References
- Kleman M, Lavrentovich OD. Soft matter physics: an introduction. Heidelberg(GER): Springer; 2003.
- Zurek WH. Cosmological experiments in superfluid helium? Nature. 1985;317(6037):505–508.
- Virga EG. Variational theories for liquid crystals. London(UK): Chapman Hall; 1994.
- Trebin HR. The topology of non–uniform media in condensed matter physics. Adv Phys. 1982;31(3):195–254.
- Crawford GP, Žumer S. Liquid crystals in complex geometries: formed by polymer and porous networks. London(UK): Taylor & Francis; 1996.
- Serra F. Curvature and defects in nematic liquid crystals. Liq Cryst. 2016;43(13–15):1920–1936.
- Napoli G, Vergori L. Surface free energies for nematic shells. Phys Rev E Stat Nonlinear Soft Mater Phys. 2012;85(6):061701(1–12).
- Selinger JV. Interpretation of saddle–splay and the Oseen–Frank free energy in liquid crystals. Liq Cryst Rev. 2018;6(2):129–142.
- Koning V, van Zuiden BC, Kamien RD, et al. Saddle–splay screening and chiral symmetry breaking in toroidal nematics. Soft Matter. 2014;10(23):4192–4198.
- Drzaic PS. A case of mistaken identity: spontaneous formation of twisted bipolar droplets from achiral nematic materials. Liq Cryst. 1999;26(5):623–627.
- Fu F, Abukhdeir NM. Formation and field–driven dynamics of nematic spheroids. Soft Matter. 2017;13(28):4890–4902.
- Javadi A, Eun J, Jeong J. Cylindrical nematic liquid crystal shell: effect of saddle–splay elasticity. Soft Matter. 2018;14:9005–9011.
- Jeong J, Kang L, Davidson ZS, et al. Chiral structures from achiral liquid crystals in cylindrical capillaries. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2015;112(15):E1837–E1844.
- Zhou S, Nastishin YA, Omelchenko MM, et al. Elasticity of lyotropic chromonic liquid crystals probed by director reorientation in a magnetic field. Phys Rev Lett. 2012;109(3):037801(1–5).
- Jeong J, Davidson ZS, Collings PJ, et al. From the cover: chiral symmetry breaking and surface faceting in chromonic liquid crystal droplets with giant elastic anisotropy. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2014;111(5):1742–1747.
- Nehring J, Saupe A. On the elastic theory of uniaxial liquid crystals. J Chem Phy. 1971;54(1):337–343.
- Joshi AA, Whitmer JK, Guzmán O, et al. Measuring liquid crystal elastic constants with free energy perturbations. Soft Matter. 2014;10(6):882–893.
- Corella–Madueño A, Castellanos–Moreno A, Gutiérrez–López S, et al. Threshold field for a nematic liquid crystal confined between two coaxial cylinders. Phys Rev E Stat Nonlinear Soft Mater Phys. 2008;78(2):022701(1–4).
- Pairam E, Vallamkondu J, Koning V, et al. Stable nematic droplets with handles. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2013;110(23):9295–9300.
- Hough LE, Jung HT, Krüerke D, et al. Helical nanofilament phases. Science. 2009;325(5939):456–460.
- de Gennes PG, Prost J. The physics of liquid crystals. Oxford(UK): Oxford University Press; 1993.
- Fu F, Abukhdeir NM. Chiral symmetry–breaking dynamics in the phase transformation of nematic droplets. Liq Cryst. 2017;45(7):1078–1083.
- Mori H, Gartland EC, Kelly JR, et al. Multidimensional director modeling using the Q tensor representation in a liquid crystal cell and its application to the π cell with patterned electrodes. J Appl Phys. 1999;38(1A):135–146.
- Guzmán O, Abbott NL, De Pablo JJ. Quenched disorder in a liquid–crystal biosensor: adsorbed nanoparticles at confining walls. J Chem Phys. 2005;122(18):184711(1–10).
- Qian TZ, Sheng P. Orientational states and phase transitions induced by microtextured substrates. Phys Rev E Stat Phys Plasmas Fluids Related Interdiscip Top. 1997;55(6):7111–7120.
- Nayani K, Chang R, Fu J, et al. Spontaneous emergence of chirality in achiral lyotropic chromonic liquid crystals confined to cylinders. Nat Commun. 2015;6(1):8067(1–7).
- Davidson ZS, Kang L, Jeong J, et al. Chiral structures and defects of lyotropic chromonic liquid crystals induced by saddle–splay elasticity. Phys Rev E Stat Nonlinear Soft Mater Phys. 2015;91(5):050501(1–5).