Activated hepatic stellate cells promote progression of post-heat residual hepatocellular carcinoma from autophagic survival to proliferation

References

• Bruix J, Sherman M. American Association for the Study of Liver Diseases. Management of hepatocellular carcinoma: an update. Hepatology. 2011;53:1020–1022.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Llovet JM, Brú C, Bruix J. Prognosis of hepatocellular carcinoma: the BCLC staging classification. Semin Liver Dis. 1999;19:329–338.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Forner A, Llovet JM, Bruix J. Hepatocellular carcinoma. Lancet. 2012;379:1245–1255.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• European Association For The Study Of The Liver. European Organisation for Research and Treatment Of Cancer EASL-EORTC clinical practice guidelines: management of hepatocellular carcinoma. J Hepatol. 2012;56:908–943.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee JM, Park JW, Choi BI. KLCSG-NCC Korea Practice Guidelines for the management of hepatocellular carcinoma: HCC diagnostic algorithm. Dig Dis. 2014;32:764–777.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Obara K, Matsumoto N, Okamoto M, et al. Insufficient radiofrequency ablation therapy may induce further malignant transformation of hepatocellular carcinoma. Hepatol Int. 2008;2:116–123.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Curley SA, Izzo F, Delrio P, et al. Radiofrequency ablation of unresectable primary and metastatic hepatic malignancies: results in 123 patients. Ann Surg. 1999;230:1–8.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Huang J, Yan L, Cheng Z, et al. A randomized trial comparing radiofrequency ablation and surgical resection for HCC conforming to the Milan criteria. Ann Surg. 2010;252:903–912.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Feng K, Yan J, Li X, et al. A randomized controlled trial of radiofrequency ablation and surgical resection in the treatment of small hepatocellular carcinoma. J Hepatol. 2012;57:794–802.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rozenblum N, Zeira E, Bulvik B, et al. Radiofrequency ablation: inflammatory changes in the periablative zone can induce global organ effects, including liver regeneration. Radiology. 2015;276:416–425.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tompson AI, Conroy KP, Henderson NC. Hepatic stellate cells: central modulators of hepatic carcinogenesis. BMC Gastroenterology. 2015;15:63.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Coulouarn C, Corlu A, Glaise D, et al. Hepatocyte-stellate cell cross-talk in the liver engenders a permissive inflammatory microenvironment that drives progression in hepatocellular carcinoma. Cancer Res. 2012;72:2533–2542.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Coulouarn C, Clément B. Stellate cells and the development of liver cancer: therapeutic potential of targeting the stroma. J Hepatol. 2014;60:1306–1309.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kimmelman AC, White E. Autophagy and tumor metabolism. Cell Metab. 2017;25:1037–1043.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kondo Y, Kanzawa T, Sawaya R, et al. The role of autophagy in cancer development and response to therapy. Nat Rev Cancer. 2005;5:726–734.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ding ZB, Hui B, Shi YH, et al. Autophagy activation in hepatocellular carcinoma contributes to the tolerance of oxaliplatin via reactive oxygen species modulation. Clin Cancer Res. 2011;17:6229–6238.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Peng WX, Wan YY, Gong AH, et al. Egr-1 regulates irradiation-induced autophagy through Atg4B to promote radioresistance in hepatocellular carcinoma cells. Oncogenesis. 2017;6:e292.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhao Z, Wu J, Liu X, et al. Insufficient radiofrequency ablation promotes proliferation of residual hepatocellular carcinoma via autophagy. Cancer Lett. 2018;421:73–81.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang R, Yao RR, Li JH, et al. Activated hepatic stellate cells secrete periostin to induce stem cell-like phenotype of residual hepatocellular carcinoma cells after heat treatment. Sci Rep. 2017;7:2164.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang R, Ma M, Dong G, et al. Increased matrix stiffness promotes tumor progression of residual hepatocellular carcinoma after insufficient heat treatment. Cancer Sci. 2017;108:1778–1786.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee DH, Lee JM, Yoon JH, et al. Thermal injury-induced hepatic parenchymal hypoperfusion: risk of hepatocellular carcinoma recurrence after radiofrequency ablation. Radiology. 2017;282:880–891.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang Y, Liu J, Tao Z, et al. Exogenous HGF prevents cardiomyocytes from apoptosis after hypoxia via up-regulating cell autophagy. Cell Physiol Biochem. 2016;38:2401–2413.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lau EY, Lo J, Cheng BY, et al. Cancer-associated fibroblasts regulate tumor-initiating cell plasticity in hepatocellular carcinoma through c-Met/FRA1/HEY1 signaling. Cell Rep. 2016;15:1175–1189.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kanaji N, Yokohira M, Nakano-Narusawa Y, et al. Hepatocyte growth factor produced in lung fibroblasts enhances non-small cell lung cancer cell survival and tumor progression. Respir Res. 2017;18:118.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Comoglio PM, Giordano S, Trusolino L. Drug development of MET inhibitors: targeting oncogene addiction and expedience. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2008;7:504–516.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Arnold L, Enders J, Thomas SM. Activated HGF-c-met axis in head and neck cancer. Cancers (Basel). 2017;9:169.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tsukada Y, Miyazawa K, Kitamura N. High intensity ERK signal mediates hepatocyte growth factor-induced proliferation inhibition of the human hepatocellular carcinoma cell line HepG2. J Biol Chem. 2001;276:40968–40976.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Snoeren N, Huiskens J, Rijken AM, et al. Viable tumor tissue adherent to needle applicators after local ablation: a risk factor for local tumor progression. Ann Surg Oncol. 2011;18:3702–3710.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yoshida S, Kornek M, Ikenaga N, et al. Sublethal heat treatment promotes epithelial-mesenchymal transition and enhances the malignant potential of hepatocellular carcinoma. Hepatology. 2013;58:1667–1680.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thompson SM, Callstrom MR, Butters KA, et al. Role for putative hepatocellular carcinoma stem cell subpopulations in biological response to incomplete thermal ablation: in vitro and in vivo pilot study. Cardiovasc Intervent Radiol. 2014;37:1343–1351.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Koda M, Maeda Y, Matsunaga Y, et al. Hepatocellular carcinoma with sarcomatous change arising after radiofrequency ablation for well-differentiated hepatocellular carcinoma. Hepatol Res. 2003;27:163–167.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gade TPF, Tucker E, Nakazawa MS, et al. Ischemia induces quiescence and autophagy dependence in hepatocellular carcinoma. Radiology. 2017;283:702–710.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Friedman SL. Hepatic stellate cells: protean, multifunctional, and enigmatic cells of the liver. Physiol Rev. 2008;88:125–172.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Amann T, Bataille F, Spruss T, et al. Activated hepatic stellate cells promote tumorigenicity of hepatocellular carcinoma. Cancer Sci. 2009;100:646–653.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Song YJ, Zhang SS, Guo XL, et al. Autophagy contributes to the survival of CD133+ liver cancer stem cells in the hypoxic and nutrient-deprived tumor microenvironment. Cancer Lett. 2013;339:70–81.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yu T, Guo F, Yu Y, et al. Fusobacterium nucleatum promotes chemoresistance to colorectal cancer by modulating autophagy. Cell. 2017;170:548–563.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang X, Deng Q, Feng K, et al. Insufficient radiofrequency ablation promotes hepatocellular carcinoma cell progression via autophagy and the CD133 feedback loop. Oncol Rep. 2018;40:241–251.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Guirouilh J, Castroviejo M, Balabaud C, et al. Desmoulière A, Rosenbaum J. Hepatocarcinoma cells stimulate hepatocyte growth factor secretion in human liver myofibroblasts. Int J Oncol. 2000;17:777–781.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Guirouilh J, Le Bail B, Boussarie L, et al. Expression of hepatocyte growth factor in human hepatocellular carcinoma. J Hepatol. 2001;34:78–83.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Efimova EA, Glanemann M, Liu L, et al. Effects of human hepatocyte growth factor on the proliferation of human hepatocytes and hepatocellular carcinoma cell lines. Eur Surg Res. 2004;36:300–307.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Giordano S, Columbano A. Met as a therapeutic target in HCC: facts and hopes. J Hepatol. 2014;60:442–452.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rhee H, Kim HY, Choi JH, et al. Keratin 19 expression in hepatocellular carcinoma is regulated by fibroblast-derived HGF via a MET-ERK1/2-AP1 and SP1 axis. Cancer Res. 2018;78:1619–1631.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Park EJ, Umh HN, Kim SW, et al. ERK pathway is activated in bare-FeNPs-induced autophagy. Arch Toxicol. 2014;88:323–336.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barrow-McGee R, Kishi N, Joffre C, et al. Beta 1-integrin-c-Met cooperation reveals an inside-in survival signalling on autophagy-related endomembranes. Nat Commun. 2016;7:11942.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar