Production of monodisperse silica gel microspheres for bioencapsulation by extrusion into an oil cross-flow

References

• Akamatsu K, Maruyama K, Chen W, Nakao A. Drastic difference in porous structure of calcium alginate microspheres prepared with fresh or hydrolyzed sodium alginate. Colloid Interface Sci, 2011;363:707–10.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Alnaief M, Antonyuk S, Hentzschel CM, Leopold CS, Heinrich S, Smirnova I. A novel process for coating of silica aerogel microspheres for controlled drug release applications. Microporous Mesoporous Mater, 2012;160:167–73.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bajpai SK, Sharma S. Investigation of swelling/degradation behaviour of alginate beads crosslinked with Ca2+ and Ba2+ ions. React Funct Polym, 2004;59:129–40.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bean K, Black CF, Govan N, Reynolds P, Sambrook MR. Preparation of aqueous core/silica shell microcapsules. Colloid Interface Sci, 2012;366:16–22.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Beganskienė A, Sirutkaitis V, Kurtinaitienė M, Juškėnas R, Kareiva A. FTIR, TEM and NMR investigations of Stöber silica nanoparticles. Mater Sci (Medžiagotyra), 2004;10:287–90.
   Google Scholar
• Bottcher H, Slowik P, Suss W. Sol-gel carrier systems for controlled drug delivery. J Sol-Gel Technol, 1998;13:277–81.
   Google Scholar
• Brinker CJ, Scherer GW. 2013. Sol-gel science: The physics and chemistry of sol–gel processing. Cambridge, USA: Academic press.
   Google Scholar
• Callone E, Campostrini R, Carturan G, Cavazza A, Guzzon R. Immobilization of yeast and bacteria cells in alginate microbeads coated with silica membranes: Procedures, physico-chemical features and bioactivity. J Mater Chem, 2008;18:4839–48.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Charcosset C, Limayem I, Fessi H. The membrane emulsification process – a review. J Chem Technol Biotechnol, 2004;79:209–18.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Choi CH, Jung JH, Rhee YW, Kim DP, Shim SE, Lee CS. Generation of monodisperse alginate microbeads and in situ encapsulation of cell in microfluidic device. Biomed Microdevices, 2007;9:855–62.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Christopher GF, Anna SL. Microfluidic methods for generating continuous droplet streams. J Phys D Appl Phys, 2007;40:R319–36.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Christov NC, Ganchev DN, Vassileva ND, Denkov ND, Danov KD, Kralchevsky PA. Capillary mechanisms in membrane emulsification: Oil-in-water emulsions stabilized by Tween 20 and milk proteins. Colloids Surf a, 2002;209:83–104.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Coiffier A, Coradin T, Roux C, Bouvet OMM, Livage J. Sol–gel encapsulation of bacteria: A comparison between alkoxide and aqueous routes. J Mater Chem, 2001;11:2039–44.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cramer C, Fischer P, Windhab EJ. Drop formation in a co-flowing ambient fluid. Chem Eng Sci, 2004;59:3045–58.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dragosavac MM, Vladisavljevic GT, Holdich RG, Stillwell MT. Novel membrane emulsification method of producing highly uniform silica particles using inexpensive silica sources. Uk Colloids, 2011;139:7–11.
   Google Scholar
• Dragosavac MM, Vladisavljevic GT, Holdich RG, Stillwell MT. Production of porous silica microparticles by membrane emulsification. Langmuir, 2012;28:134–43.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Finnie KS, Bartlett JR, Woolfrey JL. Encapsulation of sulfate-reducing bacteria in a silica host. J Mater Chem, 2000;10:1099–101.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ganan-Calvo AM, Riesco CP. Jetting-dripping transition of a liquid jet in a lower viscosity co-flowing immiscible liquid: The minimum flow rate in flow focusing. J Fluid Mech, 2006;553:75–84.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Guillot P, Colin A, Utada AS, Ajdari A. Stability of a jet in confined pressure-driven biphasic flows at low reynolds numbers. Phys Rev Lett, 2007;99:104502.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gutowska A, Jeong B, Jasionowski M. Injectable gels for tissue engineering. Anat Rec, 2001;263:342–9.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hannoun BJM, Stephanopoulos G. Diffusion-coefficients of glucose and ethanol in cell-free and cell-occupied calcium alginate membranes. Biotechnol Bioeng, 1986;28:829–35.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hartl M, Daemen L, Muhrer G. Water trapped in silica microspheres. Micropor Mesopor Mat, 2012;161:7–13.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hench LL, West JK. The sol-gel process. Chem Rev, 1990;90:33–72.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Idrees M, Eqani SAMAS, Bokhari H. Sol-gel immobilisation of methyl parathion degrading bacteria isolated from agricultural areas of Pakistan. Chem Ecol, 2013;29:733–44.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Iwamoto S, Nakagawa K, Sugiura S, Nakajima M. Preparation of gelatin microbeads with a narrow size distribution using microchannel emulsification. AAPS PharmSciTech, 2002;3:E25.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Jiang Y, Lee C, Wang Q, Deng Y, Fu D. Monodisperse mesoporous silica nanospheres with radially oriented mesochannels and their size effect on cell uptake. Micropor Mesopor Mat, 2013;181:248–53.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jin F, Stebe KJ. The effects of a diffusion controlled surfactant on a viscous drop injected into a viscous medium. Phy Fluids, 2007;19:112103.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Joscelyne SM, Tragardh G. Membrane emulsification – A literature review. J Membr Sci, 2000;169:107–17.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Karmakar R, Tirumkudulu MS, Venkatesh KV. Rheological behavior of a suspension of Escherichia coli with varying motor characteristics. Biophys J, 2014;106:577A.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kim JW, Utada AS, Fernandez-Nieves A, Hu Z, Weitz DA. Fabrication of monodisperse gel shells and functional microgels in microfluidic devices. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl, 2007;46:1819–22.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kobayashi I, Wada Y, Uemura K, Nakajima M. Microchannel emulsification for mass production of uniform fine droplets: Integration of microchannel arrays on a chip. Microfluid Nanofluidics, 2010;8:255–62.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Krasaekoopt W, Bhandari B, Deeth H. Evaluation of encapsulation techniques of probiotics for yoghurt. Int Dairy J, 2003;13:3–13.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Krasucka P, Stefaniak W, Kierys A, Goworek J. One-pot synthesis of two different highly porous silica materials. Micropor Mesopor Mat, 2016;221:14–22.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Livage J, Coradin T, Roux C. Encapsulation of biomolecules in silica gels. J Phy Condens Matter, 2001;13:R673–91.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lloyd DM, Norton IT, Spyropoulos F. Processing effects during rotating membrane emulsification. J Membr Sci, 2014;466:8–17.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mark D, Haeberle S, Zengerle R, Ducree J, Vladisavljevic GT. Manufacture of chitosan microbeads using centrifugally driven flow of gel-forming solutions through a polymeric micronozzle. J Colloid Interface Sci, 2009;336:634–41.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McClements D. 1999. Food emulsions: Principles, practices, and techniques. Boca Raton, USA: CRC Press.
   Google Scholar
• Mutlu BR, Yeom S, Tong HW, Wackett LP, Aksan A. Silicon alkoxide cross-linked silica nanoparticle gels for encapsulation of bacterial biocatalysts. J Mater Chem, 2013;1:11051–60.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nakagawa K, Iwamoto S, Nakajima M, Shono A, Satoh K. Microchannel emulsification using gelatin and surfactant-free coacervate microencapsulation. J Colloid Interface Sci, 2004;278:198–205.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nisisako T, Torii T. Microfluidic large-scale integration on a chip for mass production of monodisperse droplets and particles. Lab Chip, 2008;8:287–93.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nisisako T, Torii T, Higuchi T. Droplet formation in a microchannel network. Lab Chip, 2002;2:24–6.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nunes JK, Tsai SSH, Wan J, Stone HA. Dripping and jetting in microfluidic multiphase flows applied to particle and fibre synthesis. J Phys D Appl Phys, 2013;46:114002.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Park JH, Oh C, Shin SI, Moon SK, Oh SG. Preparation of hollow silica microspheres in W/O emulsions with polymers. J Colloid Interface Sci, 2003;266:107–14.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pathak M. Numerical simulation of membrane emulsification: Effect of flow properties in the transition from dripping to jetting. J Membr Sci, 2011;382:166–76.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Patil P, Chavanke D, Wagh M. A review on ionotropic gelation method: Novel approach for controlled gastrorete. Controlled production of emulsions using a crossflow membrane part I: Droplet formation from a single pore. Chem Eng Res Des, 1998;76:894–901.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pereira MM, Jones JR, Hench LL. Bioactive glass and hybrid scaffolds prepared by sol-gel method for bone tissue engineering. Adv Appl Ceram, 2005;104:35–42.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Perullini M, Amoura M, Roux C, Coradin T, Livage J, Japas ML, Jobbagy M, Bilmes SA. Improving silica matrices for encapsulation of Escherichia coli using osmoprotectors. J Mater Chem, 2011;21:4546–52.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pierre AC. The sol–gel encapsulation of enzymes. Biocatal Biotransformation, 2004;22:145–70.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Poncelet D, Lencki R, Beaulieu C, Halle JP, Neufeld R, Fournier A. Production of alginate beads by emulsification internal gelation. 1. Methodology. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol, 1992;38:39–45.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Poncelet D, Poncelet D, Smet B, Beaulieu C, Neufeld RJ. 1993. Scale-up of gel bead and microcapsule production in cell immobilization. Boca Raton, USA: CRC Press Inc.
   Google Scholar
• Prokopowicz M, Przyjazny A. Synthesis of sol-gel mesoporous silica materials providing a slow release of doxorubicin. J Microencapsul, 2007;24:682–701.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ravichandran R, Sundaramurthi D, Gandhi S, Sethuraman S, Krishnan UM. Bioinspired hybrid mesoporous silica-gelatin sandwich construct for bone tissue engineering. Micropor Mesopor Mat, 2014;187:53–62.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reetz MT. Entrapment of biocatalysts in hydrophobic sol-gel materials for use in organic chemistry. Adv Mater, 1997;9:943–54.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reátegui E. Silica gel-encapsulated AtzA biocatalyst for atrazine biodegradation. Appl microbiol Biotechnol, 2012;96(1):231–40.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rothert A, Richter R, Rehberg I. Formation of a drop: Viscosity dependence of three flow regimes. New J Phys, 2003;5:59.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sacks MD, Sheu RS. Rheological properties of silica sol–gel materials. J Non-Cryst Solids, 1987;92:383–96.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sakka S. 2005. Handbook of sol–gel science and technology, Vol. 1. Sol–gel processing. Berlin, Germany: Springer Science & Business Media.
   Google Scholar
• Shi ZG, Feng YQ. Synthesis and characterization of hierarchically porous silica microspheres with penetrable macropores and tunable mesopores. Micropor Mesopor Mat, 2008;116:701–4.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smidsrød O, Skja G. Alginate as immobilization matrix for cells. Trends Biotechnol, 1990;8:71–8.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Spyropoulos F, Lloyd DM, Hancocks RD, Pawlik AK. Advances in membrane emulsification. Part B: Recent developments inmodelling and scale-up approaches. J Sci Food Agr, 2014;94:628–38.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stillwell MT, Holdich RG, Kosvintsev SR, Gasparini G, Cumming IW. Stirred cell membrane emulsification and factors influencing dispersion drop size and uniformity. Ind Eng Chem Res, 2007;46:965–72.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stone HA. Dynamics of drop deformation and breakup in viscous fluids. Annu Rev Fluid Mech, 1994;26:65–102.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sugiura S, Nakajima M, Iwamoto S, Seki M. Interfacial tension driven monodispersed droplet formation from microfabricated channel array. Langmuir, 2001;17:5562–6.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sugiura S, Nakajima M, Seki M. Prediction of droplet diameter for microchannel emulsification. Langmuir, 2002a;18:3854–9.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sugiura S, Nakajima M, Seki M. Preparation of monodispersed emulsion with large droplets using microchannel emulsification. J Am Oil Chem Soc, 2002b;79:515–19.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sugiura S, Nakajima M, Seki M. Preparation of monodispersed polymeric microspheres over 50 μm employing microchannel emulsification. Ind Eng Chem Res, 2002c;41:4043–7.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Teng Z, Han Y, Li J, Yan F, Yang W. Preparation of hollow mesoporous silica spheres by a sol–gel/emulsion approach. Micropor Mesopor Mat, 2010;127:67–72.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thubsuang U, Ishida H, Wongkasemjit S, Chaisuwan T. Advanced and economical ambient drying method for controlled mesopore polybenzoxazine-based carbon xerogels: Effects of non-ionic and cationic surfactant on porous structure. J Colloid Interface Sci, 2015;459:241–9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Timgren A, Tragardh G, Tragardh C. Effects of cross-flow velocity, capillary pressure and oil viscosity on oil-in-water drop formation from a capillary. Chem Eng Sci, 2009;64:1111–18.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tung CYM, Dynes PJ. Relationship between viscoelastic properties and gelation in thermosetting systems. J Appl Polym Sci, 1982;27:569–74.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Utada AS, Fernandez-Nieves A, Gordillo JM, Weitz DA. Absolute instability of a liquid jet in a coflowing stream. Phys Rev Lett, 2008;100:014502.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vankova N, Tcholakova S, Denkov ND, Ivanov IB, Vulchev VD, Danner T. Emulsification in turbulent flow - 1. Mean and maximum drop diameters in inertial and viscous regimes. J Colloid Interface Sci, 2007;312:363–80.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vladisavljevic GT, Kobayashi I, Nakajima M. Production of uniform droplets using membrane, microchannel and microfluidic emulsification devices. Microfluid Nanofluidics, 2012;13:151–78.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wei Y, Wang Y, Wang L, Hao D, Ma G. Fabrication strategy for amphiphilic microcapsules with narrow size distribution by premix membrane emulsification. Colloids Surf B, 2011;87:399–408.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Whitesides GM. The origins and the future of microfluidics. Nature, 2006;442:368–73.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wichterle O, Lim D. Hydrophilic gels for biological use. Nature, 1960;185:117–18.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Winter HH. Can the gel point of a crosslinking polymer be detected by the G’ – G” crossover? Polym Eng Sci, 1987;27:1698–702.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Xia YN, Whitesides GM. Soft lithography. Ann Rev Mat Sci, 1998;28:153–84.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Xu J, Attinger D. Drop on demand in a microfluidic chip. J Micromech Microeng, 2008;18:065020.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Xu JH, Li SW, Tan J, Wang YJ, Luo GS. Preparation of highly monodisperse droplet in a T-junction microfluidic device. AIChE J, 2006;52:3005–10.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Xu QY, Nakajima M. The generation of highly monodisperse droplets through the breakup of hydrodynamically focused microthread in a microfluidic device. Appl Phys Lett, 2004;85:3726–8.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yuan Q, Aryanti N, Gutierrez G, Williams RA. Enhancing the throughput of membrane emulsification techniques to manufacture functional particles. Ind Eng Chem Res, 2009;48:8872–80.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang H, Tumarkin E, Peerani R, Nie Z, Sullan RMA, Walker GC, Kumacheva E. Microfluidic production of biopolymer microcapsules with controlled morphology. J Am Chem Soc, 2006;128:12205–10.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang XG, Basaran OA. An experimental-study of dynamics of drop formation. Phys Fluids, 1995;7:1184–203.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar