References
- Russe E, Purschke M, Limpiangkanan W, et al. Significant skin‐tightening by closure of fractional ablative laser holes. Lasers Surg Med. 2018;50:64–69.
- Issler-Fisher AC, Waibel JS, Donelan MB. Laser modulation of hypertrophic scars: technique and practice. Clin Plast Surg. 2017;44:757–766.
- Manstein D, Herron GS, Sink RK, et al. Fractional photothermolysis: a new concept for cutaneous remodeling using microscopic patterns of thermal injury. Lasers Surg Med. 2004;34:426–438.
- Gianfaldoni S, Tchernev G, Wollina U, et al. An overview of laser in dermatology: the past, the present and… the future (?). Open Access Maced J Med Sci. 2017;5:526–530.
- Meningaud JP, SidAhmed‐Mezi M, Billon R, et al. Clinical benefit of using a multifractional Er: YAG laser combined with a spatially modulated ablative (SMA) module for the treatment of striae distensae: a prospective pilot study in 20 patients. Lasers Surg Med. 2019;51:230–238.
- Zachary CB. Modulating the Er: YAG laser. Lasers Surg Med. 2000;26:223–226.
- Haedersdal M, Sakamoto FH, Farinelli WA, et al. Fractional CO2 laser‐assisted drug delivery. Lasers Surg Med. 2010;42:113–122.
- Zorec B, Škrabelj D, Marinček M, et al. The effect of pulse duration, power and energy of fractional Er:YAG laser for transdermal delivery of differently sized FITC dextrans. Int J Pharm. 2017;516:204–213.
- Evers M, Ha L, Casper M, et al. Assessment of skin lesions produced by focused, tunable, mid‐infrared chalcogenide laser radiation. Lasers Surg Med. 2018;50:961–972.
- Haak C, Hannibal J, Paasch U, et al. Laser‐induced thermal coagulation enhances skin uptake of topically applied compounds. Lasers Surg Med. 2017;49:582–591.
- Vogel A, Venugopalan V. Mechanisms of pulsed laser ablation of biological tissues. Chem Rev. 2003;103:577–644.
- Belikov AV, Ermolaeva LA, Korzhevsky DE, et al. Histological examination of the oral mucosa after fractional diode laser irradiation with different power and pulse duration. Saratov Fall Meeting 2017: Optical Technologies in Biophysics and Medicine XIX: International Society for Optics and Photonics; 2018. p. 107160Y.
- Jo HC, Kim DY. Observations of in vivo laser tissue ablation in animal models with different chromophores on the skin and modulating duration per laser exposure. Lasers Med Sci. 2018;1–9. DOI:10.1007/s10103-018-2693-4
- Trevelin LT, Silva BTF, Arana-Chavez VE, et al. Impact of Er: YAG laser pulse duration on ultra-structure of dentin collagen fibrils. Laser Dent Sci. 2018;2:73–79.
- Anderson RR, Parrish JA. Selective photothermolysis: precise microsurgery by selective absorption of pulsed radiation. Science. 1983;220:524–527.
- Broadhurst MS, Akst LM, Burns JA, et al. Effects of 532 nm pulsed-KTP laser parameters on vessel ablation in the avian chorioallantoic membrane: implications for vocal fold mucosa. Laryngoscope. 2007;117:220–225.
- Wang S-P, Chang Y-J, Chi C-C, et al. Comparison of Er: YAG laser, short pulse-duration pulsed dye laser, and long pulse-duration pulsed dye laser in treating sebaceous hyperplasia. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2018;79:AB82.
- Mackanos MA, Simanovskii DM, Schriver KE, et al. Pulse-duration-dependent mid-infrared laser ablation for biological applications. IEEE J Select Topics Quantum Electron Journal of Selected Topics in Quantum Electronics *IEEE J Sel Top Quantum Electron. 2012;18:1514–1522.
- Walsh JT, Jr, Flotte TJ, Deutsch TF. Er: YAG laser ablation of tissue: effect of pulse duration and tissue type on thermal damage. Lasers Surg Med. 1989;9:314–326.
- Ross EV, Domankevitz Y, Skrobal M, et al. Effects of CO2 laser pulse duration in ablation and residual thermal damage: implications for skin resurfacing. Lasers Surg Med. 1996;19:123–129.
- Walsh JT Jr, Flotte TJ, Anderson RR, et al. Pulsed CO2 laser tissue ablation: effect of tissue type and pulse duration on thermal damage. Lasers Surg Med. 1988;8:108–118.
- Dabby F, Paek U-C. High-intensity laser-induced vaporization and explosion of solid material. IEEE J Quantum Electron. 1972;8:106–111.
- Miotello A, Kelly R. Critical assessment of thermal models for laser sputtering at high fluences. Appl Phys Lett. 1995;67:3535–3537.
- McKenzie AL. A three-zone model of soft-tissue damage by a CO2 laser. Phys Med Biol. 1986;31:967–983.
- Partovi F, Izatt J, Cothren R, et al. A model for thermal ablation of biological tissue using laser radiation. Lasers Surg Med. 1987;7:141–154.
- Venugopalan V, Nishioka N, Mikic B. The effect of laser parameters on the zone of thermal injury produced by laser ablation of biological tissue. J Biomech Eng. 1994;116:62–70.
- Elkhalil H, Akkin T, Pearce J, et al. Potassium titanyl phosphate laser tissue ablation: development and experimental validation of a new numerical model. J Biomech Eng. 2012;134:101002–101013.
- Elkhalil H, Alshare A, Shafirstein G, et al. A three-dimensional transient computational study of 532-nm laser thermal ablation in a geometrical model representing prostate tissue. Int J Hyperthermia. 2018;35:1–10.
- Albagli D. Fundamental mechanisms of pulsed laser ablation of biological tissue [Doctoral dissertation]. Massachusetts Institute of Technology; 1994.
- Elkhalil HM. The role and optimization of high power visible KTP laser in BPH treatment: numerical and experimental study in native and engineered tissues [Doctoral dissertation]. University of Minnesota; 2010.
- Jansen ED, van Leeuwen TG, Verdaasdonck RM, et al. Influence of tissue mechanical strength during UV and IR laser ablation in vitro. In Laser-tissue interaction IV. International Society for Optics and Photonics; Vol. 1882. 1993. p. 139–147.
- Cummings JP, Walsh JT. Q-switched laser ablation of tissue: plume dynamics and the effect of tissue mechanical properties. In Laser-tissue interaction III. International Society for Optics and Photonics; Vol. 1646. 1992. p. 242–254.
- Cummings JP, Walsh JT. Tissue tearing caused by pulsed laser-induced ablation pressure. Appl Opt. 1993;32:494–503.
- Walsh JT, Deutsch TF. Pulsed CO/sub 2/laser ablation of tissue: effect of mechanical properties. IEEE Trans Biomed Eng. 1989;36:1195–1201.
- Majaron B, Plestenjak P, Lukač M. Thermo-mechanical laser ablation of soft biological tissue: modeling the micro-explosions. Appl Phys B. 1999;69:71–80.
- Yamada H. Strength of biological materials. Baltimore: Williams & Wilkins; 1970.
- Duck FA. Physical properties of tissues: a comprehensive reference book. Cambridge: Academic Press; 2013.
- Haut R. The effects of orientation and location on the strength of dorsal rat skin in high and low speed tensile failure experiments. J Biomech Eng. 1989;111:136–140.
- Dombi GW, Haut RC, Sullivan WG. Correlation of high-speed tensile strength with collagen content in control and lathyritic rat skin. J Surg Res. 1993;54:21–28.
- Vogel HG. Zur Wirkung von Hormonen auf physikalische und chemische Eigenschaften des Binde-und Stützgewebes [Doctoral dissertation]. Verlag nicht ermittelbar; 1967.
- Vogel H. Influence of age, treatment with corticosteroids and strain rate on mechanical properties of rat skin. Biochim Biophys Acta. 1972;286:79–83.
- Chebotareva GP, Zubov BV, Nikitin AP. Comparative study of CO2 and Er: YAG laser heating of tissue using pulsed photothermal radiometry technique. In Lasers in dentistry. International Society for Optics and Photonics; Vol. 2394. 1995. p. 243–252.
- Shamsundar N, Sparrow E. Analysis of multidimensional conduction phase change via the enthalpy model. J Heat Transfer. 1975;97:333–340.
- Patankar S. Numerical heat transfer and fluid flow. London: CRC Press; 1980.
- Moritz AR, Henriques F Jr. Studies of thermal injury: II. The relative importance of time and surface temperature in the causation of cutaneous burns. Am J Pathol. 1947;23:695.
- Qin Z, Balasubramanian SK, Wolkers WF, et al. Correlated parameter fit of Arrhenius model for thermal denaturation of proteins and cells. Ann Biomed Eng. 2014;42:2392–2404.
- Pearce JA. Comparative analysis of mathematical models of cell death and thermal damage processes. Int J Hyperthermia. 2013;29:262–280.
- Walsh JT Jr, Deutsch TF. Pulsed CO2 laser tissue ablation: measurement of the ablation rate. Lasers Surg Med. 1988;8:264–275.
- Apitz I, Vogel A. Material ejection in nanosecond Er: YAG laser ablation of water, liver, and skin. Appl Phys A. 2005;81:329–338.
- Walsh J, Deutsch T. Measurement of Er: YAG laser ablation plume dynamics. Appl Phys B. 1991;52:217–224.
- Hibst R, Kaufmann R. Effects of laser parameters on pulsed Er-YAG laser skin ablation. Laser Med Sci. 1991;6:391–397.
- Walsh JT Jr, Deutsch TF. Er: YAG laser ablation of tissue: measurement of ablation rates. Lasers Surg Med. 1989;9:327–337.
- Harris DM, Fried D, Reinisch L, et al. Eyelid resurfacing. Lasers Surg Med. 1999;25:107–122.
- Hohenleutner U, Hohenleutner S, Bäumler W, et al. Fast and effective skin ablation with an Er: YAG laser: determination of ablation rates and thermal damage zones. Lasers Surg Med. 1997;20:242–247.
- Apitz I, Vogel A. Material ejection in Q-switched Er: YAG laser ablation of water, liver, and skin. In Laser-Tissue Interaction XIV. International Society for Optics and Photonics; Vol. 4961. 2003. p. 48–60.
- Zweig A, Weber H. Mechanical and thermal parameters in pulsed laser cutting of tissue. IEEE J Quantum Electron. 1987;23:1787–1793.
- Elkhalil H, Alzanina M. ER:YAG laser tissue ablation as a surface vaporization process: a computational modelling study of pulse duration importance. 204th The IIER International Conference. Dubai, UAE: World Research Library; 2018 Dec. p. 69–72.