782
Views
1
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Review

A review on diamond-like carbon-based films for space tribology

, ORCID Icon, , , , , & show all
Pages 1151-1167 | Received 22 Dec 2021, Accepted 01 May 2022, Published online: 25 May 2022

References

  • Grossman E, Gouzman I. Space environment effects on polymers in low earth orbit. Nucl Instruments Methods Phys Res Sect B Beam Interact Mater Atoms. 2003;208(1–4):48–57.
  • Bermudez-Garcia A, Voarino P, Raccurt O. Environments, needs and opportunities for future space photovoltaic power generation: a review. Appl Energy. 2021;290:116757.
  • Marshall C. Lubricant selection manual. Columbus (OH): NASA Marshall Space Flight Center; 1991.
  • Erwin VZ. Liquid lubrication in space. Tribol Int. 1990;23(2):75–93.
  • Kano M, Yoshida K. Ultra low friction of DLC coating with lubricant. J Phys Conf Ser. 2010;258(1):012009.
  • Fontaine J. Towards the use of diamond-like carbon solid lubricant coatings in vacuum and space environments. Proc Inst Mech Eng Part J J Eng Tribol. 2008;222(8):1015–1029.
  • Donnet C, Belin M, Augé JC, et al. Tribochemistry of diamond-like carbon coatings in various environments. Surf Coat Tech. 1994;68–69(C):626–631.
  • Erdemir A, Eryilmaz OL, Nilufer IB, et al. Synthesis of superlow-friction carbon films from highly hydrogenated methane plasmas. Surf Coat Tech. 2000;133–134:448–454.
  • Donnet C. Advanced solid lubricant coatings for high vacuum environments. Surf Coatings Technol. 1996;80(1–2):151–156.
  • Chen X, Li J. Superlubricity of carbon nanostructures. Carbon N Y. 2020;158:1–23.
  • Tokuta Y, Itoh T, Shiozaki T, et al. Low friction mechanism of chlorine-doped amorphous carbon films sliding against an aluminium alloy. Tribol Int. 2017;115:573–579.
  • Matlak J, Komvopoulos K. Friction properties of amorphous carbon ultrathin films deposited by filtered cathodic vacuum arc and radio-frequency sputtering. Thin Solid Films. 2015;579:167–173.
  • Gayathri S, Kumar N, Krishnan R, et al. Influence of transition metal doping on the tribological properties of pulsed laser deposited DLC films. Ceram Int. 2015;41(1):1797–1805.
  • Ji L, Wu Y, Li H, et al. The role of trace Ti concentration on the evolution of microstructure and properties of duplex doped Ti(Ag)/DLC films. Vacuum. 2015;115:23–30.
  • Qiang L, Gao K, Zhang L, et al. Further improving the mechanical and tribological properties of low content Ti-doped DLC film by W incorporating. Appl Surf Sci. 2015;353:522–529.
  • Wu Y, Li H, Ji L, et al. Vacuum tribological properties of a-C:H film in relation to internal stress and applied load. Tribol Int. 2014;71:82–87.
  • Meunier C, Alers P, Marot L, et al. Friction properties of ta-C and a-C:H coatings under high vacuum. Surf Coat Tech. 2005;200(5–6):1976–1981.
  • Cui L, Lu Z, Wang L. Toward low friction in high vacuum for hydrogenated diamond-like carbon by tailoring sliding interface. ACS Appl Mater Inter. 2013;5(13):5889–5893.
  • Liu Y, Wang L, Xiao C. The synergistic mechanism between transfer layer and surface passivation of diamond-like carbon film under different gas pressure environments. Appl Surf Sci. 2022;587:152874.
  • Konca E, Cheng YT, Weiner AM, et al. Effect of test atmosphere on the tribological behaviour of the non-hydrogenated diamond-like carbon coatings against 319 aluminum alloy and tungsten carbide. Surf Coat Tech. 2005;200(5–6):1783–1791.
  • Konca E, Cheng YT, Weiner AM, et al. Vacuum tribological behavior of the non-hydrogenated diamond-like carbon coatings against aluminum: effect of running-in in ambient air. Wear. 2005;259(1–6):795–799.
  • Fontaine J, Belin M, Le Mogne T, et al. How to restore superlow friction of DLC: the healing effect of hydrogen gas. Tribol Int. 2004;37(11–12):869–877.
  • Wang S, Komvopoulos K. A molecular dynamics study of the oxidation mechanism, nanostructure evolution, and friction characteristics of ultrathin amorphous carbon films in vacuum and oxygen atmosphere. Sci Rep. 2021;11(1):3914.
  • Liu X, Gong P, Hu H, et al. Study on the tribological properties of PVD polymer-like carbon films in air/vacuum/N2 and cycling environments. Surf Coat Tech. 2021;406:126677.
  • Erdemir A, Donnet C. Tribology of diamond-like carbon films: recent progress and future prospects. J Phys D Appl Phys. 2006;39(18):R311.
  • Shi J, Xia T, Wang C, et al. Ultra-low friction mechanism of highly sp3-hybridized amorphous carbon controlled by interfacial molecule adsorption. Phys Chem Chem Phys. 2018;20(35):22445–22454.
  • Lugo DC, Silva PC, Ramirez MA, et al. Characterization and tribologic study in high vacuum of hydrogenated DLC films deposited using pulsed DC PECVD system for space applications. Surf Coat Tech. 2017;332:135–141.
  • Kuwahara T, Long Y, Bouchet MIDB, et al. Superlow friction of a-C:H coatings in vacuum: passivation regimes and structural characterization of the sliding interfaces. Coatings. 2021;11(9):1069.
  • Cui L, Zhou H, Zhang K, et al. Bias voltage dependence of superlubricity lifetime of hydrogenated amorphous carbon films in high vacuum. Tribol Int. 2018;117(May 2017):107–111.
  • Yu Q, Chen X, Zhang C, et al. Ion energy-induced nanoclustering structure in a-C:H film for achieving robust superlubricity in vacuum. Friction; 2022.
  • Wang Y, Yamada N, Xu J, et al. Triboemission of hydrocarbon molecules from diamond-like carbon friction interface induces atomic-scale wear. Sci Adv. 2019;5(11):1–10.
  • Rusanov A, Nevshupa R, Fontaine J, et al. Probing the tribochemical degradation of hydrogenated amorphous carbon using mechanically stimulated gas emission spectroscopy. Carbon N Y. 2015;81(1):788–799.
  • Thiry D, De Vreese A, Renaux F, et al. Toward a better understanding of the influence of the hydrocarbon precursor on the mechanical properties of a-C:H coatings synthesized by a hybrid PECVD/PVD method. Plasma Process Polym. 2016;13(3):316–323.
  • Vanhulsel A, Velasco F, Jacobs R, et al. DLC solid lubricant coatings on ball bearings for space applications. Tribol Int. 2007;40(7):1186–1194.
  • Zhang L, Wang F, Qiang L, et al. Recent advances in the mechanical and tribological properties of fluorine-containing DLC films. RSC Adv. 2015;5(13):9635–9649.
  • Bai S, Onodera T, Nagumo R, et al. Friction reduction mechanism of hydrogen- and fluorine-terminated diamond-like carbon films investigated by molecular dynamics and quantum chemical calculation. J Phys Chem C. 2012;116(23):12559–12565.
  • Sen FG, Qi Y, Alpas AT. Surface stability and electronic structure of hydrogen-and fluorine-terminated diamond surfaces: a first principles investigation. J Mater Res. 2009;24(8):2461–2470.
  • Qiang L, Cao Z, Shi J, et al. The effect of interface electrostatic interaction based on acid-base theory on friction behavior. Surf Interface Anal. 2017;49(8):691–697.
  • Fontaine J, Loubet JL, Le Mogne T, et al. Superlow friction of diamond-like carbon films: a relation to viscoplastic properties. Tribol Lett. 2004;17(4):709–714.
  • Moolsradoo N, Watanabe S. Modification of tribological performance of DLC films by means of some elements addition. Diam Relat Mater. 2010;19(5–6):525–529.
  • Sen FG, Meng-Burany X, Lukitsch MJ, et al. Low friction and environmentally stable diamond-like carbon (DLC) coatings incorporating silicon, oxygen and fluorine sliding against aluminum. Surf Coat Tech. 2013;215:340–349.
  • Wang F, Wang L, Xue Q. Fluorine and sulfur co-doped amorphous carbon films to achieve ultra-low friction under high vacuum. Carbon N Y. 2016;96:411–420.
  • Zhang R, Zhao J, Yang Y, et al. Understanding the friction behavior of sulfur-terminated diamond-like carbon films under high vacuum by first-principles calculations. Curr Appl Phys. 2018;18(3):317–323.
  • Zhang R, Pu J, Yang Y, et al. Probing the frictional properties of sulfur-doped diamond-like carbon films under high vacuum by first-principles calculations. Appl Surf Sci. 2019;481:1483–1489.
  • Shi P, Sun J, Liu Y, et al. Running-in behavior of a H-DLC/Al2O3 pair at the nanoscale. Friction. 2021;9(6):1464–1473.
  • Schall JD, Gao G, Harrison JA. Effects of adhesion and transfer film formation on the tribology of self-mated DLC contacts. J Phys Chem C. 2010;114(12):5321–5330.
  • Liu Y, Erdemir A, Meletis EI. An investigation of the relationship between graphitization and frictional behavior of DLC coatings. Surf Coat Tech. 1996;86–87(2):564–568.
  • Liu Y, Chen L, Zhang B, et al. Key role of transfer layer in load dependence of friction on hydrogenated diamond-like carbon films in humid air and vacuum. Materials (Basel). 2019;12(9):1–12.
  • Cui L, Lu Z, Wang L. Probing the low-friction mechanism of diamond-like carbon by varying of sliding velocity and vacuum pressure. Carbon N Y. 2014;66:259–266.
  • Shi J, Wang Y, Gong Z, et al. Nanocrystalline graphite formed at fullerene-like carbon film frictional interface. Adv Mater Inter. 2017;4(8):1–6.
  • Pei L, Chen W, Ju P, et al. Regulating vacuum tribological behavior of a-C:H film by interfacial activity. J Phys Chem Lett. 2021;12(42):10333–10338.
  • Song H, Ji L, Li H, et al. Perspectives of friction mechanism of a-C:H film in vacuum concerning the onion-like carbon transformation at the sliding interface. RSC Adv. 2015;5(12):8904–8911.
  • Liu Y, Jiang Y, Sun J, et al. Durable superlubricity of hydrogenated diamond-like carbon film against different friction pairs depending on their interfacial interaction. Appl Surf Sci. 2021;560:150023.
  • Liu Y, Yu B, Cao Z, et al. Probing superlubricity stability of hydrogenated diamond-like carbon film by varying sliding velocity. Appl Surf Sci. 2018;439:976–982.
  • Koshigan KD, Mangolini F, Mcclimon JB, et al. Understanding the hydrogen and oxygen gas pressure dependence of the tribological properties of silicon oxide-doped hydrogenated amorphous carbon coatings. Carbon N Y. 2015;93:851–860.
  • Liu X, Yang J, Hao J, et al. A near-frictionless and extremely elastic hydrogenated amorphous carbon film with self-assembled dual nanostructure. Adv Mater. 2012;24(34):4614–4617.
  • Shi J, Wang W, Yang J, et al. Effect of rotational speed on the interfacial nano-structural evolution and friction behavior of hydrogenated fullerene-like carbon (FLC) films in vacuum. Tribol Int. 2021;154:106746.
  • Wu Y, Li H, Ji L, et al. A long-lifetime MoS2/a-C:H nanoscale multilayer film with extremely low internal stress. Surf Coat Tech. 2013;236:438–443.
  • Wu Y, Chen J, Li H, et al. Preparation and properties of Ag/DLC nanocomposite films fabricated by unbalanced magnetron sputtering. Appl Surf Sci. 2013;284:165–170.
  • Song H, Chen G, Chen J, et al. Improving the wear life of a-c:H film in high vacuum by self-assembled reduced graphene oxide layers. Nanomaterials. 2019;9(12):1733.
  • Song H, Ji L, Li H, et al. External-Field-Induced growth effect of an a-C:H film for manipulating Its medium-range nanostructures and properties. ACS Appl Mater Inter. 2016;8(10):6639–6645.
  • Li Z, Ma G, Xing Z, et al. The effects of Cr and B doping on the mechanical properties and tribological behavior of multi-layered hydrogenated diamond-like carbon films. Surf Coat Tech. 2022;431:127977.
  • Wang Y, Wang J, Zhang G, et al. Microstructure and tribology of TiC(Ag)/a-C:H nanocomposite coatings deposited by unbalanced magnetron sputtering. Surf Coat Tech. 2012;206(14):3299–3308.
  • Liu X, Hao J, Xie Y. Silicon and aluminum doping effects on the microstructure and properties of polymeric amorphous carbon films. Appl Surf Sci. 2016;379:358–366.
  • Song H, Ji L, Li H, et al. Improving the tribological performance of a-C:H film in a high vacuum by surface texture. J Phys D Appl Phys. 2014;47(23.
  • Song H, Chen J, Liu Z, et al. Fullerene-like nanostructure induced excellent friction behavior in high vacuum environment for hydrogenated carbon film. Vacuum. 2017;143:36–39.
  • Yang Fe, Yang Sy, Chang Xx, et al. Microstructure and properties of DLC/CNx films with different CNx sublayer thicknesses. Surf Coat Tech. 2019;374(May):418–423.
  • Zhang W, Tanaka A, Xu BS, et al. Study on the diamond-like carbon multilayer films for tribological application. Diam Relat Mater. 2005;14(8):1361–1367.
  • Kumar MA, Fujii M, Fukuda T. Tribological characteristics of DLC coatings in vacuum under sliding contact. J Surf Eng Mater Adv Technol. 2012;02(01):22–27.
  • Fujii M, Ananth Kumar M, Yoshida A. Influence of DLC coating thickness on tribological characteristics under sliding rolling contact condition. Tribol Int. 2011;44(11):1289–1295.
  • Voevodin AA, Zabinski JS. Nanocomposite and nanostructured tribological materials for space applications. Compos Sci Technol. 2005;65:741–748.
  • Liu X, Wang L, Xue Q. DLC-based solid-liquid synergetic lubricating coatings for improving tribological behavior of boundary lubricated surfaces under high vacuum condition. Wear. 2011;271(5–6):889–898.
  • Li W, Fan X, Li H, et al. Probing carbon-based composite coatings toward high vacuum lubrication application. Tribol Int. 2018;128:386–396.
  • Rosenkranz A, Liu Y, Yang L, et al. 2D nano-materials beyond graphene: from synthesis to tribological studies. Appl Nanosci. 2020;10:3353–3388.
  • Gao X, Zhang J, Ju P, et al. Shear-Induced interfacial structural conversion of graphene oxide to graphene at macroscale. Adv Funct Mater. 2020;30(46):1–8.
  • Song H, Chen J, Jiang N, et al. Low friction and wear properties of carbon nanomaterials in high vacuum environment. Tribol Int. 2020;143:106058.
  • Jiadong S, Guozheng M, Cuihong H, et al. The tribological performance in vacuum of DLC coating treated with graphene spraying top layer. Diam Relat Mater. 2022;125:108998.
  • Li J, Peng Y, Tang X, et al. Lubrication performance of hydrogenated graphene on diamond-like carbon films based on molecular dynamics simulation. Tribol Lett. 2021;69(1):1–13.
  • Liu X, Wang L, Xue Q. A novel carbon-based solid-liquid duplex lubricating coating with super-high tribological performance for space applications. Surf Coat Tech. 2011;205(8–9):2738–2746.
  • Liu X, Wang L, Lu Z, et al. Vacuum tribological performance of DLC-based solid-liquid lubricating coatings: influence of sliding mating materials. Wear. 2012;292–293:124–134.
  • Li X, Zhang D, Xu X, et al. Tailoring the nanostructure of graphene as an Oil-based additive: toward synergistic lubrication with an amorphous carbon film. ACS Appl Mater Inter. 2020;12(38):43320–43330.
  • Li X, Xu X, Qi J, et al. Insights into superlow friction and instability of hydrogenated amorphous carbon/fluid nanocomposite interface. ACS Appl Mater Inter. 2021;13(29):35173–35186.
  • Zhang L, Pu J, Wang L, et al. Frictional dependence of graphene and carbon nanotube in diamond-like carbon/ionic liquids hybrid films in vacuum. Carbon N Y. 2014;80(1):734–745.
  • Zhang R, Shen M, He Z. The unusual tribological behavior of diamond-like carbon films under high vacuum. Surf Interface Anal. 2020;52(6):339–347.
  • Wang L, Zhang R, Jansson U, et al. A near-wearless and extremely long lifetime amorphous carbon film under high vacuum. Sci Rep. 2015;5:1–13.
  • Miria MF, Kim KdG. A researcher’s guide to: international space station. The NASA ISS Research Integration Office; 2015.
  • Tagawa M, Yokota K, Matsumoto K, et al. Space environmental effects on MoS2 and diamond-like carbon lubricating films: atomic oxygen-induced erosion and its effect on tribological properties. Surf Coat Tech. 2007;202(4–7):1003–1010.
  • Tagawa T, Okamoto K, Hanado H, et al. Suppression of surface clutter interference with TRMM precipitation radar observation. Int Geosci Remote Sens Symp. 2006;45(5):2573–2576.
  • Phys JA. Effect of long duration UV irradiation on diamondlike carbon surfaces in the presence of a hydrocarbon gaseous atmosphere. J Appl Phys. 2010;108(11):114915.
  • Shi P, Sun J, Yan W, et al. Roles of phase transition and surface property evolution in nanotribological behaviors of H-DLC: effects of thermal and UV irradiation treatments. Appl Surf Sci. 2020;514:145960.
  • Ji L, Li H, Zhao F, et al. Influences of ultraviolet irradiation on structure and tribological properties of diamond-like carbon films. Appl Surf Sci. 2009;255(20):8409–8413.
  • Wu Y, Liu Y, Li H, et al. The effect of vacuum atomic oxygen and ultraviolet radiations on Ag/a-C:H nanocomposite film. Tribol Int. 2016;101:395–401.
  • Yokota K, Tagawa M, Kitamura A, et al. Hydrogen desorption from a diamond-like carbon film by hyperthermal atomic oxygen exposure. Appl Surf Sci. 2009;255(13–14):6710–6714.
  • Kidena K, Endo M, Takamatsu H, et al. Hyperthermal atomic oxygen beam irradiation effect on the hydrogenated Si-doped DLC film. Trans Mat Res Soc Japan. 2015;368:363–368.
  • Ferreira LL, Radi PA, Vieira L, et al. Siox Top layer on DLC films for atomic oxygen and ozone corrosion protection in aerospace applications. Mater Res. 2021;24(3):1–6.
  • Kidena K, Endo M, Takamatsu H, et al. Resistance of hydrogenated titanium-doped diamond-like carbon film to hyperthermal atomic oxygen. Metals (Basel). 2015;5(4):1957–1970.
  • Ji L, Li H, Zhao F, et al. Atomic oxygen resistant behaviors of Mo/diamond-like carbon nanocomposite lubricating films. Appl Surf Sci. 2009;255(7):4180–4184.
  • Mangolini F, Krick BA, Jacobs TDB, et al. Effect of silicon and oxygen dopants on the stability of hydrogenated amorphous carbon under harsh environmental conditions. Carbon N Y. 2018;130:127–136.
  • Xu J, Duan Z, Qiao L, et al. Nonuniform transitions of heavy-ion irradiated a-C:H films: structure and antiwear property degradation analysis. Carbon N Y. 2019;146:200–209.
  • Xu J, Qiao L, Wang P, et al. Self-ion irradiation on hydrogenated amorphous carbon films at depth of adhesion interlayer : radiation-induced atomic intermixing and degraded film properties. Surf Interface Anal. 2020;52(9):553–568.
  • Penkov O V, Kheradmandfard M, Khadem M, et al. Ion-beam irradiation of DLC-based nanocomposite: creation of a highly biocompatible surface. Appl Surf Sci. 2019;469:896–903.
  • Zhang N, Lin L, Liu B, et al. Tribological properties improvement of H-DLC films through reconstruction of microstructure and surface morphology by low-energy helium ion irradiation. Diam Relat Mater. 2020;109:108080.
  • Hu Z, Fan X, Chen C. Multiscale frictional behaviors of sp2 nanocrystallited carbon films with different ion irradiation densities. Friction. 2021;9(5):1025–1037.
  • Kanda K, Takamatsu H, Miura-Fujiwara E, et al. Erosion of fluorinated diamond-like carbon films by exposure to soft X-rays. Jpn J Appl Phys. 2018;57(4):045501.
  • Takamatsu H, Niibe M, Zhou XL, et al. Soft X-ray irradiation effect on the fluorinated DLC film. Diam Relat Mater. 2017;79:14–20.
  • Kanda K, Imai R, Niibe M. Modification processes for highly hydrogenated diamond-like carbon thin films by soft X-ray irradiation. Sensors Mater. 2017;29(6):817–826.
  • Kanda K, Imai R, Tanaka S, et al. Effect of soft x-ray irradiation on film properties of a hydrogenated Si-containing DLC film. Materials (Basel. 2021;14(4):1–18.
  • Liu X, Wang L, Xue Q. High vacuum tribological performance of DLC-based solid-liquid lubricating coatings: influence of atomic oxygen and ultraviolet irradiation. Tribol Int. 2013;60:36–44.
  • Liu X, Wang L, Pu J, et al. Surface composition variation and high-vacuum performance of DLC/ILs solid-liquid lubricating coatings: Influence of space irradiation. Appl Surf Sci. 2012;258(20):8289–8297.
  • Bin TM, Umehara N, Tokoroyama T, et al. The effect of UV irradiation to a-C:H on friction and wear properties under PAO oil lubrication including MoDTC and ZnDTP. Tribol Online. 2018;13(3):119–130.
  • Zhuang W, Fan X, Li W, et al. Comparing space adaptability of diamond-like carbon and molybdenum disulfide films toward synergistic lubrication. Carbon N Y. 2018;134:163–173.
  • Wang D, Gong Z, Jiang B, et al. Structure original of temperature depended superlow friction behavior of diamond like carbon. Diam Relat Mater. 2020;107:107880.
  • Bhowmick S, Khan MZU, Banerji A, et al. Low friction and wear behaviour of non-hydrogenated DLC (a-C) sliding against fluorinated tetrahedral amorphous carbon (ta-C-F) at elevated temperatures. Appl Surf Sci. 2018;450:274–283.
  • Huang L, Zhou D, Yuan J, et al. Influences of different temperatures on the mechanical properties and wear resistance against Ti6Al4 V of Ti doped diamond-like carbon deposited on cemented carbide. Vacuum. 2021;189:110279.
  • Cao H, Liu F, Li H, et al. High temperature tribological performance and thermal conductivity of thick Ti/Ti-DLC multilayer coatings with the application potential for Al alloy pistons. Diam Relat Mater. 2021;117:108466.
  • Banerji A, Bhowmick S, Alpas AT. High temperature tribological behavior of W containing diamond-like carbon (DLC) coating against titanium alloys. Surf Coat Tech. 2014;241:93–104.
  • Bhowmick S, Lou M, Khan MZU, et al. Role of an oxygen atmosphere in high temperature sliding behaviour of W containing diamond-like carbon (W-DLC). Surf Coat Tech. 2017;332:399–407.
  • Yu W, Huang W, Wang J, et al. High-temperature tribological performance of the Si-gradually doped diamond-like carbon film. Vacuum. 2021;191:110387.
  • Yu W, Wang J, Huang W, et al. Improving high temperature tribological performances of Si doped diamond-like carbon by using W interlayer. Tribol Int. 2020;146:106241.
  • Mangolini F, Hilbert J, Mcclimon JB, et al. Thermally induced structural evolution of silicon- and oxygen- containing hydrogenated amorphous carbon: A combined spectroscopic and molecular dynamics simulation investigation. Langmuir. 2018;34(9):2989–2995.
  • Wang Y, Xu J, Zhang J, et al. Tribochemical reactions and graphitization of diamond-like carbon against alumina give volcano-type temperature dependence of friction coefficients: a tight-binding quantum chemical molecular dynamics simulation. Carbon N Y. 2018;133:350–357.
  • Tsigkis V, Bashandeh K, Lan P, et al. Tribological behavior of PS400-related tribopairs for space exploration. Tribol Int. 2021;153:106636.
  • Pu J, He D, Wang L. Effects of WC phase contents on the microstructure, mechanical properties and tribological behaviors of WC/a-C superlattice coatings. Appl Surf Sci. 2015;357:2039–2047.
  • Evaristo M, Fernandes F, Cavaleiro A. Room and high temperature tribological behaviour of W-DLC Coatings produced by DCMS and hybrid DCMS-HiPIMS configuration. Coatings. 2020;10(4):319.
  • Miyake S, Suzuki S, Miyake M. Friction durability of extremely thin diamond-like carbon films at high temperature. Materials (Basel. 2017;10(2):159.
  • Wang L, Liu X. Tribological behavior of DLC/IL solid-liquid lubricating coatings in a high-vacuum condition with alternating high and low temperatures. Wear. 2013;304(1–2):13–19.
  • Hilbert J, Mangolini F, McClimon JB, et al. Si doping enhances the thermal stability of diamond-like carbon through reductions in carbon-carbon bond length disorder. Carbon N Y. 2018;131:72–78.
  • Robertson J. Diamond-like amorphous carbon. Mater Sci Eng R Reports. 2002;37(4–6):129–281.

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.