References
- Pucci D, Donnio B. Metal-containing liquid crystals. In: Goodby JW, Collings PJ, Kato T, et al., editors. Handbook of liquid crystals. Vol. 5. 2nd ed. Weinheim: Wiley-VCH; 2014. p. 175–241.
- Tschierske C. Angew. Chem Int Ed. 2013;52:8828.
- Vorla¨nder ZD. About the nature of the carbon chains in crystalline liquid substances. Phys Chem 1927;126:449–472.
- Rault J, Liebert L, Strzelecki L. Synthesis of dimeric mesogenes. Bull SocChim Fr II -ChimMolec Organ Bio. 1975;5–6:1175–1178.
- Griffin AC, Britt TR. Effect of molecular-structure on mesomorphism. 12. Flexible-centersiamese-twin liquid-crystalline diesters - a prepolymer model. J Am Chem Soc. 1981;16:4957–4959.
- Imrie CT, Hendersona PA, Seddon JM. Non-symmetric liquid crystal trimers. The first example of atriply-intercalated alternating smectic C phase. J.Mater.Chem 2004;14:2486–2488.
- Lee KH, Lee JW, Jin JI. Liquid crystalline compounds having a tribranched structure: substituted malonic esters consisting of two SchiOE’s base units and a cholesteryloxyalkyl substituent. Liq Cryst. 2001;28:1519–1525.
- Imrie CT, Luckhurst GR. Liquid crystal trimers: the synthesis and characterisation of the 4,4’-bis[v-(4-cyanobiphenyl-4’-yloxy)alkoxy]biphenyls. J Mater Chem. 1998;6:1339–1343.
- Nishiyama I, Yamamoto J,Goodby JW, et al. Liquid crystal trimers showing stable anticlinic structures in smecticC and I phases. J Mater Chem. 2003;13:2429–2435.
- Marcelis ATM, Giesbers M, Koudijs A. Spacer length dependence of TGBC* and SmA phases in cholesteryl and dihydrocholesteryl-containing trimer liquid crystals. Liq Cryst. 2007;34(7):811–817.
- Narumi T, Miyamoto M, Yoshizawa A. Synthesis and phase transition behaviour of novel liquid crystal trimers. Liq Cryst. 2007;34(5):585–590.
- Yoshizawa A, Uehara N, Kurauchi M, et al. Novel liquid crystal trimers exhibiting a monolayer smectic C phase containing strong macroscopic fluctuations. Liq Cryst. 2007;34(10):1121–1128.
- Henderson PA, Imrie CT. Non-symmetric liquid crystal trimers. Liq Cryst. 2005;32(6):673–682.
- Shanker G, Yelamaggad CV. A new class of low molar mass chiral metallomesogens: synthesis and characterization. J Mater Chem. 2011;21:15279–15287.
- Mahlstedt S, Janietz D, Schmidt C. Novel donor-acceptor triple mesogens incorporating disc-like and rod-like molecular sub-units. Liq Cryst. 1999;26:1359–1369.
- Mandle RJ. The dependency of twist-bend nematic liquid crystals on molecular structure: a progression from dimers to trimers, oligomers and polymers. Soft Matter. 2016;12:7883–7901.
- Imrie CT, Henderson PA. Liquid crystal dimers and higher oligomers: between monomers and polymers. Chem Soc Rev. 2007;36:2096–2124.
- Yelamaggad CV, Shanker G, Hiremath US, et al. Cholesterol-based nonsymmetric liquid crystal dimers: an overview. J Mater Chem. 2008;18:2927–2949.
- Coles HJ, Pivnenko MN. Liquid crystal ‘blue phases’ with a wide temperature range. Nature. 2005;436:997–1000.
- Yoshizawa A, Sato M, Rokunohe J. A blue phase observed for a novel chiral compound possessing molecular biaxiality. J Mater Chem. 2005;15:3285–3290.
- Zep A, Sitkowska K, Pociecha D, et al. Photoresponsive helical nanofilaments of B4 phase. J Mater Chem C. 2014;2:2323–2327.
- Zep A, Salamonczyk M, Vaupotic N, et al. Physical gels made of liquid crystalline B4 phase. Chem Commun. 2013;49:3119–3121.
- Alaasar M, Tschierske C. Non-symmetric ether-linked liquid crystalline dimers with a highly polar end group. Liq Cryst. 2017;44:387–393.
- Alaasar M, Tschierske C. Nematic phases driven by hydrogen-bonding in liquid crystalline nonsymmetric dimers. Liq Cryst [Internet]. 2019;46:124–130.
- Walker R, Pociecha D, Abberley JP, et al. Spontaneous chirality through mixing achiral components: a twist-bend nematic phase driven by hydrogen-bonding between unlike components. Chem Comm. 2018;54:3383–3386.
- Šepelj M, Lesac A, Baumeister U, et al. Intercalated liquid-crystalline phases formed by symmetric dimers with an α,ω-diiminoalkylene spacer. J Mater Chem. 2007;17:1154–1165.
- Borshch V, Kim Y-K, Xiang J, et al. Nematic twist-bend phase with nanoscale modulation of molecular orientation. Nature Commun. 2013;4:2635.
- Jansze SM, Martínez‐Felipe A, Storey J, et al. A twist‐bend nematic phase driven by hydrogen bonding. Angew Chem Int Ed. 2015;54:643–646.
- Wolska JM, Pociecha D, Mieczkowski J, et al. Double gyroid structures made of asymmetric dimers. Liq Cryst. 2016;43:235–240.
- Gray GW. Advances in synthesis and the role of molecular geometry in liquid crystallinity. Liq Cryst. 1969;7:127–151.
- Borshch V, Kim YK, Xiang J, et al. Nematic twist-bend phase with nanoscale modulation of molecular orientation. Nat Commun. 2013;4:1–8.
- Sreenilayam SP, Panov VP, Vij JK, et al. The NTB phase in an achiral asymmetrical bent-core liquid crystal terminated with symmetric alkyl chains. Liq Cryst. 2017;44:244–253.
- Panov VP, Nagaraj M, Vij JK, et al. Spontaneous periodicdeformations in nonchiral planar aligned bimesogenswith a nematic-nematic transition and a negativeelastic constant. Phys Rev Lett. 2010;105:167801.
- Chen D, Porada JH, Hooper JB, et al. Chiral heliconicalground state of nanoscale pitch in a nematic liquid crystal of achiral molecular dimer. PNAS. 2013;110:15931–15936.
- Cestari M, Diez-Berart S, Dunmur DA, et al. Phasebehavior and properties of the liquid-crystal dimer1′′,7′′-bis(4-cyanobiphenyl-4′-yl) heptane: a twist-bendnematic liquid crystal. Phys Rev E. 2011;84:031704.
- Henderson PA, Imrie CT. Methylene-linked liquidcrystal dimers and the twist-bend nematic phase. LiqCryst. 2011;38:1407–1414.
- Luckhurst GR. Liquid crystal dimers and oligomers: experiment and theory. Macromol Symp. 1995;96:1–26.
- Tripathi CSP, Losada-Pérez P, Glorieux C. Nematic-nematic phase transition in the liquid crystal dimer CBC9CB and its mixtures with 5CB: a highresolution adiabatic scanning calorimetric study. Phys Rev E. 2011;84:041707.
- Mandle RJ, Davis EJ, Archbold CT, et al. Microscopy studies of the nematic NTB phase of 1,11-di-(1 “-cyanobipheny1-4-y)undecane. J Mater Chem C. 2014;2:556–566.
- Mandle RJ, Davis EJ, Lobato SA, et al. Synthesis and characterisation of an unsymmetrical, ether-linked, fluorinated bimesogen exhibiting a new polymorphism containing the N-TB or ‘twist-bend’ phase. Phys Chem Chem Phys. 2014;16:6907–6915.
- Sebastian N, Lopez DO, Robles-Hernandez B, et al. Dielectric, calorimetric and mesophase properties of 1ʹ’-(2ʹ,4-difluorobiphenyl-4ʹ-yloxy)-9ʹ’-(4-cyanobiphenyl- 4ʹ-yloxy)nonane: an odd liquid crystal dimer with a monotropic mesophase having the characteristics of a twist-bend nematic phase. Phys Chem Chem Phys. 2014;16:21391–21406.
- Lu Z, Henderson PA, Paterson BJA, et al. Liquid crystal dimers and the twist-bend nematic phase. The preparation and characterisation of the α,ω-bis(4-cyanobiphenyl- 4ʹ-yl) alkanedioates. Liq Cryst. 2014;41:471–483.
- Sepelj M, Baumeister U, Ivsic T, et al. Effects of geometry and electronic structure on the molecular selfassembly of naphthyl-based dimers. J Phys Chem B. 2013;117:8918–8929.
- K. Merkel, A. Kocot, J. K. Vij, G. Shanker. Distortions in structures of the twist bend nematic phase of a bent-core liquid crystal by the electric field. Phys. Rev. E 2018, 98, 022704 (1-8).
- Mandle RJ, Davis EJ, Voll -C-CA, et al. Cowling SJ The relationship between molecular structure and the incidence of the N-TB phase. Liq Cryst. 2015;42:688–703.
- Mandle RJ, Goodby JW. Dependence of mesomorphic behaviour of methylene-linked dimers and the stability of the NTB/NX phase upon choice of mesogenic units and terminal chain length. Chem Eur J. 2016;22:9366–9374.
- Mandle RJ, Davis EJ, Archbold CT, et al. Apolar bimesogens and the incidence of the twist bend nematic phase. Chem Eur J. 2015;21:8158–8167.
- Mandle RJ, Goodby JW. Progression from nano to macro science in soft matter systems: dimers to trimers and oligomers in twist-bend liquid crystals. RSC Adv. 2016;6:34885–34893.
- Gray GW, Jone B. Mesomorphism and chemical constitution. Part III. The effect of halogen substitution on the mesomorphism of the 4-alkoxybenzoic acids. Chem Soc. 1954;2556–2562.
- Gray GW, Worrall BM. The mesomorphic transition temperatures of 3′-substituted 4′-n-octyloxydiphenyl-4-carboxylic acids. J Chem Soc. 1959;1545–1550.
- Attard GS, Imrie CT, Karaz EE. Low molar mass liquid-crystalline glasses: preparation and properties of the .alpha.-(4-cyanobiphenyl-4’-oxy)-.omega.-(1-pyreniminebenzylidene-4’-oxy)alkanes. Chem Matter. 1992;4:1246–1253.
- Yelamaggad CV, Shanker G. Synthesis and characterization of non-symmetric chiral dimers. Liq Cryst. 2007;34:1045–1057.
- Yelamaggad CV, Shanker G. Mesomorphic chiral non‐symmetrical dimers: synthesis and characterization. Liq Cryst. 2007;34:799–899.
- Gray GW. Advances in Synthesis and the Role of Molecular Geometry in Liquid Crystallinity. Mol Cryst. 1969;7:127–151.
- Dunmur DA. The magic of cyanobiphenyls: celebrity molecules. Liq Cryst. 2015;42:678–687.
- Paterson DA, Crawford CA, Pociecha D, et al. The role of a terminal chain in promoting the twist-bend nematic phase: the synthesis and characterisation of the 1-(4-cyanobiphenyl-4 ‘-yl)-6-(4 alkyloxyanilinebenzylidene-4 ‘-oxy)hexanes. Liq Cryst. 2018;45:2341–2351.
- Paterson DA, Abberley JP, Harrison WT, et al. Cyanobiphenyl-based liquid crystal dimers and the twist-bend nematic phase. Liq Cryst. 2017;44:127–146.
- Paterson DA, Gao M, Kim YK, et al. Understanding the twist-bend nematic phase: the characterisation of 1-(4-cyanobiphenyl-4 ‘-yloxy)-6-(4-cyanobiphenyl-4 ‘-yl)hexane (CB6OCB) and comparison with CB7CB. Soft Matter. 2016;12:6827–6840.
- Cruickshank E, Salamonczyk M, Pociecha D, et al. Sulfur-linked cyanobiphenyl-based liquid crystal dimers and the twist-bend nematic phase. Liq Cryst. 2019;46:1595–1609.
- Walker R, Majewska M, Pociecha D, et al. Twist-Bend Nematic Glasses: the Synthesis and Characterisation of Pyrene-based Nonsymmetric Dimers. Chemphyschem. 2021;22:461–470.
- Imrie CT, Lu ZB, Picken SJ, et al. Oligomeric rod-disc nematic liquid crystals. Chem Commun. 2007;12:1245–1247.
- Tuchband MR, Paterson DA, Salamonczyk M, et al. Distinct differences in the nanoscale behaviors of the twist-bend liquid crystal phase of a flexible linear trimer and homologous dimer. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2019;116:10698–10704.
- Namba K, Osawa A, Nakayama A, et al. Synthesis of yellow and red fluorescent 1,3a,6a-triazapentalenes and the theoretical investigation of their optical properties, Chem. Sci. 2015;6:1083–1093.
- Krech JH, Rose-Pehrsson SL. Effect of chlorinated hydrocarbons on the fluorescence emission spectra of 1,3-bis-(1-pyrene)propane in solutions and poly(vinyl alcohol) films. Appl Spectrosc. 1996;50:1528–1534.
- Inchara SA, Veerabhadraswamy BN, Paul B, et al. Supramolecular self-assembly properties of metallo-ionic phthalocyanines constituting regioisomers. ChemistrySelect. 2020;5:10106–10113.
- Shanker G, Nagaraj M, Kocot A, et al. Nematic phases in 1,2,4-oxadiazole-based bent-core liquid crystals: is there a ferroelectric switching? Adv Funct Mater. 2012;22:1671–1683.
- Shanker G, Prehm M, Nagaraj M, et al. 1,2,4-oxadiazole-based bent-core liquid crystals with cybotactic nematic phases. ChemPhysChem. 2014;15:1323–1335.
- Abraham MJ, Murtola T, Schulz R, et al. High performance molecular simulations through multi-level parallelism from laptops to supercomputers. SoftwareX. 2015;1::19–25.
- Allouche A. Software news and updates gabedit — a graphical user interface for computational chemistry softwares. J Comput Chem. 2012;32:174–182.