References
- Niinomi M. Recent metallic materials for biomedical applications. Metall Mater Trans A. 2002;33:477–486. doi:10.1007/s11661-002-0109-2.
- Welsch G, Boyer R, Collings EW. Materials properties handbook: titanium alloys. 2nd ed. ASM International; 1994. p. 1–1176.
- Mohammed MT, Khan ZA, Geetha M, et al. Microstructure, mechanical properties and electrochemical behavior of a novel biomedical titanium alloy subjected to thermo-mechanical processing including aging. J Alloys Compd. 2015;634:272–280. doi:10.1016/j.jallcom.2015.02.095.
- Niinomi M, Nakai M. Titanium-based biomaterials for preventing stress shielding between implant devices and bone. Int J Biomater. 2011;2011:1–10. doi:10.1155/2011/836587.
- Bania PJ. Beta titanium alloys and their role in the titanium industry. JOM. 1994;46:16–19. doi:10.1007/BF03220742.
- Zhou YL, Niinomi M, Akahori T. Effects of Ta content on Young’s modulus and tensile properties of binary Ti–Ta alloys for biomedical applications. Mater Sci Eng A. 2004;371:283–290. doi:10.1016/j.msea.2003.12.011.
- Niinomi M. Recent research and development in titanium alloys for biomedical applications and healthcare goods. Sci Technol Adv Mater. 2003;4:445–454. doi:10.1016/j.stam.2003.09.002.
- Mohammed MT, Khan ZA, Siddiquee AN. Beta titanium alloys: the lowest elastic modulus for biomedical applications: a review. Int J Chem 2014;8:822–827. doi:10.5281/zenodo.1094481.
- Chui P. Near β-type Zr–Nb–Ti biomedical alloys with high strength and low modulus. Vacuum. 2017;143:54–58. doi:10.1016/j.vacuum.2017.05.039.
- Brailovski V, Prokoshkin S, Gauthier M, et al. Bulk and porous metastable beta Ti–Nb–Zr(Ta) alloys for biomedical applications. Mater Sci Eng C. 2011;31:643–657. doi:10.1016/j.msec.2010.12.008.
- Davis NG, Teisen J, Schuh C, et al. Solid-state foaming of titanium by superplastic expansion of argon-filled pores. J Mater Res. 2001;16:1508–1519. doi:10.1557/JMR.2001.0210.
- Wang X, Li Y, Xiong J, et al. Porous TiNbZr alloy scaffolds for biomedical applications. Acta Biomater. 2009;5:3616–3624. doi:10.1016/j.actbio.2009.06.002.
- Wen CE, Yamada Y, Nouri A, et al. Porous titanium with porosity gradients for biomedical applications. Mater Sci Forum. 2007;539–543:720–725. doi:10.4028/www.scientific.net/MSF.539-543.720.
- Khan MA, Williams RL, Williams DF. The corrosion behaviour of Ti–6Al–4 V, Ti–6Al–7Nb and Ti–13Nb–13Zr in protein solutions. Biomaterials. 1999;20:631–637. doi:10.1016/S0142-9612(98)00217-8.
- Hon Y-H, Wang J-Y, Pan Y-N. Composition/phase structure and properties of titanium-niobium alloys. Mater Trans. 2003;44:2384–2390. doi:10.2320/matertrans.44.2384.
- Sakaguchi N, Niinomi M, Akahori T, et al. Effect of Ta content on mechanical properties of Ti–30Nb–XTa–5Zr. Mater Sci Eng C. 2005;25:370–376. doi:10.1016/j.msec.2005.04.003.
- Takahashi M, Kobayashi E, Doi H, et al. Phase stability and mechanical properties of biomedical & beta; type titanium-zirconium based alloys containing niobium. J Jpn Inst Met. 2000;64:1120–1126. doi:10.2320/jinstmet1952.64.11_1120.
- Akahori T, Niinomi M, Fukui H, et al. Improvement in fatigue characteristics of newly developed beta type titanium alloy for biomedical applications by thermo-mechanical treatments. Mater Sci Eng C. 2005;25:248–254. doi:10.1016/j.msec.2004.12.007.
- Gasser B. Design and engineering criteria for titanium devices. 2001; p. 673–701. doi:10.1007/978-3-642-56486-4_20.
- Hao YL, Yang R, Niinomi M, et al. Young’s modulus and mechanical properties of Ti–29Nb–13Ta–4.6Zr in relation to α″ martensite. Metall Mater Trans A. 2002;33:3137–3144. doi:10.1007/s11661-002-0299-7.
- Grosdidier T, Philippe MJ. Deformation induced martensite and superelasticity in a β-metastable titanium alloy. Mater Sci Eng A. 2000;291:218–223. doi:10.1016/S0921-5093(00)00921-7.
- Ahmed T, Rack HJ. Martensitic transformations in Ti–(16–26 at%) Nb alloys. J Mater Sci. 1996;31:4267–4276. doi:10.1007/BF00356449.
- Liu Q, Meng Q, Guo S, et al. Α′ type Ti–Nb–Zr alloys with ultra-low Young’s modulus and high strength. Prog Nat Sci Mater Int. 2013;23:562–565. doi:10.1016/j.pnsc.2013.11.005.
- Li J, Lin X, Guo P, et al. Electrochemical behaviour of laser solid formed Ti–6Al–4 V alloy in a highly concentrated NaCl solution. Corros Sci. 2018;142:161–174. doi:10.1016/j.corsci.2018.07.023.
- Ehtemam-Haghighi S, Cao G, Zhang L-C. Nanoindentation study of mechanical properties of Ti based alloys with Fe and Ta additions. J Alloys Compd. 2017;692:892–897. doi:10.1016/j.jallcom.2016.09.123.
- Yang HW, Wen J, Quan MX, et al. Evaluation of the volume fraction of nanocrystals devitrified in Al-based amorphous alloys. Journal of Non-Crystalline Solids. 2009;355(4-5):235–238. doi:10.1016/j.jnoncrysol.2008.12.001.
- Raj B, Moorthy V, Jayakumar T, et al. Assessment of microstructures and mechanical behaviour of metallic materials through non-destructive characterisation. Int Mater Rev. 2003;48:273–325. doi:10.1179/095066003225010254.
- Banerjee D, Krishnan RV. Challenges in alloy design: titanium for the aerospace industry. Proc Indian Acad Sci Sect C Eng Sci. 1981;4:21–39. doi:10.1007/BF02843473.
- Majumdar P, Singh SB, Chakraborty M. The role of heat treatment on microstructure and mechanical properties of Ti–13Zr–13Nb alloy for biomedical load bearing applications. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater. 2011;4:1132–1144. doi:10.1016/j.jmbbm.2011.03.023.
- Geetha M, Singh A, Muraleedharan K, et al. Effect of thermomechanical processing on microstructure of a Ti–13Nb–13Zr alloy. J Alloys Compd. 2001;329:264–271. doi:10.1016/S0925-8388(01)01604-8.
- Geetha M, Kamachi Mudali U, Gogia A, et al. Influence of microstructure and alloying elements on corrosion behavior of Ti–13Nb–13Zr alloy. Corros Sci. 2004;46:877–892. doi:10.1016/S0010-938X(03)00186-0.
- Tang X, Ahmed T, Rack HJ. Phase transformations in Ti–Nb–Ta and Ti–Nb–Ta–Zr alloys. J Mater Sci. 2000;35:1805–1811. doi:10.1023/A:1004792922155.
- Ohmori Y, Ogo T, Nakai K, et al. Effects of ω-phase precipitation on β→α, α′′ transformations in a metastable β titanium alloy. Mater Sci Eng A. 2001;312:182–188. doi:10.1016/S0921-5093(00)01891-8.
- Hu L, Guo S, Meng Q, et al. Metastable β-type Ti–30Nb–1Mo–4Sn alloy with ultralow young’s modulus and high strength. Metall Mater Trans A. 2014;45:547–550. doi:10.1007/s11661-013-2134-8.
- Ho W, Ju C, Chern Lin J. Structure and properties of cast binary Ti–Mo alloys. Biomaterials. 1999;20:2115–2122. doi:10.1016/S0142-9612(99)00114-3.
- Kim H-S, Kim W-Y, Lim S-H. Microstructure and elastic modulus of Ti–Nb–Si ternary alloys for biomedical applications. Scr Mater. 2006;54:887–891. doi:10.1016/j.scriptamat.2005.11.001.
- Lin C-W, Ju C-P, Chern Lin J-H. A comparison of the fatigue behavior of cast Ti–7.5Mo with c.p. titanium, Ti–6Al–4 V and Ti–13Nb–13Zr alloys. Biomaterials. 2005;26:2899–2907. doi:10.1016/j.biomaterials.2004.09.007.
- Park CH, Park J-W, Yeom J-T, et al. Enhanced mechanical compatibility of submicrocrystalline Ti–13Nb–13Zr alloy. Mater Sci Eng A. 2010;527:4914–4919. doi:10.1016/j.msea.2010.04.057.
- Baptista CAR, Schneider S, Taddei E, et al. Fatigue behavior of arc melted Ti–13Nb–13Zr alloy. Int J Fatigue. 2004;26:967–973. doi:10.1016/j.ijfatigue.2004.01.011.