The wavelength-dependent optical transmission and birefringence of lyotropic nematic calamitic mesophase under a polarising microscope and its order parameter in comparison to Michel-Lévy interference colour chart

References

• Singh S, Dunmur DA. Liquid crystals: fundamentals. Singapore: World Scientific; 2002.
   Google Scholar
• Luders DD, Arcolezi GM, Pereira MLG, et al. Conoscopic image of a biaxial negative in a reentrant discotic – biaxial nematic phase transition. Liq Cryst. 2020 [cited 2020 Nov 25];6. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1080/02678292.2020.1836279
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kuczyński W, Żywucki B, Małecki J. Determination of orientational order parameter in various liquid-crystalline phases. Mol Cryst Liq Cryst. 2002; 381(1):1–19.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nastishin YA, Liu H, Schneider T, et al. Optical characterization of the nematic lyotropic chromonic liquid crystals: light absorption, birefringence, and scalar order parameter. Phys Rev E. 2005;72(4):041711. .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sivasri J, Pardhasaradhi P, Madhav BTP, et al. Birefringence studies on alkoxy benzoic acids with dispersed Fe3O4 nanoparticles. Liq Cryst. 2020;47(3):330–344. .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Neto AMF, Salinas SRA. Physics of lyotropic liquid crystals: phase transitions and structural properties. New York (NY): Oxford Science Publications; 2005.
   Google Scholar
• Santoro A, Pereira JRD, Palangana AJ. Refractive index measurements in a reentrant isotropic-calamitic nematic phase transition. Phys Rev E. 2002;65(5):57602.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dierking I. From colloids in liquid crystals to colloidal liquid crystals. Liq Cryst. 2019;46(13–14):2057–2074.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Braga WS, Kimura NM, Luders DD, et al. Reentrant isotropic-calamitic nematic phase transition in potassium laurate-decanol- D2O mixtures. Eur Phys J E Soft Matter. 2007;24(3):247–250. .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Galerne Y, Figueiredo Neto AM, Liébert L. Orientational order parameter and shape anisotropy of the micelles in a lyotropic nematic phase. Phys Rev A. 1985;31(6):4047.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Beica T, Moldovan R, Tintaru M, et al. Measurements of optical anisotropy of a calamitic lyotropic liquid crystal. Cryst Res Technol. 2004;39(2):151–156. .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yavuz AE. Refracting properties of lyotropic nematic calamitic mesophase under magnetic field. Mol Cryst Liq Cryst. 2018;665(1):228–237.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Akpinar E, Topcu G, Reis D, et al. Effect of the anionic azo dye Sunset Yellow in lyotropic mixtures with uniaxial and biaxial nematic phases. J Mol Liq. 2020;318:114010.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McCrone.com [Internet]. Westmont (IL): The McCrone Group. [ cited 2020 Nov 25]. Available from. https://www.mccrone.com/mm/the-michel-levy-interference-color-chart-microscopys-magical-color-key/
   Google Scholar
• Čepič M. Liquid crystals through experiments. USA: Morgan & Claypool Publishers; 2014.
   Google Scholar
• Yu LJ, Saupe A. Observation of a biaxial nematic phase in potassium laurate-1-decanol-water mixtures. Phys Rev Lett. 1980;45(12):1000.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Scharf T. Polarized light in liquid crystals and polymers. New Jersey: John Wiley & Sons; 2007.
   Google Scholar
• Wu S-T. Birefringence dispersions of liquid crystals. Phys Rev A. 1986;33(2):1270.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ghosh G. Dispersion-equation coefficients for the refractive index and birefringence of calcite and quartz crystals. Opt Commun. 1999;163(1–3):95–102.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Haller I. Thermodynamic and static properties of liquid crystals. Prog Solid State Ch. 1975;10(2):103–118.
   Google Scholar
• Zou Y, Namkung J, Lin Y, et al. Interference colors of nematic liquid crystal films at different applied voltages and surface anchoring conditions. Opt Express. 2011;19(4):3297–3303.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shah R, Abbott N. Orientational transitions of liquid crystals driven by binding of organoamines to carboxylic acids presented at surfaces with nanometer-scale topography. Langmuir. 2003;19(2):275–284.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Olympus-Lifescience.com [Internet]. Tokyo: Olympus Corporation. [ cited 2020 Nov 25]. Available from: https://www.olympus-lifescience.com/en/microscope-resource/primer/java/polarizedlight/michellevy/
   Google Scholar
• Magnus M. Michel-Lévy color chart: identification of minerals in polarized light. Freiburg: Bergakademie Freiburg, Institute of Geology and Paleontology; 2011.
   Google Scholar