Microscopic characterisation of self-assembled colloidal particles in electrohydrodynamic convection of a low-birefringence nematic liquid crystal

References

• de Gennes PG, Prost J. The physics of liquid crystals. Oxford: Oxford University Press; 1995.
   Google Scholar
• Pouline P, Stark H, Lubensky TC, et al. Novel colloidal interactions in anisotropic fluids. Science. 1997;275:1770–1773. DOI:10.1126/science.275.5307.1770.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Poulin P, Weitz DA. Inverted and multiple nematic emulsions. Phys Rev E. 1998;57:626–637. DOI:10.1103/PhysRevE.57.626.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Muševič I. Integrated and topological liquid crystal photonics. Liq Cryst. 2014;41:418–429. DOI:10.1080/02678292.2013.837516.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Loudet JC, Barois P, Poulin P. Colloidal ordering from phase separation in a liquid-crystalline continuous phase. Nature. 2000;407:611–613. DOI:10.1038/35036539.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Muevi I, Škarabot M, Tkalec U, et al. Two-dimensional nematic colloidal crystals self-assembled by topological defects. Science. 2006;313:954–958. DOI:10.1126/science.1129660.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nych A, Ognysta U, Škarabot M, et al. Assembly and control of 3D nematic dipolar colloidal crystals. Nat Commun. 2013;4:1489. DOI:10.1038/ncomms2486.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lavrentovich OD, Lazo I, Pishnyak OP. Nonlinear electrophoresis of dielectric and metal spheres in a nematic liquid crystal. Nature. 2010;467:947–950. DOI:10.1038/nature09427.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lavrentovich OD. Transport of particles in liquid crystals. Soft Matter. 2014;10:1264–1283. DOI:10.1039/C3SM51628H.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lazo I, Lavrentovich OD. Liquid-crystal-enabled electrophoresis of spheres in a nematic medium with negative dielectric anisotropy. Phil Trans R Soc. 2013;371:20120255. DOI:10.1098/rsta.2012.0255.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bazant MZ, Squires TM. Induced-charge electrokinetic phenomena: theory and microfluidic applications. Phys Rev Lett. 2004;92:066101–1–066101–4. DOI:10.1103/PhysRevLett.92.066101.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gangwal S, Cayre OJ, Bazant MZ, et al. Induced-charge electrophoresis of metallodielectric particles. Phys Rev Lett. 2008;100:058302–1–4. DOI:10.1103/PhysRevLett.100.058302.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lazo I, Peng C, Xiang J, et al. Liquid crystal-enabled electro-osmosis through spatial charge separation in distorted regions as a novel mechanism of electrokinetics. Nat Commun. 2014;5:5033. DOI:10.1038/ncomms6033.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dierking I, Biddulph G, Matthews K. Electromigration of microspheres in nematic liquid crystals. Phys Rev E. 2006;73:011702–1–6. DOI:10.1103/PhysRevE.73.011702.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jákli A, Senyuk B, Liao G, et al. Colloidal micromotor in smectic A liquid crystal driven by DC electric field. Soft Matter. 2008;4:2471–2474. DOI:10.1039/b807927g.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Takahashi K, Kimura Y. Dynamics of colloidal particles in electrohydrodynamic convection of nematic liquid crystal. Phys Rev E. 2014;90:012502–1–5. DOI:10.1103/PhysRevE.90.012502.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hernàndez-Navarro S, Tierno P, Farrera JA, et al. Reconfigurable swarms of nematic colloids controlled by photoactivated surface patterns. Angew Chem Int Ed. 2014;53:10696–10700. DOI:10.1002/anie.201406136.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sengupta A, Bahr C, Herminghaus S. Topological microfluidics for flexible micro-cargo concepts. Soft Matter. 2013;9:7251–7260. DOI:10.1039/c3sm50677k.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sengupta A. Topological constraints in a microfluidic platform. Liq Cryst. 2014;41:290–301. DOI:10.1080/02678292.2013.807939.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Williams R. Domains in liquid crystals. J Chem Phys. 1963;39:384–388. DOI:10.1063/1.1734257.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Buka A, Kramer L. Pattern formation in liquid crystals. New York (NY): Springer-Verlag; 1996.
   Google Scholar
• Sasaki Y, Takikawa Y, Jampani V, et al. Colloidal caterpillars for cargo transportation. Soft Matter. 2014;10:8813–8820. DOI:10.1039/C4SM01354A.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sasaki Y, Hoshikawa H, Seto T, et al. Direct visualization of spatiotemporal structure of self-assembled colloidal particles in electrohydrodynamic flow of a nematic liquid crystal. Langmuir. 2015;31:3815–3819. DOI:10.1021/acs.langmuir.5b00450.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kaiser A, Babel S, Ten Hagen B, et al. How does a flexible chain of active particles swell? J Chem Phys. 2015;142:124905–1–124905–8. DOI:10.1063/1.4916134.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ramírez LM, Michaelis CA, Rosado JE, et al. Polloidal chains from self-assembly of flattened particles. Langmuir. 2013;29:10340–10345. DOI:10.1021/la401232g.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sai DV, Kumar TA, Haase W, et al. Effect of smectic short-range order on the discontinuous anchoring transition in nematic liquid crystals. J Chem Phys. 2014;141:044706–1–044706–6. DOI:10.1063/1.4890532.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sai DV, Zuhail K, Sarkar R, et al. Structure-property correlation of bicyclohexane nematic liquid crystals. Liq Cryst. 2015;42:328–333. DOI:10.1080/02678292.2014.987708.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rasna M, Zuhail K, Manda R, et al. Discontinuous anchoring transition and photothermal switching in composites of liquid crystals and conducting polymer nanofibers. Phys Rev E. 2014;89:052503–1–052503–5. DOI:10.1103/PhysRevE.89.052503.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pishnyak OP, Tang S, Kelly JR, et al. Levitation, lift, and bidirectional motion of colloidal particles in an electrically driven nematic liquid crystal. Phys Rev Lett. 2007;99:127802–1–4. DOI:10.1103/PhysRevLett.99.127802.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hernàndez-Navarro S, Tierno P, Ignés-Mullol J, et al. AC electrophoresis of microdroplets in anisotropic liquids: transport, assembling and reaction. Soft Matter. 2013;9:7999–8004. DOI:10.1039/c3sm51705e.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dhara S, Madhusudana N. Physical characterisation of 4′-butyl-4-heptyl-bicyclohexyl-4-carbonitrile. Phase Transit. 2008;81:561–569. DOI:10.1080/01411590801975401.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kochowska E, Németh S, Pelzl G, et al. Electroconvection with and without the Carr-Helfrich effect in a series of nematic liquid crystals. Phys Rev E. 2004;70:011711–1–011711–9. DOI:10.1103/PhysRevE.70.011711.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tóth-Katona T, Cauquil-Vergnes A, Éber N, et al. Nonstandard electroconvection with Hopf bifurcation in a nematic liquid crystal with negative electric anisotropies. Phys Rev E. 2007;75:066210–1–066210–12. DOI:10.1103/PhysRevE.75.066210.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Krekhov A, Pesch W, Éber N, et al. Nonstandard electroconvection and flexoelectricity in nematic liquid crystals. Phys Rev E. 2008;77:021705–1–021705–10. DOI:10.1103/PhysRevE.77.021705.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carr EF. Conductivity anisotropy in p−n-nonyloxybenzoic acid. Phys Rev A. 1975;12:327–329. DOI:10.1103/PhysRevA.12.327.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rasenat S, Hartung G, Winkler BL, et al. The shadowgraph method in convection experiments. Exp Fluids. 1989;7(6):412–420. DOI:10.1007/BF00193424.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Murphy DB, Davidson MW. Fundamentals of light microscopy and electronic imaging. 2nd ed. Hoboken (NJ): Wiley-Blackwell; 2012.
   Google Scholar