M. , Mirocha , C. J. and Meronuck , R. A. 1977 . “ Mold, mycotoxins, and mycotoxicoses ” . In Agricultural Experiment Station Miscellaneous Report 142 , St Paul, Minnesota : University of Minnesota .
   Google Scholar
• Cole , R. J. 1989 . “ Technology of aflatoxin decontamination ” . In Mycotoxins and Phycotoxins ‘88 , Edited by: Natori , S. , Hashimoto , K. and Ueno , Y. 177 – 184 . Amsterdam : Elsevier Scientific Publishing Co. .
   Google Scholar
• Ellis , J. A. , Bailey , R. H. , Clement , B. A. and Phillips , T. D. 1991 . Chemisorption of aflatoxin M1from milk by hydrated sodium calcium aluminosilicate . Toxicologist , 11 : 96
   Google Scholar
• Fremy , J. M. , Park , D. L. , Mohapatra , S. K. , Sikorski , H. M. and Gleizes , E. 1994 . Application of immunochemical methods for the detection of okadaic acid in mussels . Journal of Natural Toxins , 3 : 95 – 106 .
   Google Scholar
• Hall , A. J. and Wild , C. P. 1994 . “ Epidemiology of aflatoxin‐related disease ” . In The Toxicology of Aflatoxins—Human Health, Veterinary, and Agriculture Significance , Edited by: Eaton , D. L. and Groopman , J. O. 233 – 258 . New York : Academic Press, Inc. .
   Google Scholar
• Hall , S. , Strichartz , G. , Moczydlowski , E. , Ravindran , A. and Reichardt , P. B. 1990 . “ The saxitoxins: sources, chemistry and pharmacology ” . In Marine Toxins—Origin, Structure, and Molecular Pharmacology , ACS Symposium Series No. 418 Edited by: Hall , S. and Strichartz , G. 29 – 65 . Washington, DC : American Chemical Society .
   Google Scholar
• Hokama , Y. , Hong , T. W. P. , Isobe , M. , Ichikawa , Y. and Yasumoto , T. 1992 . Cross reactivity of highly purified okadaic acid (OA), synthetic, spiroketal east sphere of OA and ciguatoxin . Journal of Clinical Laboratory Analysis , 6 : 54 – 58 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Holmes , C. F. B. 1991 . Liquid chromatography‐linked bioassay: a highly sensitive marine bioscreen for okadaic acid and related diarrhetic shellfish toxins . Toxicon , 29 : 469 – 477 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee , J. S. , Yanaga , T. , Kenma , R. and Yasumoto , T. 1987 . Fluorometric determination of diarrhetric shellfish toxins by high performance liquid chromatography . Agricultural Biology and Chemistry , 51 : 877 – 881 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Legrand , A. M. Les toxines de la ciguatera . Proceedings of Symposium on Marine Biotoxins . January 30–31 , Paris, France.
   Google Scholar
• Lewis , R. 1992 . Ciguatoxins are potent ichthyotoxins . Toxicon , 30 : 207 – 211 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Machen , M. D. , Clement , B. A. , Shepherd , E. C. , Sarr , A. B. , Petit , R. E. and Phillips , T. D. 1988 . Sorption of aflatoxins from peanut oil by aluminosilicates . Toxicologist , 8 : 265
   Google Scholar
• Newsome , H. , Truelove , J. , Hierlihy , L. and Collins , P. 1991 . Determination of imazamethabenz in cereal by enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay . Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology , 47 : 329 – 334 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Park , D. L. 1993 . Controlling aflatoxin in food and feed . Food Technology , October : 92 – 97 .
   Google Scholar
• Park , D. L. 1993 . Perspectives on mycotoxin decontamination procedures . Food Additives and Contaminants , 10 : 49 – 60 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Park , D. L. Prediction of aquatic biotoxin potential in fish and shellfish harvesting areas: ciguatera and diarrheic shellfish poisoning . Proceedings of the 3rd International Symposium on Coastal Ocean Space Utilization . March 30‐April 2 1993 , Santa Margherita, Italy.
   Google Scholar
• Park , D. L. 1994 . Evolution of methods for assessing ciguatera in fish . Review of Environmental Contaminants and Toxicology , 136 : 1 – 20 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Park , D. L. 1995 . Detection of ciguatera and diarrheic shellfish toxins in finfish and shellfish using Ciguatect™ kit . Journal of AOAC International , (in press)
   Google Scholar
• Park , D. L. and Goldsmith , C. H. 1993 . Reef management and seafood safety monitoring program for ciguatera . Memoirs of the Queensland Museum , 34 : 587 – 594 .
   Google Scholar
• Park , D. L. and Liang , B. 1993 . Perspectives on aflatoxin control for human food and animal feed . Trends in Food Science and Technology , 4 : 334 – 342 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Park , D. L. and Njapau , H. 1989 . Aflatoxin contamination issues, technology . Journal of the American Oil Chemists’ Society , 66 : 1402 – 1407 .
   Google Scholar
• Park , D. L. and Pohland , A. E. 1986 . “ A rationale for the control of aflatoxin in animal feeds ” . In Mycotoxins and Phycotoxins , Edited by: Steyn , P. and Vleggaar , M. 473 – 482 . New York : Elsevier .
   Google Scholar
• Park , D. L. and Stoloff , L. 1989 . Aflatoxin control—how a regulatory agency managed risk from an unavoidable natural toxicant in food and feed . Regulatory Toxicology and Pharmacology , 9 : 109 – 130 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Park , D. L. , Lee , L. S. , Price , R. L. and Pohland , A. E. 1988 . Review of the decontamination of aflatoxins by ammoniation: current status and regulation . Journal of the Association of Official Analytical Chemists , 71 : 685 – 703 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Park , D. L. , Fremy , J. M. , Marcaillou‐Lebaut , C. , Gamboa , P. M. , Gleizes , E. , Masselin , P. and Goldsmith , C. H. Innovative rapid solid‐phase immunobead assay for the detection of okadaic acid and related DSP toxins in shellfish . Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference on Mollusc Shellfish Depuration . (in press)
   Google Scholar
• Phillips , T. D. , Clement , B. A. , Kubena , L. F. and Harvey , R. B. 1990 . Detection and detoxification of aflatoxins: prevention of aflatoxicosis and aflatoxin residues with hydrated sodium calcium alumino‐silicate . Veterinary and Human Toxicology , 32 : 15 – 19 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Phillips , T. D. , Clement , B. A. and Park , D. L. 1994 . “ Approaches to reduction of aflatoxins in foods and feeds ” . In The Toxicology of Aflatoxins: Human Health, Veterinary, and Agricultural Significance , Edited by: Eaton , D. L. and Groopman , J. D. 383 – 406 . Orlando, FL : Academic Press, Inc. .
   Google Scholar
• Raybould , T. J. G. , Bignami , G. S. , Inouye , L. K. , Simpson , S. B. , Byrnes , J. B. , Grothaus , P. D. and Vann , D. C. 1992 . A monoclonal antibody‐based immunoassay for detecting tetrodotoxin in biological samples . Journal of Clinical Laboratory Analysis , 6 : 65 – 72 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shantha , T. and Sreenivasa , M. 1977 . Photo‐destruction of aflatoxin in groundnut oil . Indian Journal of Technology , 15 : 453
   Google Scholar
• Sheskowsky , W. S. , Quilliam , M. A. and Sikorska , H. M. 1992 . An idiotypic‐anti‐idiotypic competitive immunoassay for quantitation of okadaic acid . Toxicon , 30 : 1441 – 1448 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Shumway , S. E. 1990 . A review of the effects of algal bloom on shellfish and aquaculture . Journal of the World Aquaculture Society , 21 : 65 – 104 .
   Google Scholar
• Stoloff , L. 1982 . “ Analytical methods for aflatoxins—an overview ” . In Environmental Carcinogens—Selected Methods of Analysis , Edited by: Egan , H. , Stoloff , L. , Costegnaro , M. , Scott , P. , O'Neill , I. K. and Bartsch , H. 33 – 62 . Lyon : International Agency for Research on Cancer .
   Google Scholar
• Stoloff , L. , Van Egmond , H. P. and Park , D. L. 1991 . Rationales for the establishment of limits and regulations for mycotoxins . Food Additives and Contaminants , 8 : 213 – 222 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tazio , U. 1987 . Enzyme immunoassay using monoclonal antibody specific for okadaic acid , Ude City, , Japan : Diagnostics Group, Ube Research Lab, Ube Industries Ltd .
   Google Scholar
• Todd , E. C. D. 1993 . Domoic acid and amnesic shellfish poisoning: a review . Journal of Food Protection , 56 : 69 – 83 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Van Egmond , H. P. 1989 . Current situation on regulations for mycotoxins: overview of tolerances and status of standard methods of sampling and analysis . Food Additives and Contaminants , 6 : 139 – 188 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Van Egmond , H. P. , Speijers , G. J. A. and Vanden Top , H. J. 1992 . Current situation on worldwide vegetation for marine phycotoxins . Journal of Natural Toxins , 1 : 67 – 85 .
   Google Scholar
• Van Egmond , H. P. , Aune , T. , Lassus , P. , Speijers , G. J. A. and Waldock , M. 1993 . Paralytic and diarrheic shellfish poisons: occurrence in Europe, toxicity, analysis and regulation . Journal of Natural Toxins , 2 : 41 – 83 .
   Google Scholar
• Present address: Department of Food Science, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803, USA.
   Google Scholar