Polyimide-free homogeneous photoalignment induced by polymerisable liquid crystal containing cinnamate moiety

References

• Kim KH, Song JK. Technical evolution of liquid crystal displays. NPG Asia Mater. 2009;1:29–36.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schadt M, Seiberle H, Schuster A. Optical patterning of multi-domain liquid-crystal displays with wide viewing angles. Nature. 1996;381:212–215.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Takeda A, Kataoka S, Sasaki T, et al. A super-high image quality multi-domain vertical alignment LCD by new rubbing-less technology. SID Int Symp Dig Tech Pap. 1998;29:1077–1080.
   Google Scholar
• Oh-e M, Kondo K. Electro-optical characteristics and switching behavior of the in-plane switching mode. Appl Phys Lett. 1995;67:3895–3897.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Oh-e M, Kondo K. Response mechanism of nematic liquid crystals using the in-plane switching mode. Appl Phys Lett. 1996;69:623–625.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee SH, Lee SL, Kim HY. Electro-optic characteristics and switching principle of a nematic liquid crystal cell controlled by fringe-field switching. Appl Phys Lett. 1998;73:2881–2883.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hong SH, Park IC, Kim HY, et al. Electro-optic characteristic of fringe-field switching mode depending on rubbing direction. Jpn J of Appl Phys. 2000;39:527–530.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yu IH, Song IS, Lee JY, et al. Intensifying the density of a horizontal electric field to improve light efficiency in a fringe-field switching liquid crystal display. J Phys D: Appl Phys. 2006;39:2367–2372.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ge Z, Wu ST, Kim SS, et al. Thin cell fringe-field-switching liquid crystal display with a chiral dopant. Appl Phys Lett. 2008;92:181109.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lyu JJ, Sohn JW, Kim HY, et al. Recent trends on patterned vertical alignment (PVA) and fringe-field switching (FFS) liquid crystal displays for liquid crystal television applications. J Disp Technol. 2007;3:404–412.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yun HJ, Jo MH, Jang IW, et al. Achieving high light efficiency and fast response time in fringe field switching mode using a liquid crystal with negative dielectric anisotropy. Liq Cryst. 2012;39:1141–1148.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kim HY, Nam SH, Lee SH. Dynamic stability of the fringe-field switching liquid crystal cell depending on dielectric anisotropy of a liquid crystal. Jpn J Appl Phys. 2003;42:2752–2755.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Park JW, Ahn YJ, Jung JH, et al. Liquid crystal display using combined fringe and in-plane electric fields. Appl Phys Lett. 2008;93:081103.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Behdani M, Rastegar A, Keshmiri SH, et al. Submicron liquid crystal pixels on a nanopatterned indium tin oxide surface. Appl Phys Lett. 2002;80:4635–4637.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Behdani M, Keshmiri SH, Soria S, et al. Alignment of liquid crystals with periodic submicron structures ablated in polymeric and indium tin oxide surfaces. Appl Phys Lett. 2003;82:2553–2555.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chaudhari P, Lacey J, Doyle J, et al. Atomic-beam alignment of inorganic materials for liquid-crystal displays. Nature. 2001;411:56–59.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Doyle JP, Chaudhari P, Lacey JL, et al. Ion beam alignment for liquid crystal display fabrication. Nucl Instrum Methods Phys Res, Sect B. 2003;206:467–471.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ikeda T. Photomodulation of liquid crystal orientations for photonic applications. J Mater Chem. 2003;13:2037–2057.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ichimura K. Photoalignment of liquid-crystal systems. Chem Rev. 2000;100:1847–1874.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schadt M, Schmitt K, Kozinkov V, et al. Surface-induced parallel alignment of liquid crystals by linearly polymerized photopolymers. Jpn J Appl Phys. 1992;31:2155–2164.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Haaren JV. Wiping out dirty displays. Nature. 2001;411:29–30.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hindmarsh P, Owen GJ, Kelly SM, et al. New coumarin polymers as non-contact alignment layers for liquid crystals. Mol Cryst Liq Cryst. 1999;332:439–446.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chaudhari P, Lacey JA, Lien SCA, et al. Atomic beam alignment of liquid crystals. Jpn J Appl Phys. 1998;37:55–56.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Contoret AEA, Farrar SR, Jackson PO, et al. Polarized electroluminescence from an anisotropic nematic network on a non-contact photoalignment layer. Adv Mater. 2000;12:971–974.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Komitov L, Ruslim C, Matsuzawa Y, et al. Photoinduced anchoring transitions in a nematic doped with azo dyes. Liq Cryst. 2000;27:1011–1016.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Komitov L, Ichimura K, Strigazzi A. Light-induced anchoring transition in a 4,4ʹ-disubstituted azobenzene nematic liquid crystal. Liq Cryst. 2000;27:51–55.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ruslim C, Ichimura K. Comparative studies on isomerization behavior and photocontrol of nematic liquid crystals using polymethacrylates with 3,3′- and 4,4′-dihexyloxyazobenzenes in side chains. Macromolecules. 1999;32:4254–4263.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chigrinov VG, Kozenkov VM, Kwok HS. Photoalignment of liquid crystalline materials. West Sussex: Wiley; 2008.
   Google Scholar
• Srivastava AK, Chigrinov VG, Kwok HS. Ferroelectric liquid crystals: excellent tool for modern displays and photonics. J Soc Info Disp. 2015;23:253–272.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fukuhara K, Nagano S, Hara M, et al. Free-surface molecular command systems for photoalignment of liquid crystalline materials. Nat Commun. 2014;5:3320.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ohtsuka K, Nagataki Y, Goda K, et al. Study of liquid crystal display fabricated using slit coater under two ultraviolet irradiation conditions. Jpn J Appl Phys. 2013;52:05DB4.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee JM, Kim JH, Kim HJ, et al. Achieving a robust homogenously aligned liquid crystal layer with reactive mesogen for in-plane switching liquid crystal displays. Liq Cryst. 2017;44:1194–1200.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lin TC, Yu SC, Chen PS, et al. Fabrication of alignment layer free flexible liquid crystal cells using thermal nanoimprint lithography. Curr Appl Phys. 2009;9:610–612.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mizusaki M, Tsuchiya H, Minoura K. Fabrication of homogenously self-alignment fringe-field switching mode liquid crystal cell without using a conventional alignment layer. Liq Cryst. 2017;44:1394–1401.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Olenik ID, Kim MW, Rastegar A, et al. Characterization of unidirectional photopolymerization in poly(vinyl cinnamate) by surface optical second-harmonic generation. Phys Rev E. 1999;60:3120–3128.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kim MW, Rastegar A, Olenik ID, et al. Alignment of nematic liquid crystals on an electrically poled photopolymer film. J Appl Phys. 2001;90:3332–3337.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jeong IH, Yu JH, Jin HS, et al. Novel approach to achieve conventional polyimide-less IPS/FFS LCDs. SID Int Symp Dig Tech Pap. 2014;45:1418–1420.
   Google Scholar
• Broer DJ, Boven J, Mol GN, et al. In-situ photopolymerization of oriented liquid-crystalline acrylates, 3†. Oriented polymer networks from a mesogenic diacrylate. Macromol Chem Phys. 1989;190:2255–2268.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lub J, Broer DJ, Hikmet RAM, et al. Synthesis and photopolymerization of cholesteric liquid crystalline diacrylates. Liq Cryst. 1995;18:319–326.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar