References
- Stohr J, Samant MG, Lüning J, et al. Liquid crystal alignment on carbonaceous surfaces with orientational order. Science. 2001;292:2299–2302. DOI:10.1126/science.1059866.
- Gibbon WM, Shannon PJ, Sun S-T, et al. Surface-mediated alignment of nematic liquid crystals with polarized laser light. Nature. 1991;351:49–50. DOI:10.1038/351049a0.
- Kim J-H, Yoneya M, Yokoyama H. Tristable nematic liquid-crystal device using micropatterned surface alignment. Nature. 2002;420:159–162. DOI:10.1038/nature01163.
- Schadt M, Seiberle H, Schuster A. Optical patterning of multi-domain liquid-crystal displays with wide viewing angles. Nature. 1996;381:212–215. DOI:10.1038/381212a0.
- Wang X, Huang L, Liu X. Study of the orientation of liquid crystal molecules on polyimide alignment films by FTIR with polarisation mode. Liq Cryst. 2012;39:813–817. DOI:10.1080/02678292.2012.682167.
- Schadt M, Schmitt K, Kozinkov V, et al. Surface-induced parallel alignment of liquid crystals by linearly polymerized photopolymers. Jpn J Appl Phys. 1992;31:2155–2164. DOI:10.1143/JJAP.31.2155.
- Berreman DW. Solid surface shape and the alignment of an adjacent Nematic Liquid Crystal. Phys Rev Lett. 1972;28:1683–1686. DOI:10.1103/PhysRevLett.28.1683.
- Shoichi I, Hirofumi W, Keizo N, et al. The effect of rubbed polymer films on the liquid crystal alignment. Liq. Cryst. 1989;4:669–675. DOI:10.1080/02678298908033202.
- Aerle NAJM, Barmentlo M, Hollering RWJ. Effect of rubbing on the molecular orientation within polyimide orienting layers of liquid-crystal displays. J Appl Phys. 1993;74:3111–3120. DOI:10.1063/1.354577.
- Hoogboom J, Rasing T, Rowan AE, et al. LCD alignment layers. Controlling nematic domain properties. J Mater Chem. 2006;16:1305–1314. DOI:10.1039/B510579J.
- Toney MF, Russell TP, Logan JA, et al. Near-surface alignment of polymers in rubbed films. Nature. 1994;374:709–711. DOI:10.1038/374709a0.
- Ichimura K. Photoalignment of Liquid-Crystal Systems. Chem Rev. 2000;100:1847–1874. DOI:10.1021/cr980079e.
- Shannon PJ, Gibbons WM, Sun ST. Patterned optical properties in photopolymerized surface-aligned liquid-crystal films. Nature. 1994;368:532–533. DOI:10.1038/368532a0.
- Janning JL. Thin film surface orientation for liquid crystals. Appl Phys Lett. 1972;21:173. DOI:10.1063/1.1654331.
- Khakhlou A, Murauski A, Yaroshchuk O, et al. Second wind of the oblique deposition method of liquid-crystal alignment: Ion-beam sputtering technique. J Sid. 2006;14:257–263.
- Park S, Padeste C, Schift H, et al. Chemical nanopatterns via nanoimprint lithography for simultaneous control over azimuthal and polar alignment of liquid crystals. Adv Mater. 2005;17:1398–1401. DOI:10.1002/(ISSN)1521-4095.
- Chiu C-H, Kuo H-L, Chen P-C, et al. Nanoimprinting-lithography-induced self-aligned liquid crystals for novel multifunctional optical films. Appl Phys Lett. 2006;88:073509. DOI:10.1063/1.2173222.
- Chaudhari P, Lacey J, Doyle J, et al. Atomic-beam alignment of inorganic materials for liquid-crystal displays. Nature. 2001;411:56–59. DOI:10.1038/35075021.
- Kang Y-G, Park H-G, Kim H-J, et al. Superior optical properties of homogeneous liquid crystal alignment on a tin (IV) oxide surface sequentially modulated via ion beam irradiation. Opt Express. 2010;18:21594–21602. DOI:10.1364/OE.18.021594.
- Chae SS, Hwang BH, Jang WS, et al. Homogeneous liquid crystal alignment on inorganic–organic hybrid silica thin films derived by the sol–gel method. Soft Matter. 2012;8:1437–1442. DOI:10.1039/C1SM06592K.
- Kang Y-G, Kim H-J, Park H-G, et al. Tin dioxide inorganic nanolevel films with different liquid crystal molecular orientations for application in liquid crystal displays (LCDs). J Mater Chem. 2012;22:15969–15975. DOI:10.1039/c2jm13689a.
- Jeong H-C, Park H-G, Lee JH, et al. Homogeneous self-aligned liquid crystals on wrinkled-wall poly(dimethylsiloxane) via localised ion-beam irradiation. Sci Rep. 2015;5:8641–8648. DOI:10.1038/srep08641.
- Chiu CH, Kuo HL, Chen PC, et al. Alignment of a nematic liquid crystal induced by anisotropic photo-oxidation of photosensitive polyimide films. Appl Phys Lett. 2006;88:073509. DOI:10.1063/1.2173222.
- Son P-K, Choi S-W. Investigation of ion-beam-treated SiOx film surfaces for liquid crystal alignment. Surf Interface Anal. 2012;44:763–767. DOI:10.1002/sia.4817.
- Kim B-Y, Lee W-K, Kim Y-H, et al. Ion bombardment-induced transformation process on SiNx surfaces to achieve vertical alignment of liquid crystal molecules. Liq Cryst. 2011;38:349–353. DOI:10.1080/02678292.2010.547611.
- Kim J-Y, Oh B-Y, Kim B-Y, et al. Compositional investigation of liquid crystal alignment on tantalum oxide via ion beam irradiation. Appl Phys Lett. 2008;92:043505. DOI:10.1063/1.2838312.
- Oh B-Y, Lee K-M, Kim B-Y, et al. Surface reformation and electro-optical characteristics of liquid crystal alignment layers using ion beam irradiation. J Appl Phys. 2008;104:064052. DOI:10.1063/1.2978364.
- Battiston GA, Gerbasi R, Porchia M, et al. Chemical vapour deposition and characterization of gallium oxide thin films. Thin Solid Films. 1996;279:115–118. DOI:10.1016/0040-6090(95)08161-5.
- Fleischer M, Hanrieder W, Meixner H. Stability of semiconducting gallium oxide thin films. Thin Solid Films. 1990;190:93–102. DOI:10.1016/0040-6090(90)90132-W.
- Jeong S, Ha Y-G, Moon J, et al. Role of gallium doping in dramatically lowering amorphous-oxide processing temperatures for solution-derived indium zinc oxide thin-film transistors. Adv Mater. 2010;22:1346–1350. DOI:10.1002/adma.200902450.
- Lee J-W, Park H-G, Jeong H-C, et al. High performance twisted nematic liquid crystal display with solution-derived YZO surface modification via ion-beam irradiation. Opt Express. 2014;22:31396–31403. DOI:10.1364/OE.22.031396.
- Park H-G, Kim Y-H, Kim B-Y, et al. Van der Waals force contribution to the vertical alignment of liquid crystal on Al2O3 films using ion-beam method. Thin Solid Films. 2011;519:5654–5657. DOI:10.1016/j.tsf.2011.03.017.
- Ramana CV, Rubio EJ, Barraza CD, et al. Chemical bonding, optical constants, and electrical resistivity of sputter-deposited gallium oxide thin films. J Appl Phys. 2014;115:043508. DOI:10.1063/1.4862186.
- Priyantha W, Radhakrishnan G, Droopad R, et al. In-situ XPS and RHEED study of gallium oxide on GaAs deposition by molecular beam epitaxy. J Cryst Growth. 2011;323:103–106. DOI:10.1016/j.jcrysgro.2010.11.122.
- Lee J-J, Park H-G, Han J-J, et al. Surface reformation on solution-derived zinc oxide films for liquid crystal systems via ion-beam irradiation. J Mater Chem C. 2013;1:6824–6828. DOI:10.1039/c3tc31470g.
- Passlack M, Schubert EF, Hobson WS, et al. Ga2O3 films for electronic and optoelectronic applications. J Appl Phys. 1995;77:686–693. DOI:10.1063/1.359055.
- Chisca S, Musteata VE, Sava I, et al. Dielectric behavior of some aromatic polyimide films. Eur Polym J. 2011;47:1186–1197. DOI:10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2011.01.008.
- Lee K-M, Oh B-Y, Kim Y-H, et al. Effect of ion beam irradiation and rubbing on the directional behavior and alignment mechanism of liquid crystals on polyimide surfaces. J Appl Phys. 2009;105:014507. DOI:10.1063/1.3033380.