1,261
Views
4
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Articles

Purpose-built rental housing and household formation among young adults in Canadian cities, 1991–2016

ORCID Icon
Pages 1566-1599 | Received 13 Jan 2020, Accepted 04 Jun 2020, Published online: 14 Jul 2020

References

  • Abramsson, M. & Andersson, E. (2016) Changing preferences with ageing – housing choices and housing plans of older people, Housing, Theory, and Society, 33, pp. 217–241.
  • Angelini, V., Brugiavini, A. & Weber, G. (2014) The dynamics of homeownership among the 50+ in Europe, Journal of Population Economics, 27, pp. 797–823.
  • Angrist, J. D., Imbens, G. W. & Rubin, D. B. (1996) Identification of causal effects using instrumental variables, Journal of the American Statistical Association, 91, pp. 444–455.
  • Arundel, R. (2017) Equity inequity: Housing wealth inequality, inter and intra-generational divergences, and the rise of private landlordism, Housing, Theory and Society, 34, pp. 176–200.
  • Arundel, R. & Doling, J. (2017) The end of mass homeownership? Changes in labour markets and housing tenure opportunities across Europe, Journal of Housing and the Built Environment, 32, pp. 649–672.
  • Arundel, R. & Ronald, R. (2016) Parental co-residence, shared living and emerging adulthood in europe: semi-dependent housing across welfare regime and housing system contexts, Journal of Youth Studies, 19, pp. 885–905.
  • Beaupré, P., Turcotte, P. & Milan, A. (2006) When is junior moving out? Transitions from the parental home to independence, Canadian Social Trends, 82, pp. 9–15.
  • Beer, A., Faulkner, D., Paris, C. & Clower, T. (2011) Housing transitions through the life course: Aspirations, needs and policy (Bristol, UK: Policy Press).
  • Belsky, E. S. (1992) Rental vacancy rates: A policy primer, Housing Policy Debate, 3, pp. 793–813.
  • Belsky, E. S., Drew, R. B. & McCue, D. (2007) Projecting the Underlying Demand for New Housing Units: Inferences from the Past, Assumptions about the Future (Cambridge, MA: Joint Center for Housing Studies, Harvard University).
  • Berrington, A., Stone, J. & Falkingham, J. (2009) The changing living arrangements of young adults in the UK, Population Trends, 138, pp. 27–37.
  • Billari, F. C. (2004) Becoming an adult in europe: A macro(/micro)-demographic perspective, Demographic Research, Special Collection, 3, pp. 15–44.
  • Blank, R. M. & Rosen, H. S. (1989) Recent trends in housing conditions among the urban poor, NBER Working Paper No. 2886 (Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research).
  • Bonnet, C., Gobillon, L. & Laferrère, A. (2010) The effect of widowhood on housing and location choices, Journal of Housing Economics, 19, pp. 94–120.
  • Bordo, M. D., Redish, A., Rockoff, H. (2015) Why didn’t Canada have a banking crisis in 2008 (or in 1930, or 1907, or …)?, The Economic History Review, 68, pp. 218–243.
  • Börsch-Supan, A. (1986) Household formation, housing prices, and public policy impacts, Journal of Public Economics, 30, pp. 145–164.
  • Boyd, M. (2000) Ethnic variations in young adults living at home, Canadian Studies in Population, 27, pp. 135–158.
  • Bramley, G. (2016) Housing need outcomes in england through changing times: Demographic, market and policy drivers of change, Housing Studies, 31, pp. 243–268.
  • Britton, M. L. (2013) Race/ethnicity, attitudes, and living with parents during young adulthood, Journal of Marriage and Family, 75, pp. 995–1013.
  • Cheung, A. K.-L. & Yeung, W.-J. J. (2015) Temporal-spatial patterns of one-person households in china, 1982–2005, Demographic Research, 32, pp. 1209–1238.
  • Choi, J. H. & Painter, G. (2015) Housing formation and unemployment rates: Evidence from 1975–2011, The Journal of Real Estate Finance and Economics, 50, pp. 549–566.
  • Clapham, D., Mackie, P., Orford, S., Thomas, I. & Buckley, K. (2014) The housing pathways of young people in the UK, Environment and Planning A: Economy and Space, 46, pp. 2016–2031.
  • Clark, W. A. V. & Dieleman, F. M. (1996) Households and Housing: Choice and Outcomes in the Housing Market (New Brunswick, NJ: Centre for Urban Policy Research).
  • Cooper, D. & Luengo-Prado, M. J. (2018) Household formation over time: Evidence from two cohorts of young adults, Journal of Housing Economics, 41, pp. 106–123.
  • Cross, P. (2011) How Did the 2008–2010 Recession and Recovery Compare with Previous Cycles? (Canadian Economic Observer, Statistics Canada Catalogue no. 11-010-X) (Ottawa, ON: Statistics Canada).
  • Di, Z. X. & Liu, X. (2006) The effects of housing push factors and rent expectations on household formation of young adults, The Journal of Real Estate Research, 28, pp. 149–166.
  • Doling, J. & Ronald, R. (2010) Home ownership and asset-based welfare, Journal of Housing and the Built Environment, 25, pp. 165–173.
  • Ermisch, J. (1999) Prices, parents, and young people’s household formation, Journal of Urban Economics, 45, pp. 47–71.
  • Ermisch, J. & Di Salvo, P. (1997) The economic determinants of young people’s household formation, Economica, 64, pp. 627–644.
  • Feijten, P. (2005) Union dissolution, unemployment and moving out of homeownership, European Sociological Review, 21, pp. 59–71.
  • Firebaugh, G. & Farrell, C. R. (2016) Still Large, but Narrowing: The Sizable Decline in Racial Neighborhood Inequality in Metropolitan America, 1980-2010, Demography, 53, pp. 139–164.
  • Forrest, R. & Hirayama, Y. (2009) The uneven impact of neoliberalism on housing opportunities, International Journal of Urban and Regional Research, 33, pp. 998–1013.
  • Gabay, R. (2013) Long-Term Household Growth Projections – 2013 Update (CMHC Research Highlight: Socio-economic Series, 13-006) (Ottawa, ON: Canada Mortgage and Housing Corporation).
  • Gee, E. M., Mitchell, B. A. & Wister, A. V. (2003) Home leaving trajectories in Canada: Exploring cultural and gendered dimensions, Canadian Studies in Population, 30, pp. 245–270.
  • Georgieva, V. & Matier, C. (2016) Household Formation and the Housing Stock: A Stock-Flow Perspective (Ottawa, ON: Office of the Parliamentary Budget Officer).
  • Glick, J. E. & Hook, J. (2002) Parents’ coresidence with adult children: Can immigration explain racial and ethnic variation?, Journal of Marriage and Family, 64, pp. 240–253.
  • Goldscheider, F. K. & DaVanzo, J. (1985) Living arrangements and the transition to adulthood, Demography, 22, pp. 545–563.
  • Gram-Hanssen, K. & Bech-Danielsen, C. (2008) Home dissolution: What happens after separation?, Housing Studies, 23, pp. 507–522.
  • Grant, T. (2015) Damage from cancelled census as bad as feared, researchers say, The Globe and Mail, January 29.
  • Haurin, R. J., Haurin, D. R., Hendershott, P. R. & Bourassa, S. C. (1997) Home or alone: The costs of independent living for youth, Social Science Research, 26, pp. 135–152.
  • Haurin, D. R., Hendershott, P. H. & Dongwook, K. (1993a) The impact of real rents and wages on household formation, The Review of Economics and Statistics, 75, pp. 284–293.
  • Haurin, D. R., Hendershott, P. H. & Dongwook, K. (1993b) Living arrangements and homeownership decisions of American youth, Netherlands Journal of Housing and the Built Environment, 8, pp. 193–210.
  • Haurin, D. R. & Rosenthal, S. S. (2007) The influence of household formation on homeownership rates across time and race, Real Estate Economics, 35, pp. 411–450.
  • Hendershott, P. H. & Smith, M. T. (1989) Transfer programs and aggregate household formations, Population Research and Policy Review, 8, pp. 227–245.
  • Herbers, D. J., Mulder, C. H. & Mòdenes, J. A. (2014) Moving out of home ownership in later life: The influence of the family and housing careers, Housing Studies, 29, pp. 910–936.
  • Hirayama, Y. (2012) The shifting housing opportunities for younger people in Japan’s home-owning society, in: R. Ronald & M. Elsinga (Eds) Beyond Home Ownership: Housing, Welfare and Society, pp. 173–193 (London, UK: Routledge).
  • Hirayama, Y. (2013) Housing and Generational Fractures in Japan, in: R. Forrest & N. M. Yip (Eds) Young People and Housing: Transitions, Trajectories and Generational Fractures, pp. 161–178 (London, UK: Routledge).
  • Hulchanski, D., Murdie, R., Walks, A. & Bourne, L. (2013) Canada’s voluntary census is worthless. Here’s why, The Globe and Mail, October 4, 2013.
  • Ireland, N. (2016) Young professionals struggle to rent in ‘crazy’ real estate markets, CBC News, October 13.
  • Jalovaara, M. & Kulu, H. (2019) Homeownership after separation: A longitudinal analysis of Finnish register data, Demographic Research, 41, pp. 847–872.
  • Jeong, Y.-J., Hamplová, D., L. & Bourdais, C. (2014) Diversity of young adults’ living arrangements: The role of ethnicity and immigration, Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, 40, pp. 1116–1135.
  • Kemp, P. A. & Keoghan, M. (2001) Movement into and out of the Private Rental Sector in England, Housing Studies, 16, pp. 21–37.
  • Kendig, H. L. (1984) Housing careers, life cycle and residential mobility: Implications for the housing market, Urban Studies, 21, pp. 271–283.
  • Kent, R. J. (1992) Household formation by the young in the United States, Applied Economics, 24, pp. 1129–1137.
  • Kiefer, L., Atreya, A. & Yanamandra, V. (2018) Why is Adulting Getting Harder? Young Adults and Household Formation (Economic & Housing Research Insight) (Tysons Corner, VA: Freddie Mac, Economic & Housing Research Group).
  • Krivo, L. J. & Mutchler, J. E. (1986) Housing constraint and household complexity in metropolitan America: Black and Spanish-origin minorities, Urban Affairs Quarterly, 21, pp. 389–409.
  • LaRochelle-Côté, S. & Gilmore, J. (2009) Canada’s Employment Downturn (Perspectives, Statistics Canada Catalogue no. 75-001-X) (Ottawa, ON: Statistics Canada).
  • Lauster, N. T. (2006) A room of one’s own or room enough for two? Access to Housing and New Household Formation in Sweden, 1968–1992, Population Research and Policy Review, 25, pp. 329–351.
  • Lee, K. O. & Painter, G. (2013) What happens to household formation in a recession?, Journal of Urban Economics, 76, pp. 93–109.
  • Lei, L. & South, S. J. (2016) Racial and ethnic differences in leaving and returning to the parental home: The role of life course transitions, socioeconomic resources, and family connectivity, Demographic Research, 34, pp. 109–142.
  • Lennartz, C., Arundel, R. & Ronald, R. (2016) Younger adults and homeownership in Europe through the global financial crisis, Population, Space and Place, 22, pp. 823–835.
  • Lin, M. (2016) Long-term Household Growth Projections 2015 Update (Ottawa, ON: Canada Mortgage and Housing Corporation).
  • Maas, C. J. M. & Hox, J. J. (2004) Robustness issues in multilevel regression analysis, Statistica Neerlandica, 58, pp. 127–137.
  • Maas, C. J. M. & Hox, J. J. (2005) Sufficient sample sizes for multilevel modeling, Methodology, 1, pp. 86–92.
  • Mandic, S. (2008) Home-leaving and its structural determinants in western and eastern Europe: An exploratory study, Housing Studies, 23, pp. 615–636.
  • Marantz, N. J. & Dillon, H. S. (2018) Do State Affordable Housing Appeals Systems Backfire? A Natural Experiment, Housing Policy Debate, 28 (2), pp. 267–284.
  • Markandya, A. (1983) Headship rates and the household formation process in Great Britain, Applied Economics, 15, pp. 821–830.
  • Maroto, M. & Severson, M. (2020) Owning, renting, or living with parents? Changing housing situations among Canadian young adults, 2001 to 2011, Housing Studies, 35, pp. 679–702.
  • Marshall, A. (2015) The tragedy of Canada’s census, Citylab, February 26.
  • Martin, S. & Mullin, M. (2017) A year of living precariously: Toronto’s rental struggles define 2017, CBC News, December 29.
  • Matsudaira, J. D. (2016) Economic conditions and the living arrangement of young adults, Journal of Population Economics, 29, pp. 167–195.
  • McClure, K. (2019) The allocation of rental assistance resources: The paradox of high housing costs and high vacancy rates, International Journal of Housing Policy, 19, pp. 69–94.
  • McKee, K., (2012) Young people, homeownership and future welfare, Housing Studies, 27(6), pp. 853–862.
  • Mikolai, J. & Kulu, H. (2018) Short- and long-term effects of divorce and separation on housing tenure in England and Wales, Population Studies, 72(1), pp. 1717–1739.
  • Milan, A. (2016) Diversity of Young Adults Living with Their Parents (Insights on Canadian Society, Statistics Canada Catalogue no. 75-006-X) (Ottawa, ON: Statistics Canada).
  • Miron, J. R. (1988) Housing in Postwar Canada: Demographic Change, Household Formation, and Housing Demand (Kingston, ON: McGill-Queen’s University Press).
  • Miron, J. R. (1996) Affordability and the demand for separate accommodation, Environment and Planning A: Economy and Space, 28, pp. 1997–2020.
  • Mitchell, B. A., Wister, A. & Gee, E. M. T. (2004) The ethnic and family nexus in homeleaving and returning among Canadian young adults, Canadian Journal of Sociology, 29, pp. 543–575.
  • Monkkonen, P. (2013) Housing deficits as a frame for housing policy: demographic change, economic crisis and household formation in Indonesia, International Journal of Housing Policy, 13, pp. 247–267.
  • Moore, E. & Skaburskis, A. (2004) Canada’s increasing housing affordability burdens, Housing Studies, 19, pp. 395–413.
  • Mulder, C. H. (2006) Population and housing: A two-sided relationship, Demographic Research, 15, pp. 401–412.
  • Mulder, C. H. & Hooimeijer, P. (1999) Residential relocations in the life course, in: L. J. G. Van Wissen & P. A. Dykstra (Eds) Population Issues: An Interdisciplinary Focus, pp. 159–186 (New York, NY: Springer Science + Business Media).
  • Mutchler, J. E. & Burr, J. A. (2003) Living arrangements among older persons: A multilevel analysis of housing market effects, Research on Aging, 25, pp. 531–558.
  • Mutchler, J. E. & Krivo, L. J. (1989) Availability and affordability: Household adaptation to a housing squeeze, Social Forces, 68, pp. 241–261.
  • Myers, D. (2016) Peak millenials: Three reinforcing cycles that amplify the rise and fall of urban concentration by millennials, Housing Policy Debate, 26(6), pp. 928–947.
  • Myers, D., Painter, G., Lee, H. & Park, J. (2016) Diverted Homeowners, the Rental Crisis and Forgone Household Formation (Washington, DC: The Research Institute for Housing America of the Mortgage Bankers Association).
  • Myers, D. & Park, J. (2019) How Do Shortages Lead to Dislodgement and Disappearing Renters? (Housing Research Brief 6 Sponsored by the John Randolph and Dora Haynes Foundation) (Los Angeles, CA: University of Southern California Price School of Public Policy, Population Dynamics Research Group).
  • Nordvik, V. & Gulbrandsen, L. (2009) Regional patterns in vacancies, exits, and rental housing, European Urban and Regional Studies, 16, pp. 397–408.
  • Norris, M. & Winston, N. (2013) Young People’s Trajectories Through Irish Housing Booms and Busts: Headship, housing, and labour market access among the under 30s since the late 1960s, in: R. Forrest & N. M. Yip (Eds) Young People and Housing: Transitions, Trajectories and Generational Fractures, pp. 199–216 (London, UK: Routledge).
  • Paciorek, A. (2016) The long and the short of household formation, Real Estate Economics, 44, pp. 7–40.
  • Painter, G. & Yu, Z. (2014) Caught in the housing bubble: Immigrants’ housing outcomes in traditional gateways and newly emerging destinations, Urban Studies, 51, pp. 781–809.
  • Poggio, T. (2013) The First Steps into the Italian Housing System: Inequality between generational gaps and family intergenerational transfers, in: R. Forrest & N. M. Yip (Eds) Young People and Housing: Transitions, Trajectories and Generational Fractures, pp. 42–63 (London, UK: Routledge).
  • Ronald, R., Lennartz, C. & Kadi, J. (2017) What ever happened to asset-based welfare? Shifting approaches to housing wealth and welfare security, Policy & Politics, 45, pp. 173–193.
  • Skaburskis, A. (1994) Determinants of Canadian headship rates, Urban Studies, 31, pp. 1377–1390.
  • Smith, L. B., Rosen, K. T., Markandya, A. & Ullmo, P.-A. (1984) The demand for housing, household headship rates, and household formation: An international analysis, Urban Studies, 21, pp. 407–414.
  • Staiger, D. & Stock, J. (1997) Instrumental variables regression with weak instruments, Econometrica, 65, pp. 557–586.
  • Thomas, K. & Burch, T. K. (1985) Household formation in Canada and the United States, 1900–1901 to 1970-1971: Trends and regional differentials, Canadian Studies in Population, 12, pp. 159–182.
  • Walks, A. (2014) Canada’s housing bubble story: Mortgage securitization, the state, and the global financial crisis, International Journal of Urban and Regional Research, 38, pp. 256–284.
  • Walks, A. & Clifford, B. (2015) The political economy of mortgage securitization and the neoliberalization of housing policy in Canada, Environment and Planning A, 47(8), pp. 1624–1642.
  • Wooldridge, J. M. (2009) Econometrics: Panel Data Methods, in: Myers, R. A. (Ed) Encyclopedia of Complexity and Systems Science, pp. 2769–2792 (New York, NY: Springer).
  • Wooldridge, J. M. (2012) Introductory Econometrics: A Modern Approach, 5th ed. (Mason, OH: South-Western, Cengage Learning).
  • Yu, Z. (2017) Macro effects on the household formation of China’s young adults –demographics, institutional factors, and regional differences, International Journal of Housing Policy, 17, pp. 512–540.
  • Yu, Z. & Haan, M. (2012) Cohort progress toward household formation and homeownership: Young immigrant cohorts in Los Angeles and Toronto compared, Ethnic and Racial Studies, 35, pp. 1311–1337.
  • Yu, Z. & Myers, D. (2010) Misleading comparisons of homeownership rates when the variable effect of household formation is ignored: Explaining rising homeownership and the homeownership gap between Blacks and Asians, Urban Studies, 47, pp. 2615–2640.
  • Zhao, J. Z., Rajulton, F. & Ravanera, Z. R. (1995) Leaving parental homes in Canada: Effects of family structure, gender and culture, Canadian Journal of Sociology, 20, pp. 31–50.

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.