Drinking water lead regulations: impact on the brass value chain

References

• ‘U.S. Safe Drinking Water Act’, Pub. L. 93–523; 88 Stat. 1660; 42 U.S.C. § 300f et seq. 1974–12–16.
   Google Scholar
• ‘Information about public water systems’, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), Washington, DC, December 2015; available at http://www.epa.gov/dwreginfo/information-about-public-water-systems (accessed 6 May 2016).
   Google Scholar
• W. E. Cox: ‘Evolution of the safe drinking water act: a search for effective quality assurance strategies and workable concepts of federalism’, Wm. & Mary Envtl. L. & Pol'y Rev. 69, 1997, 21, (1), 69–173.
   Google Scholar
• ‘How EPA regulates drinking water contaminants’, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), Washington, DC, October 2015; available at http://www.epa.gov/dwregdev/how-epa-regulates-drinking-water-contaminants (accessed 6 May 2016).
   Google Scholar
• ‘Table of regulated drinking water contaminants’, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), Washington, DC, December 2015; available at http://www.epa.gov/your-drinking-water/table-regulated-drinking-water-contaminants (accessed 6 May 2016).
   Google Scholar
• ‘About lead in drinking water’, U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Atlanta, GA, May 2010; available at http://www.cdc.gov/nceh/lead/leadinwater/ (accessed 6 May 2016).
   Google Scholar
• ‘Safe drinking water act amendments of 1986′, Pub. L. 99–359; 100 Stat. 642. 1986-06-19.
   Google Scholar
• ‘Section 1417 of the safe drinking water act: prohibition on use of lead pipes, solder, and flux’, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), Washington, DC, November 2015; available at http://www.epa.gov/dwstandardsregulations/section-1417-safe-drinking-water-act-prohibition-use-lead-pipes-solder-and (accessed 6 May 2016).
   Google Scholar
• M. Tiemann: ‘Safe drinking water act (SDWA): a summary of the act and its major requirements’, Report RL31243, Congressional Research Service, Washington, DC, February 2014.
   Google Scholar
• ‘Interpretation of new drinking water requirements relating to lead free plumbing fittings and fixtures’, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), Washington, DC, Federal Register, August 1997, 62, (163).
   Google Scholar
• ‘Drinking water system components – health effects’, NSF 61–2015.
   Google Scholar
• ‘NSF 61 certified drinking water system companies’, NSF International, Ann Arbor, MI, available at http://info.nsf.org/Certified/Common/Company.asp?Standard=061 (accessed 6 May 2016).
   Google Scholar
• ‘Changes, lead plumbing’, California Assembly Bill (AB) 1953, February 2006.
   Google Scholar
• J. Fried: ‘Acid Wash and Surface Coatings Do Not Make Otherwise Non-Compliant Faucets Comply with A.B. 1953′s Lead-Free Requirements’, East Bay Municipal Utility District, Office of the General Council, Memo to Manager of Maintenance and Construction, 2008, available at http://standards.nsf.org/apps/group_public/download.php/1226/EBMUD%20Legal%20Opinion%20AB%201953.pdf (accessed 6 May 2016).
   Google Scholar
• ‘Drinking water system components’, Annex G, ‘Weighted Average Lead Content Evaluation Procedure to a 0.25 percent Lead Requirement’, NSF/ANSI 61-2008.
   Google Scholar
• ‘ Drinking water system components – Lead Content’, NSF/ANSI 372-2016.
   Google Scholar
• ‘Drinking water: pipes and fittings: lead content’, California Senate Bill (SB) 1334, February 2008.
   Google Scholar
• ‘Lead plumbing: monitoring and compliance testing’, California Senate Bill (SB) 1395, February 2008.
   Google Scholar
• California Health and Safety Code, Section 116875, Part b1, 2008.
   Google Scholar
• ‘An act relating to prevention of lead poisoning by exposure to lead in consumer products’, Vermont Act 193, June 2008.
   Google Scholar
• ‘Business occupations and professions – plumbers – lead-free materials’, Maryland House Bill 372, April 2010.
   Google Scholar
• ‘Provides with respect to certain plumbing used to convey water for human consumption’, Louisiana House Bill HB.471; Act 372, June 2011.
   Google Scholar
• ‘U.S. Reduction of lead in drinking water act’, Pub. L. 111–380; 124 Stat. 4132; 42 U.S.C. § 300g-6, January 4, 2011.
   Google Scholar
• ‘Summary of the reduction of lead in drinking water act and frequently asked questions’, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), Office of Water, Document 815-S-13-003, December 2013.
   Google Scholar
• ‘Survey of ASDWA members on the use of NSF/ANSI standards 60, 61, 223 and 372’, NSF International, Ann Arbor, MI, April 2013; available at http://www.nsf.org/newsroom_pdf/ASDWA_Survey.pdf (accessed 6 May 2016).
   Google Scholar
• ‘Amendments to the uniform plumbing code and the uniform plumbing code standards’, Chap. 16.04, Ord. 3196-10 Part 5 § 1, 2010.
   Google Scholar
• ‘ICC recommends jurisdictions update 2009, 2012 ipc, irc to comply with new federal reduction of lead in drinking water act’, International Code Council (ICC) Press Release, March 13, 2014.
   Google Scholar
• ‘An overview of regulations for lead levels in drinking water system components’, Underwriters Laboratories, Inc., Northbrook, IL, May 2011; available at http://ul.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/10/UL_WP_Draft_Regulations-for-Lead-Levels-in-Drinking-Water-System-Components_v5.pdf (accessed 6 May 2016).
   Google Scholar
• B. D’Amico: ‘Regulations implementing section 1417 of the SDWA: prohibition on use of lead pipes, solder and flux’, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) Public Webinar, April 14, 2015; available at http://www.epa.gov/sites/production/files/2015-08/documents/implsdwasection1417.pdf (accessed 6 May 2016).
   Google Scholar
• ‘Plumbing supply fittings’, ASME A112.18.1-2012/CSA B125.1-12, Canadian Standards Association, 2012.
   Google Scholar
• ‘Plumbing fittings’, B125.3-12, Canadian Standards Association, 2012.
   Google Scholar
• ‘Low-lead frequently asked questions’, Canadian Institute of Plumbing & Heating, November 5, 2015; available at https://secure.ciph.com/opendoc.asp?docID=3889 (accessed 6 May 2016).
   Google Scholar
• ‘Guidelines for Canadian drinking water quality – summary table’, Water and Air Quality Bureau, Healthy Environments and Consumer Safety Branch, Health Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, 2014.
   Google Scholar
• ‘Guidelines for Canadian drinking water quality: guideline technical document – lead’, Health Canada, 2009; available at http://healthycanadians.gc.ca/publications/healthy-living-vie-saine/water-lead-plomb-eau/index-eng.php#a4 (accessed 6 May 2016).
   Google Scholar
• ‘Council directive 98/83/EC of 3 November 1998 on the quality of water intended for human consumption’, Official Journal of the European Communities, L 330, May 12, 1998.
   Google Scholar
• ‘The directive: an overview’, European Commission, February 2016; available at http://ec.europa.eu/environment/water/water-drink/legislation_en.html (accessed 6 May 2016).
   Google Scholar
• ‘Guidelines for drinking-water quality,’ World Health Organization, Third Edition, Volume 1, 2008.
   Google Scholar
• ‘Approval and harmonization – 4MS Initiative’, Umwelt Bundesamt (UBA), March 15, 2016; available at https://www.umweltbundesamt.de/en/topics/water/drinking-water/distributing-drinking-water/approval-harmonization-4ms-initiative (accessed May 2016).
   Google Scholar
• ‘Declaration of Intent between the competent authorities of France, Germany, the Netherlands and the United Kingdom concerning the approval of products in contact with drinking water (drinking water quality)’, The Ministry of Work, Employment and Health of the French Republic, the Federal Ministry of Health of the Federal Republic of Germany, the Ministry of Infrastructure and Environment of the Kingdom of the Netherlands and the Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs of the United Kingdom, 2011; available at https://www.umweltbundesamt.de/sites/default/files/medien/419/dokumente/4ms_declaration_of_intent_signed.pdf (accessed 6 May 2016).
   Google Scholar
• ‘Procedure for the acceptance of metallic materials for PDW’, Part A, ‘Procedure for the acceptance’, 4MS Joint Management Committee, 5th Revision, March 7, 2016.
   Google Scholar
• ‘Procedure for the acceptance of metallic materials for PDW’, Part B, ‘4MS Common Composition List’, 4MS Joint Management Committee, 5th Revision, March 7, 2016.
   Google Scholar
• ‘Influence of metallic materials on water intended for human consumption – dynamic rig test for assessment of metal release’, Part 1, ‘Design and operation’, EN 15664-1:2008.
   Google Scholar
• ‘Influence of metallic materials on water intended for human consumption – Dynamic rig test for assessment of metal release’, Part 2, ‘Test waters’, EN 15664-2:2008.
   Google Scholar
• ‘Corrosion of metals – corrosion of metallic materials under corrosion load by water inside of pipes, tanks and apparatus’, Part 6, ‘Evaluation process and requirements regarding the hygienic suitability in contact with drinking water’, DIN 50930-6:2013.
   Google Scholar
• ‘Water quality standards’, Article 4, Japan Waterworks Act, Act No. 177, June 15, 1957.
   Google Scholar
• ‘Water quality criteria’, Ministerial Ordinance No. 101, Japan Ministry of Health, Labor and Welfare, May 30, 2003.
   Google Scholar
• ‘Standards concerning solutions leaching from water supply installations’, Ministerial Ordinance No. 123, Japan Ministry of Health, Labor and Welfare, September 6, 2012.
   Google Scholar
• ‘Water appliances – leaching performance test method’, JIS S 3200-7:2004.
   Google Scholar
• M. Free: ‘Adjusting to unleaded’, Production Machining Magazine, May 2009; available at http://www.productionmachining.com/articles/adjusting-to-unleaded (accessed 12 May 2016).
   Google Scholar
• ‘Recommended practice for soldering of no-lead copper alloys’, Copper Development Association, Inc., Data Sheet A4108, July 2014; available at http://www.copper.org/publications/pub_list/pdf/A4108-NoLeadSoldering.pdf (accessed 12 May 2016).
   Google Scholar
• K. Kiser: ‘Think tank: lead-free copper alloys’, Scrap Magazine, Institute of Scrap Recycling Industries, July 2015; available at http://www.isri.org/news-publications/scrap-magazine/top-stories/scrap-magazine-think-tank-lead-free-copper-alloys-july-august-2015#.VzS9poQrJD8 (accessed 12 May 2016).
   Google Scholar
• G. Duscher, M. F. Chisholm, U. Alber and M. Rühle: ‘Bismuth-induced embrittlement of copper grain boundaries’, Nature Mater., August 2004, 3, 621–626. doi: 10.1038/nmat1191
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• J. R. Serrano, D. Berger Jr. and B. Bridges: ‘Using quality control to limit bismuth in copper cathodes’, JOM, 1994, 46, (10), 12–14. doi: 10.1007/BF03222599
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• D. Goris: ‘Challenges posed by the recycling of other metals contained in brass and copper alloys’, Proc. Conf. 3rd Copper Recycling Conference, Stockholm, Sweden, June 2014, Metal Bulletin.
   Google Scholar
• ‘Guidelines for nonferrous scrap’, Scrap Specifications Circular, Institute of Scrap Recycling Industries, January 2016.
   Google Scholar
• B. C. Higgins: ‘Implementation of the reduction of lead in drinking water act – view of the plumbing manufacturers’, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), Public Webinar, April 14, 2015; available at http://www.awwa.org/Portals/0/files/legreg/documents/EPA-Lead-Free-Slides-2015-04-14.pdf (accessed 6 May 2016).
   Google Scholar
• ‘How to identify lead-free certification marks for drinking water system & plumbing materials’, Reference Document EPA/600/F-13/153, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), Washington, DC, USA, October 2013.
   Google Scholar
• S. Martin: ‘Safe drinking water act: 2014 requirements for lead in plumbing products’, International Code Council, Public Webinar, October 2013; available at http://www.iccsafe.org/cs/PMG/Documents/10-31-2013_LeadInPlumbingProducts.pdf (accessed 6 May 2016).
   Google Scholar
• N. Charlton: ‘Implementing the reduction of lead in drinking water act: a utility perspective’, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) Public Webinar, April 14, 2015; available at http://www.epa.gov/sites/production/files/2015-08/documents/implsdwasection1417.pdf (accessed 6 May 2016).
   Google Scholar