References
- Berreman DW. Solid surface shape and the alignment of an adjacent nematic liquid crystal. Phys Rev Lett. 1972;28:1683–1686.
- Kumar S, Kim J-H, Shi Y. What aligns liquid crystals on solid substrates? The role of surface roughness anisotropy. Phys Rev Lett. 2005;94:077803.
- Lee Y-J, Baek J-H, Kim Y, et al. Enhanced surface anchoring energy for the photo-alignment layer with reactive mesogens for fast response time of liquid crystal displays. J Phys D Appl Phys. 2013;46:145305.
- Fang G, Shi Y, Maclennan JE, et al. Photo-reversible liquid crystal alignment using azobenzene-based self-assembled monolayers: comparison of the bare monolayer and liquid crystal reorientation dynamics. Langmuir 2010;26:17482–17488.
- Kwon KC, Son PK, Kim SY. Ion beam irradiation of few-layer graphene and its application to liquid crystal cells. Carbon 2014;67:352–359.
- Geary JM, Goodby JW, Kmetz AR, et al. The mechanism of polymer alignment of liquid-crystal materials. J Appl Phys. 1987;62:4100–4108.
- Chiou D-R, Chen L-J, Lee C-D. Pretilt angle of liquid crystals and liquid-crystal alignment on microgrooved polyimide surfaces fabricated by soft embossing method. Langmuir 2006;22:9403–9408.
- Lo KY, Huang CY, Chu TH, et al. Variation of nematic liquid crystal on a silver surface. J Opt A Pure Appl Opt. 2006;8:501–506.
- Wu H-Y, Pan R-P. Liquid crystal surface alignments by using ion beam sputtered magnetic thin films. Appl Phys Lett. 2007;91:074102.
- Schadt M, Helfrich W. Voltage-dependent optical activity of a twisted nematic liquid crystal. Appl Phys Lett. 1971;18:127–128.
- Toney MF, Russell TP, Logan JA, et al. Near-surface alignment of polymers in rubbed films. Nature 1995;374:709.
- Hoogboom J, Rasing T, Rowan AE, et al. LCD alignment layers. Controlling nematic domain properties. J Mater Chem. 2006;16:1305–1314.
- Kim YJ, Zhuang Z, Patel JS. Effect of multidirection rubbing on the alignment of nematic liquid crystal. Appl Phys Lett. 2000;77:513.
- Ouchi Y, Lee J, Takezoe H, et al. Smectic layer structure of thin ferroelectric liquid crystal cells aligned by SiO oblique evaporation technique. Jpn J Appl Phys. 1988;27:L1993.
- Schadt M, Seiberle H, Schuster A. Optical patterning of multi-domain liquid-crystal displays with wide viewing angles. Nature 1996;381:212–215.
- Schadt M, Schmitt K, Kozinkov V, et al. Surface-induced parallel alignment of liquid crystals by linearly polymerized photopolymers. Jpn J Appl Phys. 1992;31:2155.
- Son J-H, Zin W-C, Takezoe H, et al. Alignment of liquid crystals using a molecular layer with patterned molecular density. Adv Mater. 2012;24:6105–6110.
- Chaudhari P, Lacey J, Doyle J, et al. Atomic-beam alignment of inorganic materials for liquid-crystal displays. Nature 2001;411:56–59.
- Lee -J-J, Park H-G, Han -J-J, et al. Surface reformation on solution-derived zinc oxide films for liquid crystal systems via ion-beam irradiation. J Mater Chem C. 2013;1:6824–6828.
- Kang Y-G, Kim H-J, Park H-G, et al. Tin dioxide inorganic nanolevel films with different liquid crystal molecular orientations for application in liquid crystal displays (LCDs). J Mater Chem. 2012;22:15969–15975.
- Lee JH, Won JH, Jeong H-C, et al. Physicochemical analysis of ion beam-induced surface modifications on polyethylene glycol films for liquid crystal alignment. Liq Cryst. 2019;46:1799–1807.
- Crivello JV, Deptolla M, Ringsdorf H. The synthesis and characterization of side-chain liquid crystal polymers based on polystyrene and poly-α-methystyrene. Liq Cryst. 1988;3:235–247.
- La Mantia FP, Lo Verso S, Tzankova Dintcheva N. EVA copolymer based nanocomposites. Macromol Mater Eng. 2002;287:909–914.
- Sabet M, Hassan A, Wahit MU, et al. Mechanical, thermal and electrical properties of ethylene vinyl acetate irradiated by an electron beam. Polym-Plast Technol Eng. 2010;49:589–594. .
- Janning JL. Thin film surface orientation for liquid crystals. Appl Phys Lett. 1972;21:173–174.
- Yaroshchuk OV, Zakrevskyy Y, Dobrovolskyy A, et al. Liquid crystal alignment on the polymer substrates irradiated by plasma beam. Proc SPIE. 2001;4418:49–53.
- Kang S-J, Noh -Y-Y, Baeg K-J, et al. Effect of rubbed polyimide layer on the field-effect mobility in pentacene thin-film transistors. Appl Phys Lett. 2008;92:052107.
- Zheng W, Lu C-H, Ye Y-C. Effects of mechanical rubbing on surface tension of polyimide thin films. Jpn J Appl Phys. 2008;47:1651–1656.
- Mun H-Y, Jeong H-C, Lee JH, et al. Thermally stable poly (styrene-maleic anhydride) layer modified by ion-beam for liquid crystal orientation. Mater Chem Phys. 2018;203:58–64.
- Cho J-S, Choi W-K, Jung H-J, et al. Effect of oxygen gas on polycarbonate surface in keV energy Ar+ ion irradiation. J Mater Res. 1997;12:277–282.
- Lee C-Y, Liu Y-L, Wu KY, et al. Argon plasma beam scanning processes on polyimide films for liquid crystal alignment. Jpn J Appl Phys. 2008;47:226–230.
- Ahn HJ, Rho SJ, Kim KC, et al. Ion-beam induced liquid crystal alignment on diamond-like carbon and fluorinated diamond-like carbon thin films. Jpn J Appl Phys. 2005;44:4092.
- Ok C-H, Lee K-M, Kim B-Y, et al. Multidirectional alignment of liquid crystals on polystyrene surface. Jpn J Appl Phys. 2009;48:120220.