Aptitude tests versus school exams as selection tools for higher education and the case for assessing educational achievement in context

References

• Adelman , C. 1999 . Answers in the tool box: Academic intensity, attendance patterns, and bachelor’s degree attainmen Jessup, MD Office of Educational Research and Improvement, US Department of Education. http://www.ed.gov/pubs/Toolbox/Title.html
   Google Scholar
• Admissions to Higher Education Steering Group . 2003 . Consultation on key issues relating to fair admissions to higher education , Nottingham : Department for Education and Skills Publications .
   Google Scholar
• Admissions to Higher Education Steering Group . 2004 . Fair admissions to higher education: Recommendations for good practice , Nottingham : Department for Education and Skills Publications .
   Google Scholar
• Atkinson , R.C. Standardized tests and access to American universities . The 2001 Robert H. Atwell Distinguished Lecture delivered at the 83rd Annual Meeting of the American Council on Education . February 18 . Washington, DC http://www.ucop.edu/news/sat/speech1.html
   Google Scholar
• BBC News . December 11 2003 . Q&A: University admissions December 11 , http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/education/3309673.stm
   Google Scholar
• Benton , D. and Roberts , G. 1988 . Effect of vitamin and mineral supplementation on intelligence of a sample of schoolchildren . The Lancet , 331 ( 8578 ) January 23 : 140 – 43 .
   Google Scholar
• Blair , A. 2005 . “ A‐level results to add pressure for university entrance tests ” . In The Times August 15. http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/life_and_style/education/article555396.ece
   Google Scholar
• Breslau , N. , Chilcoat , H. , DelDotto , J. , Andreski , P. and Brown , G. 1996 . Low birth weight and neurocognitive status at six years of age . Biological Psychiatry , 40 ( 5 ) : 389 – 97 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brown , L. and Pollitt , E. 1996 . Malnutrition, poverty and intellectual development . Scientific American , 274 : 38 – 43 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Choppin , B. and Orr , L. 1976 . Aptitude testing at eighteen‐plus , Windsor : NFER Publishing Co .
   Google Scholar
• Choppin , B.H.L. , Orr , L. , Fara , P. , Kurle , S.D.M. , Fogelman , K.R. and James , G. 1972 . After A‐level? A study of the transition from school to higher education , Windsor : NFER Publishing Co .
   Google Scholar
• Choppin , B.H.L. , Orr , L. , Kurle , S.D.M. , Fara , P. and James , G. 1973 . The predication of academic success , Windsor : NFER Publishing Co .
   Google Scholar
• Clare , J. November 10 1999 . “ SAT—a simple way to grade students ” . In Daily Telegraph November 10 ,
   Google Scholar
• Croxford , L. 2001 . “ Socio‐economic inequalities and educational attainment in Scotland ” . In Social Justice Annual Report Scotland 2001 , Edinburgh : Scottish Executive .
   Google Scholar
• Department for Education & Skills (DfES) . 2003 . Widening participation in higher education , Nottingham : DfES Publications .
   Google Scholar
• Department for Education & Skills (DfES) . 2005 . Improving the higher education applications process: A consultation paper http://www.dfes.gov.uk/consultations/conDetails.cfm?consultationId=1346
   Google Scholar
• Desforges , C. and Abouchaar , A. 2003 . The impact of parental involvement, parental support and family education on pupil achievements and adjustment: A literature review (Research Report No. 433) , Nottingham : Department for Education and Skills Publications . http://www.dfes.gov.uk/research/data/uploadfiles/RR433.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Dhillon , D. 2005 . Teachers’ estimates of candidates’ grades: Curriculum 2000 advanced level qualifications . British Educational Research Journal , 31 ( 1, February ) : 69 – 88 .
   Google Scholar
• Gould , S.J. 1995 . “ Curveball ” . In The bell curve wars: Race, intelligence, and the future of America , Edited by: Fraser , S. New York : Basic Books .
   Google Scholar
• Gratz v. Bollinger . 2003 . 539 U.S. 244. Docket Number: 02–516. http://www.oyez.org/oyez/resource/case/1540/
   Google Scholar
• Grutter v. Bollinger . 2003 . 539 U.S. 244. Docket Number: 02–241. http://www.oyez.org/oyez/resource/case/1541/
   Google Scholar
• Gryphon , M. 2005 . “ The affirmative action myth ” . In Policy Analysis , Vol. 540 , Washington, DC : CATO Institute . April 6
   Google Scholar
• Herrnstein , R. and Murray , C. 1994 . The bell curve: Intelligence and class structure in American life , New York : The Free Press .
   Google Scholar
• Hutchison , D. and Scott , E. Using national value‐added datasets to explore the impact of school and pupil factors on progress from Key Stage 2 to Key Stage 4 . Paper presented at the British Educational Research Association Annual Conference . September 11–13 . Edinburgh : at Heriot‐Watt Univ. . http://www.nfer.ac.uk/publications/other-publications/conference-papers/using-national-value-added-datasets-to-explore-the-impact-of-school-and-pupil-factors-on-progress-from-key-stage-2-to-key-stage-4.cfm
   Google Scholar
• Ivanovic , D.M. , Leiva , B.P. , Pérez , H.T. , Almagià , A.F. , Toro , T.D. , Urrutia , M.S.C. , Inzunza , N.B. and Bosch , E.O. 2002 . Nutritional status, brain development and scholastic achievement of Chilean high‐school graduates from high and low intellectual quotient and socio‐economic status . British Journal of Nutrition , 87 : 81 – 92 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ivanovic , D. , Leiva , B. , Pérez , H. , Inzunza , N. , Almagià , A. , Toro , T. , Urrutia , M.S. , Cervilla , J. and Bosch , E. 2000 . Long‐term effects of severe undernutrition during the first year of life on brain development and learning in Chilean high school graduates . Nutrition , 16 : 1056 – 63 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jencks , C. and Crouse , J. 1982 . Should we relabel the SAT … or replace it? . Phi Delta Kappan , 63 : 659 – 63 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lohman , D.F. Aptitude for college: The importance of reasoning tests for minority admissions . Revision of comments on Dr. Atkinson’s proposal given at Rethinking the SAT: The future of standardized testing in university admissions . November 16 2001 . at the Univ. of California . Santa Barbara. Univ. of Iowa, draft of October 3, 2002
   Google Scholar
• Lohman , D.F. 2005a . An aptitude perspective on talent identification: Implications for the identification of academically gifted minority students . Journal for the Education of the Gifted , 28 : 333 – 60 .
   Google Scholar
• Lohman , D.F. 2005b . The role of non‐verbal ability tests in identifying academically gifted students: An aptitude perspective . Gifted Child Quarterly , 49 : 111 – 38 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McDonald , A.S. , Newton , P.E. and Whetton , C. 2001 . A pilot of aptitude testing for university entrance , Slough : NFER .
   Google Scholar
• McDonald , A.S. , Newton , P.E. , Whetton , C. and Benefield , P. 2000 . Aptitude testing for university entrance: A literature review , Slough : NFER .
   Google Scholar
• McGaw , B. , Gipps , C. and Godber , R. 2004 . Examination standards: Report of the independent committee to QCA , London : Qualifications and Curriculum Authority .
   Google Scholar
• McManus , I.C. , Smithers , E. , Partridge , P. , Keeling , A. and Fleming , P.R. 2003 . A levels and intelligence as predictors of medical careers in UK doctors: 20 year prospective study . British Medical Journal , 327 : 139 – 42 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Powney , J. 1997 . “ Trends in gender and attainment in Scotland ” . In SCRE Spotlights , Vol. 64 , Edinburgh : Scottish Council for Research in Education .
   Google Scholar
• Rose , S. , Lewontin , R.C. and Kamin , L.J. 1984 . Not in our genes: Biology, ideology and human nature , Harmondsworth : Pelican Books .
   Google Scholar
• Russell Group Association for Widening Participation . 2003 . Widening participation in Russell Group universities , London : The Russell Group .
   Google Scholar
• Sammons , P. , Kysel , F. and Mortimore , P. 1983 . Educational priority indices: A new perspective . British Educational Research Journal , 9 ( 1 ) : 27 – 40 .
   Google Scholar
• Samson , G.E. , Graue , M.E. , Weinstein , T. and Walberg , H.J. 1984 . Academic and occupational performance: A quantitative synthesis . American Educational Research Journal , 21 ( 2 ) summer : 311 – 21 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schoenthaler , S.J. , Amos , S.P. , Eysenck , H.J. , Peritz , E. and Yudkin , J. 1991 . Controlled trial of vitamin‐mineral supplementation: Effects on intelligence and performance . Personality & Individual Differences , 12 : 351 – 62 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stage , C. Entrance to higher education in Sweden . Paper presented at School of Education, Univ. of London . October . http://www.umu.se/edmeas/publikationer/pdf/Em%20no%2051.pdf
   Google Scholar
• St John , E.P. , Simmons , A.B. and Droogsma Musoba , G. 2001 . “ Merit‐aware admissions in public universities ” . In Thought & Action , Washington, DC : National Education Association . winter 2001–02
   Google Scholar
• Stobart , G. The Scholastic Aptitude Test (SAT) as a model for an academic aptitude test in England . Paper presented to the Advisory Group on Research into Assessment and Qualifications . June 22 . London : at QCA .
   Google Scholar
• Tinklin , T. , Croxford , L. , Ducklin , A. and Frame , B. 2001 . Gender and pupil performance in Scotland’s schools , Edinburgh : Univ. of Edinburgh, Centre for Educational Sociology .
   Google Scholar
• West , A. and Gibbs , R. 2004 . Selecting undergraduate students: What can the UK learn from the American SAT? . Higher Education Quarterly 0951–5224 , 58 ( 1 ) : 63 – 7 .
   Google Scholar
• Whetton , C. , McDonald , A. and Newton , P. Aptitude testing for university entrance . Paper presented at the 27th Annual Conference of the International Association for Educational Assessment . May 6–11 . Slough, , Brazil : NFER . in Rio de Janeiro
   Google Scholar
• Willerma , L. and Churchill , J.A. 1967 . Intelligence and birth weight in identical twins . Child Development , 38 ( 3 ) : 623 – 9 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Wood , R. 1986 . Aptitude testing is not an engine for equalising educational opportunity . British Journal of Educational Studies , 34 ( 1, February ) : 26 – 37 .
   Google Scholar