Remarkable stabilisation of the intercalated smectic phases of nonsymmetric dimers by tert-butyl groups

References

• Imrie CT, Henderson PA. Liquid crystal dimers and higher oligomers: between monomers and polymers. Chem Soc Rev. 2007;36(12):2096–2124.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Imrie CT, Henderson PA, Yeap GY. Liquid crystal oligomers: going beyond dimers. Liq Cryst. 2009;36(6–7):755–777.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cestari M, Diez-Berart S, Dunmur DA, et al. Phase behavior and properties of the liquid-crystal dimer 1′′,7′′-bis(4-cyanobiphenyl-4′-yl) heptane: a twist-bend nematic liquid crystal. Phys Rev E. 2011;84(3):031704.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Henderson PA, Imrie CT. Methylene-Linked liquid crystal dimers and the twist-bend nematic phase. Liq Cryst. 2011;38(11–12):1407–1414.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Borshch V, Kim YK, Xiang J, et al. Nematic twist-bend phase with nanoscale modulation of molecular orientation. Nat Commun. 2013;4(1):2635.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Strachan GJ, Harrison WTA, Storey JMD, et al. Understanding the remarkable difference in liquid crystal behaviour between secondary and tertiary amides: the synthesis and characterisation of new benzanilide-based liquid crystal dimers. Phys Chem Chem Phys. 2021;23(22):12600–12611.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Walker R, Majewska M, Pociecha D, et al. Twist-Bend nematic glasses: the synthesis and characterisation of pyrene-based nonsymmetric dimers. Chemphyschem. 2021;22:461–470.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Forsyth E, Paterson DA, Cruickshank E, et al. Liquid crystal dimers and the twist-bend nematic phase: on the role of spacers and terminal alkyl chains. J Molec Liq. 2020;320:114391.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Abberley JP, Walker R, Storey JMD, et al. Molecular structure and the twist-bend nematic phase: the role of terminal chains. Liq Cryst. 2020;47(8):1232–1245.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Walker R, Pociecha D, Storey JMD, et al. The chiral twist-bend nematic phase (N*(TB)). Chem Eur J. 2019;25(58):13329–13335.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cruickshank E, Salamonczyk M, Pociecha D, et al. Sulfur-Linked cyanobiphenyl-based liquid crystal dimers and the twist-bend nematic phase. Liq Cryst. 2019;46(10):1595–1609.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Paterson DA, Walker R, Abberley JP, et al. Azobenzene-Based liquid crystal dimers and the twist-bend nematic phase. Liq Cryst. 2017;44:2060–2078.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Abberley JP, Storey JMD, Imrie CT. Structure-Property relationships in azobenzene-based twist-bend nematogens. Liq Cryst. 2019;46(13–14):2102–2114.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mandle RJ. Designing liquid-crystalline oligomers to exhibit twist-bend modulated nematic phases. Chem Rec. 2018;18(9):1341–1349.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lesac A, Baumeister U, Dokli I, et al. Geometric aspects influencing N-N-TB transition - implication of intramolecular torsion. Liq Cryst. 2018;45(7):1101–1110.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Archbold CT, Andrews JL, Mandle RJ, et al. Effect of the linking unit on the twist-bend nematic phase in liquid crystal dimers: a comparative study of two homologous series of methylene- and ether-linked dimers. Liq Cryst. 2017;44:84–92.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Archbold CT, Mandle RJ, Andrews JL, et al. Conformational landscapes of bimesogenic compounds and their implications for the formation of modulated nematic phases. Liq Cryst. 2017;44:2079–2088.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mandle RJ, Goodby JW. Dependence of mesomorphic behaviour of methylene-linked dimers and the stability of the N-TB/N-X phase upon choice of mesogenic units and terminal chain length. Chem: Eur J. 2016;22(27):9366–9374.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Knezevic A, Dokli I, Novak J, et al. Fluorinated twist-bend nematogens: the role of intermolecular interaction. Liq Cryst. 2021;48(5):756–766.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Knezevic A, Sapunar M, Buljan A, et al. Fine-Tuning the effect of π–π interactions on the stability of the N-TB phase. Soft Matter. 2018;14(42):8466–8474.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ivsic T, Baumeister U, Dokli I, et al. Sensitivity of the N-TB phase formation to the molecular structure of imino-linked dimers. Liq Cryst. 2017;44:93–105.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Panov VP, Vij JK, Mehl GH. Twist-Bend nematic phase in cyanobiphenyls and difluoroterphenyls bimesogens. Liq Cryst. 2017;44:147–159.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Arakawa Y, Komatsu K, Inui S, et al. Thioether-Linked liquid crystal dimers and trimers: the twist-bend nematic phase. J Molec Str. 2020;1199:126913.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Arakawa Y, Komatsu K, Ishida Y, et al. Thioether-Linked azobenzene-based liquid crystal dimers exhibiting the twist-bend nematic phase over a wide temperature range. Liq Cryst. 2021;48(5):641–652.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Arakawa Y, Tsuji H. Selenium-Linked liquid crystal dimers for twist-bend nematogens. J Molec Liq. 2019;289:111097.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Abberley JP, Killah R, Walker R, et al. Heliconical smectic phases formed by achiral molecules. Nat Commun. 2018;9(1):228.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Salamonczyk M, Vaupotic N, Pociecha D, et al. Multi-Level chirality in liquid crystals formed by achiral molecules. Nat Commun. 2019;10(1):1922.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pociecha D, Vaupotic N, Majewska M, et al. Photonic bandgap in achiral liquid crystals—A twist on a twist. Adv Mater. 2021;33(39):2103288.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hogan JL, Imrie CT, Luckhurst GR. Asymmetric dimeric liquid crystals the preparation and properties of the α-(4-cyanobiphenyl-4’-oxy)-ω-(4-n-alkylanilinebenzylidene-4’-oxy)hexanes. Liq Cryst. 1988;3(5):645–650.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Attard GS, Garnett S, Hickman CG, et al. Asymmetric dimeric liquid-crystals with charge-transfer groups. Liq Cryst. 1990;7(4):495–508.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Attard GS, Date RW, Imrie CT, et al. Non-Symmetric dimeric liquid crystals the preparation and properties of the α-(4-cyanobiphenyl-4′-yloxy)-ω-(4-n-alkylanilinebenzylidene-4′-oxy)alkanes. Liq Cryst. 1994;16(4):529–581.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Blatch AE, Fletcher ID, Luckhurst GR. The intercalated smectic a phase. the liquid crystal properties of the α-(4-cyanobiphenyl-4′-yloxy)-ω)-(4-alkyloxycinnamoate)alkanes. Liq Cryst. 1995;18(5):801–809.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Walker R, Pociecha D, Storey JMD, et al. Remarkable smectic phase behaviour in odd-membered liquid crystal dimers: the CT6O.M series. J Mater Chem C. 2021;9(15):5167–5173.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Imrie CT, Henderson PA, Seddon JM. Non-Symmetric liquid crystal trimers. the first example of a triply-intercalated alternating smectic C phase. J Mater Chem. 2004;14:2486–2488.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Donaldson T, Henderson PA, Achard MF, et al. Non-Symmetric chiral liquid crystal trimers. Liq Cryst. 2011;38(10):1331–1339.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Donaldson T, Henderson PA, Achard MF, et al. Chiral liquid crystal tetramers. J Mater Chem. 2011;21(29):10935–10941.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Knezevic A, Dokli I, Sapunar M, et al. Induced smectic phase in binary mixtures of twist-bend nematogens. Beilstein J Nanotech. 2018;9:1297–1307.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sepelj M, Lesac A, Baumeister U, et al. Intercalated liquid-crystalline phases formed by symmetric dimers with an α,ω-diiminoalkylene spacer. J Mater Chem. 2007;17(12):1154–1165.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pocock EE, Mandle RJ, Goodby JW. Experimental and computational study of a liquid crystalline dimesogen exhibiting nematic, twist-bend nematic, intercalated smectic, and soft crystalline mesophases. Molecules. 2021;26(3):532.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mandle RJ, Goodby JW. A twist-bend nematic to an intercalated, anticlinic, biaxial phase transition in liquid crystal bimesogens. Soft Matter. 2016;12(5):1436–1443.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mandle RJ, Goodby JW. Intercalated soft-crystalline mesophase exhibited by an unsymmetrical twist-bend nematogen. Cryst Eng C omm. 2016;18(45):8794–8802.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dawood AA, Grossel MC, Luckhurst GR, et al. On the twist-bend nematic phase formed directly from the isotropic phase. Liq Cryst. 2016;43(1):2–12.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dawood AA, Grossel MC, Luckhurst GR, et al. Twist-Bend nematics, liquid crystal dimers, structure-property relations. Liq Cryst. 2017;44:106–126.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Paterson DA, Gao M, Kim YK, et al. Understanding the twist-bend nematic phase: the characterisation of 1-(4-cyanobiphenyl-4′-yloxy)-6-(4-cyanobiphenyl-4′-yl)hexane (CB6OCB) and comparison with CB7CB. Soft Matter. 2016;12(32):6827–6840.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Paterson DA, Crawford CA, Pociecha D, et al. The role of a terminal chain in promoting the twist-bend nematic phase: the synthesis and characterisation of the 1-(4-cyanobiphenyl-4′-yl)-6-(4-alkyloxyanilinebenzylidene-4′-oxy)hexanes. Liq Cryst. 2018;45(13–15):2341–2351.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Abberley JP, Jansze SM, Walker R, et al. Structure-Property relationships in twist-bend nematogens: the influence of terminal groups. Liq Cryst. 2017;44:68–83.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Walker R, Pociecha D, Strachan G, et al. Molecular curvature, specific intermolecular interactions and the twist-bend nematic phase: the synthesis and characterisation of the 1-(4-cyanobiphenyl-4′-yl)-6-(4-alkylanilinebenzylidene-4′-oxy)hexanes (CB6O.m). Soft Matter. 2019;15(15):3188–3197.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yeap GY, Hng TC, Yeap SY, et al. Why do non-symmetric dimers intercalate? the synthesis and characterisation of the α-(4-benzylidene-substituted-aniline-4′-oxy)-ω-(2-methylbutyl-4′-(4″-phenyl)benzoateoxy)alkanes. Liq Cryst. 2009;36(12):1431–1441.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Crivello JV, Deptolla M, Ringsdorf H. The synthesis and characterization of side-chain liquid crystal polymers based on polystyrene and poly-α-methystyrene. Liq Cryst. 1988;3(2):235–247.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar