Controlling morphological and electro-optical properties via the phase separation in polymer/liquid-crystal composite materials

References

• Bunning TJ, Natarajan LV, Sutherland RL. Holographic polymer-dispersed liquid crystals (H-PDLCs). Annu Rev Mater Sci. 2000;30:83–115.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ouskova E, De Sio L, Vergara R, et al. Ultra-fast solid state electro-optical modulator based on liquid crystal polymer and liquid crystal composites. Appl Phys Lett. 2014;105:231122.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kumano N, Seki T, Ishii M, et al. Multicolor polymer-dispersed liquid crystal. Adv Mater. 2011;23:884–888.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Manda R, Pagidi S, Bhattacharyya SS, et al. Fast response and transparent optically isotropic liquid crystal diffraction grating. Opt Express. 2017;25:24033–24043.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Manda R, Pagidi S, Kim MS, et al. Effect of monomer concentration and functionality on electro-optical properties of polymer-stabilised optically isotropic liquid crystals. Liq Cryst. 2018;45:736–745.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shi Z, Wang Y, Wang Y. Effects of thiol monomers on the electro-optical properties of polymer-dispersed liquid crystal films prepared by nucleophile-initiated thiol-ene click reaction. Liq Cryst. 2018;45:1746–1752.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bouriche A, Alachaher LB, Maschke U. Phase behaviour and electro-optical response of systems composed of nematic liquid crystals and poly (2-ethylhexylacrylate). Liq Cryst. 2018;45:656–665.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liu YJ, Sun XW, Liu JH, et al. A polarization insensitive 2 × 2 optical switch fabricated by liquid crystal-polymer composite. Appl Phys Lett. 2005;86:041115.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liu YJ, Sun XW, Shum P, et al. Tunable fly’s-eye lens made of patterned polymer-dispersed liquid crystal. Opt Express. 2006;14:5634–5640.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liu YJ, Sun XW. Electrically switchable computer-generated hologram recorded in polymer-dispersed liquid crystals. Appl Phys Lett. 2007;90:191118.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liu YJ, Sun XW, Wang Q, et al. Electrically switchable optical vortex generated by a computer-generated hologram recorded in polymer-dispersed liquid crystals. Opt Express. 2007;15:16645–16650.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liu YJ, Dai HT, Sun XW, et al. Electrically switchable phase-type fractal zone plates and fractal photon sieves. Opt Express. 2009;17:12418–12423.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chien C-Y, Hsu C-J, Chen Y-W, et al. Holographic polymer networks formed in liquid crystal phase modulators via a He-Ne laser to achieve ultra-fast optical response. Opt Express. 2016;24(7):7534–7542.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhou P, Li Y, Li X, et al. Holographic display and storage based on photo-responsive liquid crystals. Liq Cryst Rev. 2016;4:83–100.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Huang S, Li Y, Zhou P, et al. Polymer network liquid crystal grating/Fresnel lens fabricated by holography. Liq Cryst. 2017;44:873–879.
   Google Scholar
• Li H, Qi Y, Guo C, et al. Holographic characterization of diffraction grating modulation in photopolymers. Appl Opt. 2018;57:E107–E117.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gruber HF. Photoinitiators for free radical polymerization. Prog Polym Sci. 1992;17:953–1044.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vaz NA, Smith GW, Montgomery GP. A light control film composed of liquid crystal droplets dispersed in a UV-curable polymer. Mol Cryst Liq Cryst. 1987;146:1–15.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Drzaic PS. Polymer dispersed nematic liquid crystal for large area displays and light valves. J Appl Phys. 1986;60:2142–2148.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Parshin AM, Gunyakov VA, Zyryanov VY, et al. Domain structures in nematic liquid crystals on a polycarbonate surface. Int J Mol Sci. 2013;14:16303–16320.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kumaki J, Hashimoto T, Granick S. Temperature gradients induce phase separation in a miscible polymer solution. Phys Rev Lett. 1996;77:1990–1993.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee K-WD, Chan PK, Feng X. A computational study into thermally induced phase separation in polymer solutions under a temperature gradient. Macromol Theory Simul. 2002;11:996–1005.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Matsuyama H, Kakemizu M, Maki T, et al. Preparation of porous poly(oxymethylene) membrane with high durability against solvents by a thermally induced phase-separation method. J Appl Polym Sci. 2002;83:1993–1999.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ren H, Wu S-T, Lin Y-H. In situ observation of fringing-field-induced phase separation in a liquid-crystal–monomer mixture. Phys Rev Lett. 2008;100:117801.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kitzerow H-S. Polymer-dispersed liquid crystals from the nematic curvilinear aligned phase to ferroelectric films. Liq Cryst. 1994;16:1–31.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Olivier A, Pakula T, Best A, et al. A static and dynamic study of the mechanical properties of electron beam cured PDLC films. Mol Cryst Liq Cryst. 2004;412:2071–2077.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dai HT, Chen L, Zhang B, et al. Optically isotropic, electrically tunable liquid crystal droplet arrays formed by photopolymerization-induced phase separation. Opt Lett. 2015;40:2723–2726.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Park S-J, Lee J-R. Dispersive stabilization of liquid crystal-in-water with acrylamide copolymer/surfactant mixture: nematic curvilinear aligned phase composite film. J Colloid Interf Sci. 1999;219:178–183.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• De Sio L, Lloyd PF, Tabiryan NV, et al. Hidden gratings in holographic liquid crystal polymer-dispersed liquid crystal films. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces. 2018;10:13107–13112.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shanks RA, Staszczyk D. Thermal and optical characterization of polymer-dispersed liquid crystals. Int J Polym Sci. 2012;2012:767581.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li Y, Huang S, Zhou P, et al. Polymer-stabilized blue phase liquid crystals for photonic applications. Adv Mater Technol. 2016;1:1600102.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dierking I. Polymer network-stabilized liquid crystals. Adv Mater. 2000;12:167–181.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vorflusev V, Kumar S. Phase-separated composite films for liquid crystal displays. Science. 1999;283:1903–1905.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Avci N, Hwang S-J. Electrically tunable polarisation-independent blue-phase liquid crystal binary phase grating via phase-separated composite films. Liq Cryst. 2017;44:1559–1565.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lin H-Y, Avci N, Hwang S-J. High-diffraction-efficiency Fresnel lens based on annealed blue-phase liquid crystal-polymer composite. Liq Cryst. 2019. DOI:10.1080/02678292.2018.1562114
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kajiyama T, Nagata Y, Washizu S, et al. Characterization and gas permeation of polycarbonate/liquid crystal composite membrane. J Memb Sci. 1982;11:39–52.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zumer S, Doane JW. Light scattering from a small nematic droplet. Phys Rev A. 1986;34:3373–3386.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zumer S. Light scattering from nematic droplets: anomalous-diffraction approach. Phys Rev A. 1988;37:4006–4015.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Doane JW, Golemme A, West JL, et al. Polymer dispersed liquid crystals for display application. Mol Cryst Liq Cryst. 1988;165:511–532.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wu B-G, Erdmann JH, Doane JW. Response times and voltages for PDLC light shutters. Liq Cryst. 1989;5:1453–1465.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Petti L, Mormile P, Blau WJ. Fast electro-optical switching and high contrast ratio in epoxy-based polymer dispersed liquid crystals. Opt Laser Eng. 2003;39:369–377.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liu YJ, Sun XW. Electrically tunable two-dimensional holographic photonic crystals fabricated by a single diffractive element. Appl Phys Lett. 2006;89:171101.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liu YJ, Sun XW. Electrically tunable three-dimensional holographic photonic crystals made of polymer-dispersed liquid crystal. Jpn J Appl Phys. 2007;46:6634–6638.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liu YJ, Zheng YB, Shi J, et al. Optically switchable gratings based on azo-dye-doped, polymer-dispersed liquid crystals. Opt Lett. 2009;34:2351–2353.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liu YJ, Dai HT, Leong ESP, et al. Electrically switchable two-dimensional photonic crystals made of polymer-dispersed liquid crystals based on the Talbot self-imaging effect. Appl Phys B. 2011;104:659–663.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liu YJ, Ding X, Lin S-CS, et al. Surface acoustic wave driven light shutters using polymer-dispersed liquid crystals. Adv Mater. 2011;23:1656–1659.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Qian T, Kim J-H, Kumar S, et al. Phase-separated composite films: experiment and theory. Phys Rev E. 2000;61:4007–4010.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Aizumi S, Shirao M, Yamamuro Y, et al. Effect of wettability on fabrication of PSCOF liquid crystal cell. Mol Cryst Liq Cryst. 2015;608:258–263.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kumar S, Kim J-H, Shi Y. What aligns liquid crystals on solid substrates? The role of surface roughness anisotropy. Phys Rev Lett. 2005;94:077803.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Guo S, Liang X, Zhang H, et al. An electrically light-transmittance-controllable film with a low-driving voltage from a coexistent system of polymer-dispersed and polymer-stabilised cholesteric liquid crystals. Liq Cryst. 2018;45:1854–1860.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Song P, Cao H, Wang F, et al. The UV polymerisation temperature dependence of polymer-dispersed liquid crystals based on epoxies/acrylates hybrid polymer matrix components. Liq Cryst. 2012;39:1131–1140.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yin D, Pu H, Gao B, et al. Analytical rates determinations and simulations on diffusion and reaction processes in holographic photopolymerization. Appl Phys Lett. 2009;94:211108.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang Q, Park JO, Srinivasarao M, et al. Control of polymer structures in phase-separated liquid crystal-polymer composite systems. Jpn J Appl Phys. 2005;44:3115–3120.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Allen SM, Chan JW. Ground state structures in ordered binary alloys with second neighbor interactions. Acta Metall. 1972;20:423–433.
   Google Scholar
• Diekmann K, Schumacher M, Stegemeyer H. Nucleus growth in liquid crystals. Liq Cryst. 1998;25:349–355.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar