References
- Sharon , Arieh . 1984 . Tel Aviv — Then and Now . Gazit , 33 : 249 – 52 .
- Sharon , Arieh . 1951 . Physical Planning in Israel , Jerusalem : Government Printing Office .
- This is a somewhat abbreviated version of the Hebrew edition which was published at the same time. Also,
- Sharon , Arieh . 1952 . Planning in Israel . The Town Planning Review , 23 : 66 – 82 .
- Bonné , Alfred . 1943 . The Economic Development of the Middle East , London : Kegan Paul .
- Brutzkus , Eliezer . 1964 . Physical Planning in Israel Tel Aviv
- Strong , Ann Louise . Planned Urban Environments; Sweden, Finland, Israel, The Netherlands, France , 127 – 201 . Baltimore : Johns Hopkins University .
- Spiegel , Erika . 1966 . New Towns in Israel , Stuttgart : Karl Krämer .
- Buber , Martin . 1949 . Paths in Utopia , Edited by: Hull , R. London : Routledge and Kegan Paul .
- (First published in German in 1946). Buber's analysis was not unique among Zionist social thinkers. See
- Bonne , Alfred . 1942 . Ideas Concerning Planning after the War in Eretz Yisrael . Bulletin of the Economic Research Institute of the Jewish Agency , 6 : 8
- Paul and Goodman , Percival . 1960 . Communitas , New York : Random House .
- Cohen , Erik . 1970 . The City in Zionist Ideology . Jerusalem Urban Studies , 1
- Schahar , Arie . 1971 . Israel's Development Towns; Evaluation of National Urbanization Policy . Journal of the American Institute of Planners , 37 : 362 – 72 .
- Altman , Elisabeth and Rosenbaum , Betsey . 1973 . Principles of Planning and Zionist Ideology; The Israeli Development Town . Journal of the American Institution of Planners , : 316 – 25 .
- Sharon , A. 1951 . Physical Planning in Israel , 3 – 5 . Jerusalem : Government Printer .
- The theoretical basis for emphasizing moderately‐sized towns on a regional basis derived from an adaptation of the ideas of geographer‐planner Christaller. See
- Christaller , Walter . 1966 . Central Places in Southern Germany , Edited by: Basikin , Carlisle W. Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey : Prentice‐Hall .
- British land‐purchase policy also contributed to the overconcentration of Jews in the coastal cities. See
- Kahana , Ariel . May 1963 . Population Dispersion in Israel; Objectives, Problems, Experiments and Plans , May , Jerusalem : Department for National and Regional Planning, Ministry of the Interior .
- A. Sharon, op. cit. (ref. [6]) p. 10.
- Schachar , A. and Razin , E. 1985 . “ The Development of the Settlement Map in Israel, 1948–52 ” . In The Transformation of Israeli Society , Edited by: Eisenstadt , S.N. 198 – 202 . London : Weidenfeld and Nicholson .
- Cohen , Saul . 1987 . The Geopolitics of Israel's Border Question , 33 – 52 . Jerusalem : Jaffee Center for Strategic Studies . No. 7,
- Ben‐Zadok , Efraim . 1985 . National Planning — The critical neglected link: 100 years of Jewish settlement in Israel . International Journal of Middle Eastern Studies , 17 : 333
- 1972 . Encyclopedia Judaica , Israel : State of Population .
- 1976 . Kibbutz + Bauhaus: Arieh Sharon; the Way of an Architect; An Exhibition Organized by the Bauhaus Archive together with the Academy of Arts, Berlin , 24 – 5 . Stuttgart : Karl Krämer .
- Katz , Jacob . 1978 . Out of the Ghetto; The Social Background of Jewish Emancipation 1770–1870 , New York : Schocken Books .
- Gorni , Yosef . 1984 . Utopian Elements in Zionist Thought . Studies in Zionism , 5 : 19 – 28 .
- Laqueur , Walter . 1976 . A History of Zionism , New York : Schocken .
- Reichman , Shalom and Hasson , Shlomo . 1984 . A Cross‐cultural Diffusion of Colonization; From Posen to Palestine . Annals of the Association of American Geographers , 74 : 57 – 80 .
- Penslar , Derek . 1986 . From Prussia to Palestine: The Influence of German Social and Economic Thought on the Zionist Programs of Arthur Ruppin . Annual Conference of the Association for Jewish Studies . 1986 , Boston.
- Ruppin , Arthur . 1976 . The Agricultural Colonisation of the Zionist Organisation , Edited by: Feiwel , R. J. London : Hyperion Press .
- Ruppin , Arthur . 1936 . Three Decades of Palestine , 1 Jerusalem : Schocken .
- Elazari‐Volcani . 1927 . The Communistic Settlement in the Jewish Colonisation in Palestine , 10 Tel Aviv : Palestine Economic Society .
- Joint Palestine Survey Commission . 1928 . Reports of the Experts 13 Boston
- Sidebotham , Herbert . 1937 . Great Britain and Palestine , London : Macmillan .
- 1972 . Encyclopedia Judaica , Israel : State of; Population, and Israel, State of; Aliyah and Absorption .
- H. Sidebotham, p. 118;
- Reichman , Shalom . 1979 . From Foothold to Settled Territory; Jewish Settlement, 1918–1948 , 80ff Jerusalem : Yad Izhak Ben‐Zvi .
- Levine , Michael . 1984 . The White City , Tel Aviv Museum .
- Horowitz , David . 1947 . “ Economic and Geographic Position ” . In Palestine Year Book 5708 , Edited by: Udin , Sophie . 113 New York : Zionist Oganization of America .
- Sidebotham, pp. 120–8.
- Horowitz , David and Hinden , Rita . 1938 . Economic Survey of Palestine; with Special Reference to the Years 1936 and 1937 , 35 Tel‐Aviv : Economic Research Institute of the Jewish Agency for Palestine .
- Levine , Michael . 1981 . Architects who brought the Bauhaus to Israel . Kav , 2 : 65 – 72 .
- Kibbutz + Bauhaus: Arieh Sharon; the Way of an Architect, see ref [9].
- Beyer , Oskar . 1967 . Eric Mendelsohn; Letters of an Architect , London : Abelard‐Schuman .
- Whittick , Arnold . 1956 . Eric Mendelsohn , London : Leonard Hill .
- Kaufmann , Richard . 1926 . Planning of Jewish Settlements in Palestine . Town Planning Review , 12 : 93 – 116 .
- Hayesod , Keren . 1977 . From Planning to Reality; An Exhibition of Plans and Photographs representing the Work of Richard Kaufmann Jerusalem
- Cherry , Gordon . 1974 . The Evolution of British Town Planning , Intertext .
- Sheail , John . 1985 . Interwar Planning in Britain; the Wider Context . Journal of Urban History , 2 : 335 – 51 .
- The major sources of information on Geddes and his work in Palestine are the Central Zionist Archives in Jerusalem and the Geddes Papers in the National Library of Scotland in Edinburgh.
- 1921 . Times , August 1 and August 21
- Geddes , Patrick . 1925 . The Zionist University . The Sociological Review , 17 : 223 – 4 .
- and Geddes Papers, MS 10574; MS 10573; and The Proposed Hebrew University of Jerusalem; a Preliminary Report 1919 in MS 10613. An interesting illustration of the assumed relationship between physical and social forms can be found in Geddes’ plans for the Hebrew University. He initially planned the Senate Building in 1919 as a hexagon or the six‐pointed Jewish star. The building was to represent the fundamental unity of knowledge while from each of the points a separate faculty building was to have originated. Intensive and often disappointing contacts with university professors and Zionist authorities suggested a different form ten years later: ‘The fact is that Jews can't or won't work together — the proper plan for their university would be one with an infinite number of dispersed cells each with a rostrum on the top. They can't bear getting together.’ Geddes Papers, MS 10573, p. 173.
- Central Zionist Archives, L18/50/5, ZTP/20/44, Z/54/898, Z4/2790.
- See for example Patrick Geddes, Town Planning Report‐ Jaffa and Tel Aviv (1925) in Central Zionist Archives Z/34 v4459; Town Planning Handbook of Palestine, 1930. Jerusalem: Central Town Planning Commission, 1930. An excellent source of materials is found in the section ‘Urban Development’ in the periodical Palestine and Middle East from the late 1930s through the mid‐1940s.
- Central Zionist Archives, Z/1/44, Z/Z/44, Z/23/45 and Z/21/1946;
- Kendall , Henry . 1955 . Town Planning in Uganda; a Brief Description of the Efforts Made by Government to Control Development of Urban Areas from 1915 to 1955 , 19 – 20 . Government Printer: Entebbe .
- Kendall , Henry . 1949 . Village Development in Palestine during the Mandate , London : Crown Agents for the Colonies .
- 1937 . Town Planning Adviser; Annual Report for 1937 , Jerusalem : Government Printing Press .
- Beyer , Oskar . Eric Mendelsohn , 144 – 55 .
- Richard Kaufmann, Planning of Jewish Settlements in Palestine; and Keren Hayesod, From Planning to Reality.
- On the idea of an international culture of planning see:
- Troen , Selwyn . 1986 . The Diffusion of an Urban Social Science; France, England and the United States in the Nineteenth Century . Comparative Social Research , 9 : 247 – 66 .
- Sutcliffe , Anthony . 1981 . Towards the Planned City; Germany, Britain, the United States and France, 1870–1914 , New York : St Martin's .
- Lees , Andrew . 1985 . Cities Perceived; Urban Society in European and American Thought, 1820–1920 , New York : Columbia .
- Another important example of this process of acculturation into British professional societies is that of Yaacov Ben‐Sira, the Municipal Engineer of Tel Aviv from 1929 to 1951 as well as a contributor to Sharon's 1950 Plan. He was initiated into the Town Planning Institute by a follower of Geddes, Patrick Abercrombie who was similarly active in Palestine. Ben‐Sira was also licensed as an engineer and surveyor by the appropriate British societies. See
- Ben‐Sira , Yaacov . 1984 . My Work as the Municipal Engineer of Tel Aviv (1929–1951) . Gazit , 33 : 171 – 4 .
- Among the important British reports that influenced planning in Palestine were the Barlow Report of 1940 (Royal Commission on the Distribution of the Industrial Population) and the Uthwatt Report of 1942 (Report of the Expert Committee on Compensation and Betterment). For local recognition of the British importance to planning see
- Baruth , K. H. 1949 . The Physical Planning of Israel; The Legal and Technical Basis , London : Shindler and Golomb .
- For an overview of the international context of post‐war planning see
- Benévolo , Leonardo . 1977 . History of Modern Architecture , Vol. 2 , Cambridge : M.I.T. Press .
- Biger , Gideon . 1986 . Urban Planning and the Garden Suburbs of Jerusalem, 1918–1925 . Studies in Zionism , 7 : 1 – 7 .
- Biger , Gideon . 1983 . Crown Colony or National Homeland?; British Influence upon Palestine, a Geo‐Historical Analysis , 154ff Jerusalem : Yad Izhak Ben‐Zvi .
- Ben‐Gurion , David . 1943 . The Reconstruction Programme; An Address to the Joint Meeting of the Elected Assembly of Palestine and the Zionist General Council . March 1943 . Central Zionist Archives . 34,
- Lowdermilk , Walter Clay . 1944 . Palestine; Land of Promise , New York : Harper and Brothers .
- Ben‐Gurion , David . 1943 . ‘The Post‐War Development of Palestine’ . Central Zionist Archives , October S/25/1943.
- The most important early urban planner is Eliezer Brutzkus. See
- Brutzkus , Eliezer . 1938 . Aims and Possibilities of National Planning . Habinyan , 3 : 31 – 7 .
- 1944 . The Question of Urban Settlement . Handesa Veadrichalut , 5 : 13 – 4 .
- Bonné , A. 1942 . Twenty Years of Economic Research in Palestine , Jerusalem : Jewish Agency .
- Planning Committee, Box IV (Ben‐Gurion Archives, Sede Boqer). Important examples of international interest are
- Gottmann , Jean . 1935–1958 . Études sur L'État d'Israël et le Moyen Orient , Paris : Armand Colin . 1959
- Nathan , Robert , Gass , Oscar and Creamer , Daniel . 1946 . Palestine: Problems and Promise; An Economic Study New York
- Bonné , A. Twenty Years of Economic Research , 8
- Bonné , A. 1942 . Ideas concerning Planning after the War in Eretz Yisrael . Bulletin of the Economic Research Institute of the Jewish Agency , 6
- Bonné , A. Economic Development of the Middle East , 14 – 22 .
- General Council [Vaad Leumi] of the Jewish Community of Palestine . 1947 . Historical Memoranda submitted to the United Nations Special Committee on Palestine 3 Jerusalem
- Albright , William F. 1974 . The Archaeology of Palestine and the Bible , Cambridge : American Schools of Oriental Research .
- More contemporary Israeli archaeologists find Albright's estimates far too excessive by a factor of two to three. See
- Broshi , Magen . 1980 . ‘The Population of Western Palestine in the Roman‐Byzantine Period’ . Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research , : 1 – 10 .
- Brutzkus . Physical Planning in Israel , 19
- Sharon , Arieh . Archaeology and Planning; Lecture of Arieh Sharon on the Radio on August 8, 1949 , Planning Committee, Box IV (Ben‐Gurion Archives) .
- Planning Committee, Boxes, IV, X, XI, XXXIV (Ben‐Gurion Archives). Chaim Weizmann to Harry S. Truman, Dec. 12, 1945. Weizmann Papers. 22 New Brunswick: Transaction Books, 1979, p. 78.
- Central Zionist Archives, S/53/1778 and
- Kaufmann , Richard . Theses on Physical Planning of Palestine , Planning Committee, Box IV (Ben‐Gurion Archives) .
- Bonné , A. 1948 . The Establishment of a Central Institution for Planning and Development . The Economic Research Institute of the Jewish Agency for Palestine ,
- Planning Committee, Box IV (Ben‐Gurion Archives);
- Gruenbaum , A. L. 1950 . Four Year Development Plan of Israel 1950–1953 , Jerusalem : Prime Minister's Office .
- For a description of the problems encountered by the Planning Department see Arieh Sharon to D. Ben‐Gurion, Aug. 28, 1951, Planning Committee, Box IV and Yaacov Ben‐Sira, The Problem of Physical Planning. Molad 10 (1952/3) 130–139 [Hebrew].
- Darin‐Drabkin , H. 1959 . Public Housing in Israel; Survey and Evaluations of Activities in Israel's First Decade, 1948–1958 Tel‐Aviv. Gadish
- Weinryb , Bernard . 1957 . The Impact of Urbanization in Israel . Middle East Journal , 11 : 23 – 36 .
- Bonné , A . “ The Establishment of a Central Institution for Planning and Development ” . 5
- Pinkus , Benjamin . 1986 . Russian and Soviet Jews; Annals of a National Minority , 73 Jerusalem : Ben‐Gurion University . [Hebrew],
- A. Schachar and E. Razin, ‘The Development of the Settlement Map in Israel, 1948–52.’
- Ilan Troen is Lopin Professor of Modern History at the Ben‐Gurion University of the Negev and Director of the Ben‐Gurion Research Center and Archives.