References
- The accuracy of some points in Strabo's relation is argued by
- Vacalopoulos , A. 1972 . A History of Thessaloniki , Thessaloniki : Institute of Balkan Studies .
- Remnants of the Hellenistic enclosure are still visible today at various points of the existing walls.
- Velenis , G. 1985 . ‘Thessaloniki. A History of Urban Development’ . University Journal , 10 Thessaloniki (in Greek).
- von Schoenebeck , H. 1939 . “ ‘Die Stadtplanung des Romischen Thessalonike’ ” . In Bericht uber den VI Internationalen Kongress fur Archeologie Berlin
- Vickers , M. 1970 . ‘Towards Reconstruction of the Town Planning of Roman Thessaloniki’ . Symposium on Ancient Macedonia . 1970 , Thessaloniki. Institute of Balkan Studies .
- Vacalopoulos (1972) op. cit;
- Lavedan , P. 1966 . Histoire de l'Urbanisme. L'Antiquité , 86 Paris : Henri Laurens .
- Wycherly , R. E. 1962 . How the Greeks built Cities , London : MacMillan .
- A half‐obliterated inscription in brickwork on the eastern wall near the Municipal Hospital commemorates these great works of fortifications: ‘Hormisdas has surrounded this city with unbreachable walls’.
- Tafrali , O. 1913 . Topographie de Thessalonique , Paris : Geuthner .
- Tafrali , O. 1913 . Thessalonique au XlVe siècle , Paris : Geuthner .
- Diehl , Ch. , Le Tourneau , M. and Saladin , H. 1918 . Les monuments chrétiens de Salonique , Paris : Ernest Leroux .
- 33 060 houses were counted according to the bulletin of the City Commissioner (Sehir Emini). Vacalopoulos (1972, p. 81) op. cit.
- ‘When in the ancient times this city was built, all her streets and neighbourhoods were designed as a chessboard, two and three thousand paces long, all paved with stone’ Relation of Evliyia Celebi, Turkish traveller of the 17th century.
- France and England established consulates in 1685 and in 1718.
- Vacalopoulos (1978, p. 104, 105) op. cit.
- Risal , P. 1918 . La ville convoitée , Paris : Perrin et Cie .
- It is interesting to note a few figures concerning the size and population of the city: Thessaloniki's intra‐muros surface has remained approximately 330 hectares, from the 2nd century B.C. until the end of the 19th century! The population figures oscillate from 200000 in the 10th century to 65 000 in the 17th century and 132 000 in 1910. The first official Greek census of 1913 indicates 158 000 inhabitants (40000 Greeks, 61 000 Jews, 46000 Turks, 6000 Bulgarians and 5 000 of others). Still the composition of population changed dramatically the years following the city's integration in Greece. The Bulgarians left almost immediately after; the Turks were obliged to leave in 1923, according to the terms of the Exchange of Populations Treaty, by which 100000 Greek refugees established themselves in Thessaloniki: the Jews stayed and flourished until 1943, when all but 1500 were exterminated in concentration camps. Between 1920 and 1981 the city population changed as follows: 1920: 170000 1961: 380000 1928:250000 1971:557000 1940:276000 1981:850000 1951: 301000
- The ceding of equal rights to members of all religious groups, and the complete reorganization of the legal framework of the old theocratic Empire, had an important effect in the making of cities. For their impact in Thessaloniki, refer to
- Yerolympos , A. 1983 . ‘Ottoman Town Planning in XlXth Century Thessaloniki’ . Symposium on Neoclassical City and Architecture . 1983 . Department of Architecture, University of Thessaloniki .
- Risal (1918), op. cit.
- Braudel , F. 1972 . The Mediterranean and the Mediterranean World in the Age of Philip II , 809 London : Collins .
- Dimitriadis , V. 1983 . Topography of Thessaloniki under the Turkish Occupation 1430–1912 , Thessaloniki : Etaireia Makedonikon Spoudon . (in Greek)
- Nehama , J. 1978 . Histoire des Israélites de Salonique, t. VI, VII , Thessaloniki : Communauté Israélite de Thessalonique .
- For the specific characteristics of Balkan cities refer to
- Todorov , N. 1983 . The Balkan City, 1400–1900 , Seattle and London : University of Washington Press .
- Accounts of the fire in english language are included in the works by:
- Mawson , Th. 1927 . The Life and Work of an English Landscape Architect , London : Richards .
- Palmer , A. 1966 . The Gardeners of Salonika , London : Andre Deutsch .
- Wood , W. T. and Mann , A. J. 1920 . The Salonika Front London
- It must be noted here that during the Ottoman occupation, and especially after the end of the XVIIIth century, the contradiction between productive forces and relations of production had been integrated within ethnic differences. All modernization attempts by the empire were taken by Turkish population as giving away privileges to non‐moslems. In the XlXth century, when national liberation movements grew and resulted in the formation of the new Balkan states (Greece in 1828, Serbia in 1830 and 1886, Bulgaria in 1878), ethnical differences within the remaining parts of the Empire acquired a distinct importance, subordinating the social conflicts, which were mainly interpreted as conflicts among coherent ethnical groups, or between ethnical groups and the Empire
- Todorov , N. 1963 . ‘Sur quelques aspects du passage du féodalisme au capitalisme dans les territoires balkaniques de 1’ Empire Ottoman’ . Revue des Etudes Sud‐Est Europeennes , 1/1–2
- Bucarest. The traditional city patterns had been an additional factor that had not permitted class differentiation.
- Redesigning the urban settlements is a common practice to all new Balkan States. In Bulgaria for instance, P. Tashev notes that the rectangular street system was thought very progressive and successful in eliminating all painful memories of Turkish occupation. Whereas in Greece it was considered as an ancient Greek invention — Hippodamean —, in Bulgaria it was called American!
- Gutkihd , E. A. 1972 . International History of City Development, vol. VIII, Eastern Europe , New York : The Free Press . London: MacMillan,
- In spite of the existence of new national frontiers that divided the traditional hinterland of Thessaloniki, the government realized that the city could claim its metropolitan role only if national barriers could be attenuated by the engagement of multiple relations with the neighbouring states. Thomas Mawson wrote in 1923: ‘In Thessaloniki, we interpreted the ideals of Mr Venizelos, who conceived of a restored city which should be at the same time the port, commercial and manufacturing centre for Macedonia and the regions beyond, and its intellectual and social centre... ‘
- Mawson , Th. 1923 . ‘The Art and Craft of Landscape Architecture and its Relation to Town Planning’ . Journal of the Town Planning Institute , X November, December : 37
- Braudel (1973 p. 763), op. cit.
- Saias , J. 1920 . Salonique en reconstruction , Athènes : Imprimerie de 1’ Opinion .
- Nehama (1978), op. cit.
- Early publications on the replanning the Thessaloniki include:
- Lavedan , P. 1921 . ‘Un problème d’ urbanisme: La reconstruction de Salonique’ . Gazette des Beaux‐Arts , Septembre‐Octobre
- Mawson , Th. 1918 . ‘The New Salonika’ . Balkan News , January 29, 30, 31
- Mawson , J. 1919 . ‘The future of Salonika’ . Balkan News , April 21, 22
- Mawson , J. 1921 . ‘The Salonika Town Planning Act’ . Town Planning Review , December
- Wernekke , F. 1920 . “ ‘Der Wiederaufbau von Saloniki’ ” . In Stadtbaukunst Alter und Neuen Zeit Jahrgang 1/Heft2/ Berlin
- who also refers to an article in Times Engineering Supplement. Also Smets cites ark article in De Telegraaf (4 October 1919), reporting from the International Congress in Brussels, where Hébrard was mentioned as the ‘architect of new Salonika’.
- Smets , M. 1977 . L'Avènement de la cité‐jardin en Belgique. Histoire de l'habitat social en Belgique de 1830 à 1930 , 101 Bruxelles : P. Mardaga .
- According to Hébrard's private correspondence with Henri Prost (28.7.1921).
- Lavedan , P. 1933 . ‘L'oeuvre d'Ernest Hébrard en Grèce’ . Urbanisme , Mai : 159
- ‘We instructed the architects who were appointed in the International Commission, to take into consideration, naturally, the population of the city, but to ignore the existing division of private property’ Speech of Alex. Papanastassiou in the Parliament.
- 1919 . Acts of the Greek Parliament , : 154 155
- Also Thomas Mawson (1927) notes, reporting on his first meeting with Premier Venizelos: ‘Henceforth we could regard the site of Salonika more or less as a sheet of clean paper, and our task was simplified’ op. cit. p. 274.
- Pleyber was very interested in the housing problem of Thessaloniki; he did a lot of lecturing and he published a book in 1934, titled: Le problème de l'habitation à Salonique et à la campagne. Salonique.
- In August 18, 1917, according to the Acts of the Greek Parliament. Also
- Dreyfus , J. and Hébrard , E. 1923 . “ ‘La reconstruction de Salonique’ ” . In l'Architecture Paris 1927
- Mawson (1927), op. cit.
- Wright , G. and Rabinow , P. Janvier 1982 . “ ‘Savoir et pouvoir dans l'urbanisme moderne colonial d'Ernest Hébrard’ ” . In Cahiers de la Recherche Architecturale no 9 Janvier ,
- Yerolympos , A. 1986 . ‘State Intervention in the Organization of National Space 1917–1920. Alex. Papanastassiou in the Ministry of Communications’ . Symposium on Alex. Papanastassiou . 1986 . Athens School of Political Science and Economics, Pandios University .
- Ancel , J. 1930 . La Macédoine. Son évolution contemporaine , Paris : Librairie Delagrave .
- Kitsikis , K. 1919 . The Architectural Aspects of the New Plan of Thessaloniki Athens (in Greek).
- Mawson (1918), Dreyfus, Hébrard (1923, 1927), op. cit.
- It must be admitted here that Hébrard's neo‐byzantine architecture is very similar to neo‐colonial architecture practiced by Prost and Laprade in Morocco.
- Taylor , Br. 1982 . ‘Discontinuité planifiée, villes coloniales modernes au Maroc’ . Cahiers de la Recherche Architecturale no 9 , Janvier
- Great Idea: Major ideological and political slogan of the Greek State since its formation early in the XIXth century; aiming at the revival of the Great Byzantine Empire in all lands around the Aegean Sea under Greek sovereignty, with Constantinople as its capital.
- An extended presentation and critic of the Law's general background and context as well as its intentions and implications can be found in
- Yerolympos , A. The Replanning of Thessaloniki after the Fire of 1917 , Annual of the School of Technology . Ph. D. Thesis,
- t. IX, no 31, University of Thessaloniki, 1985. Summary of the Law and comments are also included in the article by J. Mawson (1921) and in the works of Ancel (1930) and Saias (1920), op. cit.
- John Mawson explained the reason a maximum price should be set as follows (1921 p. 153): ‘This rather curious arrangement was the result of a compromise between certain members of the Commission who wished to throw the whole of the lots on the open market without restriction as to the price, and the writer who was in favour of the Government fixing the definite sale price of each lot with the object of preventing speculation and the creation of fictitious values’.
- Saias (1920), op. cit.
- By 1928 more than 1500 buildings had been erected, i.e. two thirds of the city centre. Meanwhile, there was an impressive flow of capital (e.g. investment in housing, public works and increased employment). Annual Report of the National Bank of Greece, 1930.
- Statistical evidence is included in the Annual Reports of the National Bank of Greece, 1928–193 6.
- Hadjimihalis , C. , Hastaoglou , V. , Kalogirou , N. and Papamichos , N. 1987 . ‘Urbanization, crisis and urban policy in Greece’ . Antipode , 3 (19)
- Tsoulouvis , L. 1985 . Perceptions of Urban Development and Planning Policies in Thessaloniki , London School of Economics . Ph. D. Thesis,