Strong correlation between specific heat capacity and water content in human tissues suggests preferred heat deposition in malignant tumors upon electromagnetic irradiation

References

• Peeken JC, Vaupel P, Combs SE. Integrating hyperthermia into modern radiation oncology: What evidence is necessary? Front Oncol. 2017;7:132.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Elming PB, Sorensen BS, Oei AL, et al. Hyperthermia: the optimal treatment to overcome radiation resistant hypoxia. Cancers. 2019;11(1):60.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Notter M, Thomsen AR, Nitsche M, et al. Combined wIRA-hyperthermia and hypofractionated re-irradiation in the treatment of locally recurrent breast cancer: evaluation of therapeutic outcome based on a novel size classification. Cancers. 2020;12(3):606.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Datta NR, Kok HP, Crezee H, et al. Integrating loco-regional hyperthermia into the current oncology practice: SWOT and TOWS analyses. Front Oncol. 2020;10:819.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Datta NR, Jain BNM, Mathi Z, et al. Hyperthermia: a potential came-changer in the management of cancers in low-middle-income group countries. Cancers. 2022;14(2):315.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee SY, Fiorentini G, Szasz AM, et al. Quo vadis oncological hyperthermia. Front Oncol. 2020;10:1690.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schildkopf P, Ott OJ, Frey B, et al. Biological rationales and clinical applications of temperature controlled hyperthermia-implications for multimodal cancer treatments. Curr Med Chem. 2010;17(27):3045–3057.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Storm FK, Harrison WH, Elliot RS, et al. Normal tissue and solid tumor effects of hyperthermia in animal models and clinical trials. Cancer Res. 1979;39(6 Pt 2):2245–2251.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Song CW. Effect of local hyperthermia on blood flow and microenvironment: a review. Cancer Res. 1984;44(10):4721s–4730s.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vaupel PW, Kelleher DK. Pathophysiological and vascular characteristics of tumours and their importance for hyperthermia: heterogeneity is the key issue. Int J Hyperthermia. 2010;26(3):211–223.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wust P, Stahl H, Löffel J, et al. Clinical, physiological and anatomical determinants for radiofrequency hyperthermia. Int J Hyperthermia. 1995;11(2):151–167.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vaupel P. Blood flow and oxygenation status of head and neck carcinomas. Adv Exp Med Biol. 1997;428:89–95.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hermans R, Lambin P, van der Goten A, et al. Tumoural perfusion as measured by dynamic computed tomography in head and neck carcinoma. Radiother Oncol. 1999;53(2):105–111.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rich LJ, Winslow TB, Alberico RA, et al. Enhanced tumour perfusion following treatment with water-filtered IR-a radiation to the thorax in a patient with head and neck cancer. Int J Hyperthermia. 2016;32(5):539–542.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vaupel P. Vascularization, blood flow, oxygenation, tissue pH, and bioenergetic status of human breast cancer. Adv Exp Med Biol. 1997;411:243–254.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• van den Berg CAT, van de Kamer JB, de Leeuw AAC, et al. Towards patient specific thermal modelling of the prostate. Phys Med Biol. 2006;51(4):809–825.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vaupel P, Kelleher DK. Blood flow and oxygenation status of prostate cancers. Adv Exp Med Biol. 2013;765:299–305.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vaupel PW, Kelleher DK. Blood flow and associated pathophysiology of uterine cervix cancers: characterisation and relevance for localised hyperthermia. Int J Hyperthermia. 2012;28(6):518–527.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wust P. Thermotherapy in oncology. Boston (MA): Uni-Med Science Publisher; 2016.
   Google Scholar
• Lang J, Erdmann B, Seebass M. Impact of nonlinear heat transfer on temperature control in regional hyperthermia. IEEE Trans Biomed Eng. 1999;46(9):1129–1138.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Christophi C, Winkworth A, Muralihdaran V, et al. The treatment of malignancy by hyperthermia. Surg Oncol. 1998;7(1–2):83–90.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kiricuta IC, Simplăceanu V. Tissue water content and nuclear magnetic resonance in normal and tumor tissues. Cancer Res. 1975;35(5):1164–1167.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Greenstein JP. Biochemistry of cancer. New York (NY): Academic Press; 1947.
   Google Scholar
• Dick JM. Water as a reactant in the differential expression of proteins in cancer. Comput Syst Oncol. 2020;1:e1007.
   Google Scholar
• Gersing G. Monitoring temperature-induced changes in tissue during hyperthermia by impedance methods. Ann NY Acad Sci. 1999;873:13–20.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kelleher DK, Vaupel P. Vascular effects of localized hyperthermia. In: Baronzio GF, Hager ED, editor. Hyperthermia in cancer treatment: a primer. New York (NY): Springer Science; 2006. p. 99–109.
   Google Scholar
• Pennes HH. Analysis of tissue and arterial blood temperatures in the resting human forearm. J Appl Physiol. 1948;1(2):93–122.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Giordano MA, Gutierrez G, Rinaldi C. Fundamental solutions to the bioheat equation and their application to magnetic fluid hyperthermia. Int J Hyperthermia. 2010;26(5):475–484.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wärmekapazitäten. Available from: https://de.wikibooks.org/wiki/Tabellensammlung_Chemie/_spezifischeWärmekapazitäten
   Google Scholar
• Available from: https://www.chemie.de/lexikon/Wasser_%28Stoffdaten%29.html
   Google Scholar
• Brewer PG, Peltzer ET. The molecular basis for the heat capacity and thermal expansion of natural waters. Geophys Res Lett. 2019;46(22):13227–13213.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sun H, Feistel R, Koch M, et al. New equations for density, entropy, heat capacity, and potential temperature of a saline thermal fluid. Deep-Sea Res I. 2008;55(10):1304–1310.
   Google Scholar
• Grunberg L. Properties of sea water concentrates. International symposium on fresh water from the sea (3rd: 1970: Dubrovnik, Yugoslavia). Proceedings of the International Symposium on Fresh Water from the Sea. Athens [s.n.]. Vol. 1. 1970. p. 31–39.
   Google Scholar
• Giering K, Lamprecht I, Minet O. Specific heat capacities of human and animal tissues. Proc SPIE. 1996;2624:188–197.
   Google Scholar
• McIntosh RL, Anderson V. A comprehensive tissue properties database provided for the thermal assessment of a human at rest. Biophys Rev Lett. 2010;05(03):129–151.
   Google Scholar
• Thermal conductivity. In Tissue properties. ITIS Foundation. Database. [cited 2021 Dec 15]. Available from: https://itis.swiss/vitrual-population/tissue properties/database/thermal-conductivity/
   Google Scholar
• Ahuja AS, Prasad KN, Hendee WR, et al. Thermal conductivity and diffusivity of neuroblastoma tumor cells. Med Phys. 1978;5(5):418–421.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Vaupel P. Effect of percentual water content in tissues and liquids on the diffusion coefficients of O2, CO2, N2, and H2. Pflugers Arch. 1976;361(2):201–204.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grote J, Süsskind R, Vaupel P. Oxygen diffusivity in tumor tissue (DS-Carcinosarcoma) under temperature conditions within the range of 20–40 °C. Pflugers Arch. 1977;372(1):37–42.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Krüger W, Gersing E, Vaupel P. Electrical impedance spectroscopy for in vivo detection of structural changes in experimental tumors during local hyperthermia. In: Gersing E, editor. Proceedings of IXth international conference electrical bio-impedance, 225–228. Göttingen, Germany: Goltze-Verlag; 1995.
   Google Scholar
• Gersing E, Kelleher DK, Vaupel P. Tumour tissue monitoring during photodynamic and hyperthermic treatment using bioimpedance spectroscopy. Physiol Meas. 2003;24(2):625–637.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Britannica Online Encyclopedia. Water. Structure of water. Liquid water. 2021. Available from: https://www.britannica.com/print/article/636754
   Google Scholar
• Müller W, Piazena H, Vaupel P. From sun to wIRA. In: Vaupel P, editor. Water-filtered infrared-A (wIRA) irradiation: from research to clinical settings. Cham, Switzerland: Springer Nature; 2022. p. 17–32.
   Google Scholar
• Kaatze U, Behrends R, Pottel R. Hydrogen network fluctuations and dielectric spectrometry of liquids. J Non-Crystalline Solids. 2002;305:9–28.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lenk R. Dielektrische Verluste. In: Lenk R, editor. Brockhaus ABC Physik. Vol. 1. Leipzig, Germany: Brockhaus Verlag; 1989. ISBN 3-325-00191-2.
   Google Scholar
• Schulze R. Strahlenklima der Erde. In: Brügel W, Jäger R, editors. Wissenschaftliche Fortschrittsberichte. Bd 73. Darmstadt, Germany: Dr. Dietrich Steinkopf-Verlag; 1970.
   Google Scholar
• ISO 20473. Optics and photonics – spectral bands. 2007.
   Google Scholar
• Stauffer PR. Evolving technology for thermal therapy of cancer. Int J Hyperthermia. 2005;21(8):731–744.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Trefná HD, Crezee H, Schmidt M, et al. Quality assurance guidelines for superficial hyperthermia clinical trials: I. Clinical requirements. Int J Hyperthermia. 2017;33(4):471–482.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dobsicek Trefná HD, Crezee J, Schmidt M, et al. Quality assurance guidelines for superficial hyperthermia clinical trials: II. Technical requirements for heating devices. Strahlenther Onkol. 2017;193(5):351–366.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hale GM, Querry MR. Optical constants of water in the 200 nm to 200 micron wavelength region. Appl Opt. 1973;12(3):555–563.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Downing HD, Williams D. Optical constants of water in the infrared. J Geophys Res. 1975;80(12):1656–1661.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Palmer KF, Williams D. Optical properties of water in the near infrared. J Opt Soc Am. 1974;64(8):1107–1110.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Water absorption spectrum. [cited 2021 Dec 10]. Available from: http://www1.lsbu.ac.uk./water/water_vibrational_spectrum.html#blue
   Google Scholar
• Chaplin M. 2021. Water absorption spectrum. Water, structure and science. Available from: http://www.acamedia.info/sciences/J_G/envrad/microwaves/index.htm
   Google Scholar
• Warren SG. Optical properties of ice and snow. Philos Trans A Math Phys Eng Sci. 2019;377(2146):20180161.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chaplin MF. A proposal for the structuring of water. Biophys Chem. 2000;83(3):211–221.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Debye P. Polare Molekeln. Leipzig: S. Hirzel-Verlag/polar molecules. New York (NY): The Chemical Catalogue Company; 1929.
   Google Scholar
• Lunkenheimer P, Emmert S, Gulich R, et al. Electromagnetic-radiation absorption of water. Phys Rev E. 2017;96:1–10.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gadani DH, Rana VA, Bhatnagar SP, et al. Effect of salinity on the dielectric properties of water. Indian J Pure Appl Phys. 2012;50:405–410.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pethig R, Kell DB. The passive electrical properties of biological systems: their significance in physiology, biophysics and biotechnology. Phys Med Biol. 1987;32(8):933–970.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ebert H. Physikalisches Taschenbuch, 5. In: Ebert H, editor. Auflage. Braunschweig: Vieweg-Verlag; 1978.
   Google Scholar
• Foster KR, Schepps JL, Schwan HP. Microwave dielectric relaxation in muscle. A second look. Biophys J. 1980;29(2):271–282.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schepps JL, Foster KR. The UHF and microwave dielectric properties of normal and tumour tissues: variation in dielectric properties with tissue water content. Phys Med Biol. 1980;25(6):1149–1159.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kok HP, Crezee J. A comparison of the heating characteristics of capacitive and radiative superficial hyperthermia. Int J Hyperthermia. 2017;33(4):378–386.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• IT’IS Foundation. Tissue properties. [cited 2021 Dec 15]. Available from: https://itis.swiss/virtual-population/tissueproperties/database/heat-capacity/
   Google Scholar
• Hasgall PA, Di Gennaro F, Baumgartner C, et al. IT'IS database for thermal and electromagnetic parameters of biological tissues. Version 4.1, February 22, 2022. DOI:10.13099/VIP21000-04-1. https://itis.swiss/virtual-population/tissue-properties/overview/
   Google Scholar
• Warner RR, Myers MC, Taylor DA. Electron probe analysis of human skin: determination of the water concentration profile. J Invest Dermatol. 1988;90(2):218–224.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chu DZJ, Yamanashi WS, Frazer J, et al. Proton NMR of human breast tumors: correlation with clinical prognostic parameters. J Surg Oncol. 1987;36(1):1–4.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tromberg BJ, Shah N, Lanning R, et al. Non-invasive in vivo characterization of breast tumors using photon migration spectroscopy. Neoplasia. 2000;2(1–2):26–40.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Spinelli L, Torricelli A, Pifferi A, et al. Bulk optical properties and tissue components in the female breast from multiwavelength time-resolved optical mammography. J Biomed Opt. 2004;9:1137–1142.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cerussi A, Shah N, Hsiang D, et al. In vivo absorption, scattering, and physiologic properties of 58 malignant breast tumors determined by broadband diffuse optical spectroscopy. J Biomed Opt. 2006;11(4):044005.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brooksby B, Pogue BW, Jiang S, et al. Imaging breast adipose and fibroglandular tissue molecular signatures by using hybrid MRI-guided near-infrared spectral tomography. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2006;103(23):8828–8833.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chung SH, Cerussi AE, Klifa C, et al. In vivo water state measurements in breast cancer using broadband diffuse optical spectroscopy. Phys Med Biol. 2008;53(23):6713–6727.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boyd N, Martin L, Chavez S, et al. Breast-tissue composition and other risk factors for breast cancer in young women: a cross-sectional study. Lancet Oncol. 2009;10(6):569–580.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang J, Pogue BW, Jiang S, et al. Near-infrared tomography of breast cancer hemoglobin, water, lipid, and scattering using combined frequency domain and CW measurement. Opt Lett. 2010;35(1):82–84.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Quarto G, Spinelli L, Pifferi A, et al. Estimate of tissue composition in malignant and benign breast lesions by time-domain optical mammography. Biomed Opt Express. 2014;5(10):3684–3698.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hennessey S, Huszti E, Gunasekura A, et al. Bilateral symmetry of breast tissue composition by magnetic resonance in young women and adults. Cancer Causes Control. 2014;25(4):491–497.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Martellosio A, Pasian M, Bozzi M, et al. 0.5-50 GHz dielectric characterization of breast cancer tissues. Electron Lett. 2015;51(13):974–975.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Taroni P, Paganoni AM, Ieva F, et al. Non-invasive optical estimate of tissue composition to differentiate malignant from benign breast lesions: a pilot study. Sci Rep. 2017;7:40683.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ohmae E, Yoshizawa N, Yoshimoto K, et al. Comparison of lipid and water contents by time-domain diffuse optical spectroscopy and dual-energy computed tomography in breast cancer patients. Appl Sci. 2019;9(7):1482.
   Google Scholar
• Giering K, Lamprecht I, Minet O, et al. Determination of the specific heat capacity of healthy and tumorous human tissue. Thermochim Acta. 1995;251:199–205.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chanmugam A, Hatwar R, Herman C. Thermal analysis of cancerous breast model. Int Mech Eng Congress Expo. 2012;2012:134–143.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Andersen C. In vivo estimation of water content in cerebral white matter of brain tumour patients and normal individuals: towards a quantitative brain oedema definition. Acta Neurochir (Wien). 1997;139(3):249–256.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Whittall KP, MacKay AL, Graeb DA, et al. In vivo measurement of T2 distributions and water contents in normal human brain. Magn Reson Med. 1997;37(1):34–43.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fatouros PP, Marmarou A. Use of magnetic resonance imaging for in vivo measurements of water content in human brain: method and normal values. J Neurosurg. 1999;90(1):109–115.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tong Z, Yamaki T, Harada K, et al. In vivo quantification of the metabolites in normal brain and brain tumors by proton MR spectroscopy using water as an internal standard. Magn Reson Imaging. 2004;22(5):735–742.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Streitberger KJ, Lilaj L, Schrank F, et al. How tissue fluidity influences brain tumor progression. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2020;117(1):128–134.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sano F, Washio T, Matsumae M. Measurements of specific heat capacities required to build computer simulation models for laser thermotherapy of brain lesions. Tokai J Exp Clin Med. 2019;44(4):80–84.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Tronnier H. Der Hydratationszustand der Haut. J Soc Cosmet Chem. 1981;32:175–192.
   Google Scholar
• Blank IH, Moloney J, Emslie AG, et al. The diffusion of water across the stratum corneum as a function of its water content. J Invest Dermatol. 1984;82(2):188–194.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Woodward RM, Cole BE, Wallace VP, et al. Terahertz pulse imaging in reflection geometry of human skin cancer and skin tissue. Phys Med Biol. 2002;47(21):3853–3863.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nakagawa N, Matsumoto M, Sakai S. In vivo measurement of the water content in the dermis by confocal Raman spectroscopy. Skin Res Technol. 2010;16(2):137–141.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gniadecka M, Nielsen OF, Wulf HC. Water content and structure in malignant and benign skin tumours. J Mol Struct. 2003;661–662(2):405–410.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mehta P, Chand K, Narayanswamy D, et al. Microwave reflectometry as a novel diagnostic tool for detection of skin cancers. IEEE Trans Instrum Meas. 2006;55(4):1309–1316.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Taeb A, Gigoyan S, Safavi‐Naeini S. Millimetre-wave waveguide reflectometers for early detection of skin cancer. IET Microw Antennas Propagat. 2013;7(14):1182–1186.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mohammed BJ, Naqvi SAR, Manoufali M, et al. Changes in epidermal dielectric properties due to skin cancer across the band 1 to 50 GHz. In: Conference Australian Microwave Symposium. Piscataway (NJ): IEEE; 2018.
   Google Scholar
• Provyn S, Clarys JP, Wallace J, et al. Quality control, accuracy, and prediction capacity of dual energy X-ray absorptiometry variables and data acquisition. J Physiol Anthropol. 2008;27(6):317–323.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Popovic ME, Minceva M. Thermodynamic properties of human tissues. Therm Sci. 2020;24(6 Part B):4115–4133.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lentner C. Geigy scientific tables. 8th ed., Vol. 1. Basle, Switzerland: Ciba Geigy; 1981.
   Google Scholar
• Wang M, Yuan F, Wei Y, et al. Hepatocellular carcinoma: in vivo evaluation of water percentage as a prognostic biomarker using magnetic resonance imaging 3D-VIBE multiecho Dixon. Cancer Biother Radiopharm. 2018;33(7):300–306.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ueda J, Kobayashi Y, Kenko Y, et al. Distribution of water, fat, and metals in normal liver and in liver metastases influencing attenuation on computed tomography. Acta Radiol. 1988;29(1):33–39.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Agafonkina IV, Belozerov AG, Vasilyev AO, et al. Thermal properties of human soft tissue and its equivalents in a wide low temperature range. J Eng Phys Thermophy. 2021;94(1):233–246.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bianchi L, Cavarzan F, Ciampitti L, et al. Thermophysical and mechanical properties of biological tissues as a function of temperature: a systematic literature review. Int J Hyperthermia. 2022;39(1):297–340.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ross KFA, Gordon RE. Water in malignant tissue, measured by cell refractometry and nuclear magnetic resonance. J Microsc. 1982;128(Pt 1):7–21.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Penet MF, Kakkad S, Wildes F, et al. Water and collagen content are high in pancreatic cancer: implications for quantitative metabolic imaging. Front Oncol. 2020;10(599204):599204.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Buckley DL, Roberts C, Parker GJM, et al. Prostate cancer: evaluation of vascular characteristics with dynamic contrast-enhanced T1-weighted MR imaging – initial experience. Radiology. 2004;233(3):709–715.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Padhani AR, Gapinski CJ, Macvicar DA, et al. Dynamic contrast enhanced MRI of prostate cancer. Correlation with morphology and tumour stage, histological grade and PSA. Clin Radiol. 2000;55(2):99–109.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ali JH, Wang WB, Zevallos M, et al. Near infrared spectroscopy and imaging to probe differences in water content in normal and cancer human prostate tissues. Technol Cancer Res Treat. 2004;3(5):491–497.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Han D, Choi MH, Lee YJ, et al. Feasibility of novel tree-dimensional magnetic resonance fingerprinting of the prostate gland: Phantom and clinical studies. Korean J Radiol. 2021;22(8):1332–1340.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee CH, Hung LC. Quantitative T2-mapping using MRI for detection of prostate malignancy: a systematic review of the literature. Acta Radiol. 2019;60(9):1181–1189.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Woodard HQ, White DR. The composition of body tissues. Br J Radiol. 1986;59(708):1209–1219.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rauen HM. Biochemisches Taschenbuch (E-Book). Berlin, Heidelberg, Germany: Springer; 2013.
   Google Scholar
• Ghita A, Hubbard T, Matousek P, et al. Noninvasive detection of differential water content inside biological samples using deep Raman spectroscopy. Anal Chem. 2020;92(14):9449–9453.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gullino PM, Grantham FH, Smith SH. The interstitial water space of tumors. Cancer Res. 1965;25:727–731.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vaupel P, Müller-Klieser W. Interstitieller Raum und Mikromilieu in malignen Tumoren. Progr Appl Microcirc. 1983;2:78–90.
   Google Scholar
• Aronen HJ, Pardo FS, Kennedy DN, et al. High microvascular blood volume is associated with high glucose uptake and tumor angiogenesis in human gliomas. Clin Cancer Res. 2000;6(6):2189–2200.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gullino PM. Extracellular compartments of solid tumors. In Becker FF, editor. Cancer. Vol. 3. New York (NY): Plenum Press; 1975. p. 327–354.
   Google Scholar
• Vaupel P. Pathophysiology of solid tumors. In: Molls M, Vaupel P, Nieder C, Anscher MS, editors. The impact of tumor biology on cancer treatment and multidisciplinary strategies. Berlin, Heidelberg, Germany: Springer; 2009. p. 51–92.
   Google Scholar
• Barroso EM, Smits RWH, Bakker Schut TC, et al. Discrimination between oral cancer and healthy tissue based on water content determined by Raman spectroscopy. Anal Chem. 2015;87(4):2419–2426.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wahaia F, Kasalynas I, Minkevicius L, et al. Terahertz spectroscopy and imaging for gastric cancer diagnosis. J Spectr Imaging. 2020;9:a2.
   Google Scholar
• Ganeshan B, Miles K, Afaq A, et al. Texture analysis of fractional water content images acquired during PET/MRI: initial evidence for an association with total lesion glycolysis, survival and gene mutation profile in primary colorectal cancer. Cancers. 2021;13(11):2715.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Buengner M. Untersuchungen über die Zusammensetzung des menschlichen Fettgewebes. Z Ges Exp Med. 1929;67(1):147–165.
   Google Scholar
• Thomas LW. The chemical composition of adipose tissue of man and mice. Q J Exp Physiol Cogn Med Sci. 1962;47:179–188.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Heymsfield SB, Stevens V, Noel R, et al. Biochemical composition of muscle in normal and semistarved human subjects: relevance to anthropometric measurements. Am J Clin Nutr. 1982;36(1):131–142.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Talso PJ, Spafford N, Blaw M. The metabolism of water and electrolytes on congestive heart failure. 1. The electrolyte and water content of normal human skeletal muscle. Translat Res. 1953;41(2):P281–286.
   Google Scholar
• Lozano PF, Scholze M, Babian C, et al. Water-content related alterations in macro and micro scale tendon biomechanics. Sci Rep. 2019;9(1):7887.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shiguetomi-Medina JM, Ramirez JL, Stodkilde-Jorgensen H, et al. Systematized water content calculation in cartilage using T1-mapping MR estimations: design and validation of a mathematical model. J Orthopaed Traumatol. 2016;18:217–220.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Giering K, Minet O, Lamprecht I, et al. Review of thermal properties of biological tissues. SPIE Proc PM. 1995;25:45–65.
   Google Scholar
• Gabriel C, Gabriel S, Corthout E. The dielectric properties of biological tissues: I. Literature survey. Phys Med Biol. 1996;41(11):2231–2249.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mohammadi A, Bianchi L, Asadi S, et al. Measurements of ex vivo liver, brain and pancreas thermal properties as function of temperature. Sensors. 2021;21(12):4236.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Patch SK, Rao N, Kelly H, et al. Specific heat capacity of freshly excised prostate specimens. Physiol Meas. 2011;32(11):N55–N64.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cooper TE, Trezek GJ. Correlation of thermal properties of some human tissue with water content. Aerosp Med. 1971;42(1):24–27.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Duck FA. Physical properties of tissues – a comprehensive reference book. San Diego (CA): Academic Press; 1990.
   Google Scholar
• Takata AN, Zanevald L, Richter W. 1977. Laser-induced thermal damage in skin. USAF School of Aerospace Med., Brooks AFB, TX Rep. SAM-TR-77-38.
   Google Scholar
• Vaupel P, Horsman MR. Tumour perfusion and associated physiology: characterization and significance for hyperthermia. Int J Hyperthermia. 2010;26(3):209–210.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dewhirst MW. 2021. The inextricable and exasperating link between hyperthermia and tumor hypoxia. (Lecture) 13th International Congress of Hyperthermic Oncology, Rotterdam (NL). Book of Abstract.
   Google Scholar