Publication Cover
Work & Stress
An International Journal of Work, Health & Organisations
Volume 34, 2020 - Issue 3
4,800
Views
13
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Articles

Workplace bullying as predicted by non-prototypicality, group identification and norms: a self-categorisation perspective

ORCID Icon, ORCID Icon &
Pages 279-299 | Received 19 Feb 2019, Accepted 03 Jan 2020, Published online: 27 Jan 2020

References

  • Abrams, D., & Hogg, M. A. (1988). Comments on the motivational status of self-esteem in social identity and intergroup discrimination. European Journal of Social Psychology, 18, 317–334. doi: 10.1002/ejsp.2420180403
  • Abrams, D., Marques, J. M., Bown, N., & Henson, M. (2000). Pro-norm and anti-norm deviance within and between groups. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 78, 906–912. doi: 10.1037/0022-3514.78.5.906
  • Aquino, K., & Lamertz, K. (2004). A relational model of workplace victimization: Social roles and patterns of victimization in dyadic relationships. Journal of Applied Psychology, 89, 1023–1034. doi: 10.1037/0021-9010.89.6.1023
  • Argyle, M., Henderson, M., & Furnham, A. (1985). The rules of social relationships. British Journal of Social Psychology, 24, 125–139. doi: 10.1111/j.2044-8309.1985.tb00671.x
  • Armstrong, J. S., & Overton, T. S. (1977). Estimating nonresponse bias in mail surveys. Journal of Marketing Research, 14, 396–402. doi: 10.1177/002224377701400320
  • Ashforth, B., & Mael, F. (1989). Social identity theory and the organization. The Academy of Management Review, 14, 20–39. doi: 10.5465/amr.1989.4278999
  • Bauer, D. J., & Curran, P. J. (2005). Probing interactions in fixed and multilevel regression: Inferential and graphical techniques. Multivariate Behavioral Research, 40, 373–400. doi: 10.1207/s15327906mbr4003_5
  • Berdahl, J. L., & Moore, C. (2006). Workplace harassment: Double jeopardy for minority women. Journal of Applied Psychology, 91, 426–436. doi: 10.1037/0021-9010.91.2.426
  • Björkquist, K. (1992). Trakassering förekommer bland anställda vid ÅA (Harassment exists among employees at Abo Academy). Meddelanda Från Åbo Akademi, 9, 14–17.
  • Bliese, P. D. (2000). Within-group agreement, non-independence, and reliability: Implications for data aggregation and analysis. In K. J. Klein, & S. W. J. Kozlowski (Eds.), Multilevel theory, research, and methods in organizations: Foundations, extensions, and new directions (pp. 349–381). San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
  • Brewer, M. B. (1996). Managing diversity: The role of social identities. In S. E. Jackson, & M. N. Ruderman (Eds.), Diversity in work teams: Research paradigms for a changing workplace (pp. 47–68). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
  • Burke, M. J., Finkelstein, L. M., & Dusig, M. S. (1999). On average deviation indices for estimating interrater agreement. Organizational Research Methods, 2, 49–68. doi: 10.1177/109442819921004
  • Charlton, C., Rasbash, J., Browne, W. J., Healy, M., & Cameron, B. (2017). MLwin version 3.02. Bristol: Univresity of Bristol, Centre for Multilevel Modelling.
  • Cortina, L. M. (2008). Unseen injustice: Incivility as modern discrimination in organizations. The Academy of Management Review, 33, 55–75. doi: 10.5465/amr.2008.27745097
  • Cortina, L. M., Kabat-Farr, D., Leskinen, E. A., Huerta, M., & Magley, V. J. (2013). Selective incivility as modern discrimination in organizations: Evidence and impact. Journal of Management, 39, 1579–1605. doi: 10.1177/0149206311418835
  • Dawson, J. F. (2014). Moderation in management research: What, why, when, and how. Journal of Business and Psychology, 29, 1–19. doi: 10.1007/s10869-013-9308-7
  • Eidelman, S., Silvia, P. J., & Biernat, M. (2006). Responding to deviance: Target exclusion and differential devaluation. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 32, 1153–1164. doi: 10.1177/0146167206288720
  • Einarsen, S., Hoel, H., & Notelaers, G. (2009). Measuring exposure to bullying and harassment at work: Validity, factor structure and psychometric properties of the negative acts questionnaire-revised. Work and Stress, 23, 24–44. doi: 10.1080/02678370902815673
  • Einarsen, S., Hoel, H., Zapf, D., & Cooper, C. L. (2011). The concept of bullying and harassment at work: The European tradition. In S. Einarsen, H. Hoel, D. Zapf, & C. L. Cooper (Eds.), Bullying and harassment in the workplace. Developments in theory, research, and practice (2nd ed., pp. 3–40). Boca Raton: CRC Press.
  • Enders, C. K., & Tofighi, D. (2007). Centering predictor variables in cross-sectional multilevel models: A new look at an old issue. Psychological Methods, 12, 121–138. doi: 10.1037/1082-989X.12.2.121
  • Eriksen, W., & Einarsen, S. (2004). Gender minority as a risk factor of exposure to bullying at work: The case of male assistant nurses. European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology, 13, 473–492. doi: 10.1080/13594320444000173
  • Escartín, J., Ullrich, J., Zapf, D., Schlüter, E., & van Dick, R. (2013). Individual- and group-level effects of social identification on workplace bullying. European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology, 22, 182–193. doi: 10.1080/1359432X.2011.647407
  • Evans, M. G. (1985). A Monte Carlo study of the effects of correlated method variance in moderated multiple regression analysis. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 36, 305–323. doi: 10.1016/0749-5978(85)90002-0
  • Festinger, L. (1954). A theory of social comparison processes. Human Relations, 7, 117–140. doi: 10.1177/001872675400700202
  • Fevre, R., Robinson, A., Lewis, D., & Jones, T. (2013). The ill-treatment of employees with disabilities in British workplaces. Work, Employment and Society, 27, 288–307. doi: 10.1177/0950017012460311
  • Fox, S., & Stallworth, L. E. (2005). Racial/ethnic bullying: Exploring links between bullying and racism in the US workplace. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 66, 438–456. doi: 10.1016/j.jvb.2004.01.002
  • George, J. M. (1990). Personality, affect, and behavior in groups. Journal of Applied Psychology, 75, 107–116. doi: 10.1037/0021-9010.75.2.107
  • Greco, L. M., O'Boyle, E. H., & Walter, S. L. (2015). Absence of malice: A meta-analysis of nonresponse bias in counterproductive work behavior research. Journal of Applied Psychology, 100, 75–97. doi: 10.1037/a0037495
  • Haslam, S. A. (2004). Psychology in organizations. The social identity approach (2nd ed.). London: Sage.
  • Hauge, L. J., Skogstad, A., & Einarsen, S. (2010). The relative impact of workplace bullying as a social stressor at work. Scandinavian Journal of Psychology, 51, 426–433.
  • Hoel, H., Sheehan, M. J., Cooper, C. L., & Einarsen, S. (2011). Organizational effects of workplace bullying. In S. Einarsen, H. Hoel, D. Zapf, & C. L. Cooper (Eds.), Bullying and harassment in the workplace. Developments in theory, research, and practice (2nd ed., pp. 129–147). Boca Raton: CRC Press.
  • Hofmann, D. A., & Gavin, M. B. (1998). Centering decisions in hierarchical linear models: Implications for research in organizations. Journal of Management, 24, 623–641. doi: 10.1177/014920639802400504
  • Hogg, M. A. (2000). Subjective uncertainty reduction through self-categorization: A motivational theory of social identity processes. European Review of Social Psychology, 11, 223–255. doi: 10.1080/14792772043000040
  • Hogg, M. A. (2001). Social categorization, depersonalization, and group behavior. In M. A. Hogg, & R. S. Tindale (Eds.), Blackewell handbook of social psychology: Group processes (pp. 56–85). Malden, MA: Blackwell.
  • Hogg, M. A. (2005). All animals are equal but some animals are more equal than others. Social identity and marginal membership. In K. D. Williams, J. P. Forgas, & W. Von Hippel (Eds.), The social outcast. Ostracism, social exclusion, rejection, and bullying (pp. 243–261). New York: Psychology Press.
  • Hogg, M. A. (2016). Group members differ in relative prototypicality: Effects on the individual and the group. Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 39, e153. doi: 10.1017/S0140525X15001417
  • Hogg, M. A., Fielding, K. S., & Darley, J. (2005). Fringe dwellers: Processes of deviance and marginalization in groups. In D. Abrams, M. A. Hogg, & J. M. Marques (Eds.), The social psychology of inclusion and exclusion (pp. 191–210). New York: Psychology Press.
  • Hogg, M. A., & Terry, D. J. (2000). Social identity and self-categorization processes in organizational contexts. The Academy of Management Review, 25, 121–140. doi: 10.5465/amr.2000.2791606
  • Hox, J. (2002). Multilevel analysis. Techniques and applications. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
  • James, L. R., Demaree, R. G., & Wolf, G. (1984). Estimating within-group interrater reliability with and without response bias. Journal of Applied Psychology, 69, 85–98. doi: 10.1037/0021-9010.69.1.85
  • Jansen, W. S., Otten, S., & van der Zee, K. I. (2017). Being different at work: How gender dissimilarity relates to social inclusion and absenteeism. Group Processes & Intergroup Relations, 20, 879–893. doi: 10.1177/1368430215625783
  • Jehn, K. A. (1995). A multimethod examination of the benefits and detriments of intragroup conflict. Administrative Science Quarterly, 40, 256–282. doi: 10.2307/2393638
  • Jensen, J. M., Patel, P. C., & Raver, J. L. (2014). Is it better to be average? High and low performance as predictors of employee victimization. Journal of Applied Psychology, 99, 296–309. doi: 10.1037/a0034822
  • Kabat-Farr, D., & Cortina, L. M. (2014). Sex-based harassment in employment: New insights into gender and context. Law and Human Behavior, 38, 58–72. doi: 10.1037/lhb0000045
  • Kessler, S. R., Spector, P. E., Chang, C., & Parr, A. D. (2008). Organizational violence and aggression: Development of the three-factor violence climate survey. Work and Stress, 22, 108–124. doi: 10.1080/02678370802187926
  • Kim, E., & Glomb, T. M. (2014). Victimization of high performers: The roles of envy and work group identification. Journal of Applied Psychology, 99, 619–634. doi: 10.1037/a0035789
  • Klein, K. J., & Kozlowski, S. W. J. (2000). From micro to meso: Critical steps in conceptualizing and conducting multilevel research. Organizational Research Methods, 3, 211–236. doi: 10.1177/109442810033001
  • Lebreton, J. M., Burgess, J. R. D., Kaiser, R. B., Atchley, E. K., & James, L. R. (2003). The restriction of variance hypothesis and interrater reliability and agreement: Are ratings from multiple sources really dissimilar? Organizational Research Methods, 6, 80–128. doi: 10.1177/1094428102239427
  • LeBreton, J. M., & Senter, J. L. (2008). Answers to 20 questions about interrater reliability and interrater agreement. Organizational Research Methods, 11, 815–852. doi: 10.1177/1094428106296642
  • Lewis, D., Giga, S., & Hoel, H. (2011). Discrimination and bullying. In S. Einarsen, H. Hoel, D. Zapf, & C. L. Cooper (Eds.), Bullying and harassment in the workplace. Developments in theory, research, and practice (pp. 267–282). Boca Raton: CRC.
  • Mael, F., & Ashforth, B. E. (1992). Alumni and their alma mater: A partial test of the reformulated model of organizational identification. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 13, 103–123. doi: 10.1002/job.4030130202
  • Marques, J. M., Abrams, D., & Serôdio, R. G. (2001). Being better by being right: Subjective group dynamics and derogation of in-group deviants when generic norms are undermined. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 81, 436–447. doi: 10.1037/0022-3514.81.3.436
  • Marques, J. M., & Paez, D. (1994). The ‘black sheep effect’: Social categorization, rejection of ingroup deviates, and perception of group variability. European Review of Social Psychology, 5(1) 37–68. doi: 10.1080/14792779543000011
  • Marques, J. M., Yzerbyt, V. Y., & Leyens, J.-P. (1988). The “black sheep effect”: Extremity of judgments towards ingroup members as a function of group identification. European Journal of Social Psychology, 18, 1–16. doi: 10.1002/ejsp.2420180102
  • McClelland, G. H., & Judd, C. M. (1993). Statistical difficulties of detecting interactions and moderator effects. Psychological Bulletin, 114, 376–390. doi: 10.1037/0033-2909.114.2.376
  • McCluney, C. L., & Cortina, L. M. (2017). Identity matters: Contextualizing workplace aggression within a social structural framework. In N. A. Bowling, & M. S. Hershcovis (Eds.), Research and theory on workplace aggression (pp. 136–155). New York: Cambridge University Press.
  • Nielsen, M. B., Bjørkelo, B., Notelaers, G., & Einarsen, S. (2010). Sexual harassment: Prevalence, outcomes, and gender differences assessed by three different estimation methods. Journal of Aggression, Maltreatment & Trauma, 19, 252–274. doi: 10.1080/10926771003705056
  • Nielsen, M. B., & Einarsen, S. (2012). Outcomes of exposure to workplace bullying: A meta-analytic review. Work and Stress, 26, 309–332. doi: 10.1080/02678373.2012.734709
  • Nielsen, M. B., & Einarsen, S. (2018). What we know, what we do not know, and what we should and could have known about workplace bullying: An overview of the literature and agenda for future research. Aggression and Violent Behavior, 42, 71–83. doi: 10.1016/j.avb.2018.06.007
  • Notelaers, G., Van der Heijden, B., Guenter, H., Nielsen, M. B., & Einarsen, S. V. (2018). Do Interpersonal conflict, aggression and bullying at the workplace overlap? A latent class modeling approach. Frontiers in Psychology, 9(1743), 1–14. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2018.01743
  • Notelaers, G., Van der Heijden, B., Hoel, H., & Einarsen, S. (2019). Measuring bullying at work with the short-negative acts questionnaire: Identification of targets and criterion validity. Work and Stress, 33(1), 58–75. doi: 10.1080/02678373.2018.1457736
  • Pelled, L. H., Eisenhardt, K. M., & Xin, K. R. (1999). Exploring the black box: An analysis of work group diversity, conflict and performance. Administrative Science Quarterly, 44, 1–28. doi: 10.2307/2667029
  • Podsakoff, P. M., MacKenzie, S. B., Lee, J. Y., & Podsakoff, N. P. (2003). Common method biases in behavioral research: A critical review of the literature and recommended remedies. Journal of Applied Psychology, 88, 879–903. doi: 10.1037/0021-9010.88.5.879
  • Power, J. L., Brotheridge, C. M., Blenkinsopp, J., Bowes-Sperry, L., Bozionelos, N., Buzády, Z., … Nnedumm, A. U. O. (2013). Acceptability of workplace bullying: A comparative study on six continents. Journal of Business Research, 66, 374–380. doi: 10.1016/j.jbusres.2011.08.018
  • Preacher, K. J., Curran, P. J., & Bauer, D. J. (2006). Computational tools for probing interactions in multiple linear regression, multilevel modeling, and latent curve analysis. Journal of Educational and Behavioral Statistics, 31, 437–448. doi: 10.3102/10769986031004437
  • Rai, A., & Agarwal, U. A. (2018). A review of literature on mediators and moderators of workplace bullying: Agenda for future research. Management Research Review, 41, 822–859. doi: 10.1108/MRR-05-2016-0111
  • Ramsay, S., Troth, A., & Branch, S. (2011). Work-place bullying: A group processes framework. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 84, 799–816. doi: 10.1348/2044-8325.002000
  • Randel, A. E. (2002). Identity salience: A moderator of the relationship between group gender composition and work group conflict. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 23, 749–766. doi: 10.1002/job.163
  • Rasbash, J., Steele, F., Browne, W. J., & Goldstein, H. (2009). A User's guide to MLwiN vesion 2.10. Bristol: University of Bristol, Centre for Multilevel Modelling.
  • Shaw, L. R., Chan, F., & McMahon, B. T. (2012). Intersectionality and disability harassment: The interactive effects of disability, race, age, and gender. Rehabilitation Counseling Bulletin, 55, 82–91. doi: 10.1177/0034355211431167
  • Snijders, T. A. B., & Bosker, R. J. (1994). Modeled variance in two-level models. Sociological Methods & Research, 22, 342–363. doi: 10.1177/0049124194022003004
  • Spears, R., Doosje, B., & Ellemers, N. (1997). Self-Stereotyping in the face of threats to group status and distinctiveness: The role of group identification. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 23, 538–553. doi: 10.1177/0146167297235009
  • Tajfel, H., & Turner, J. (1985). The social identity theory of intergroup behavior. In S. Worchel, & W. Austin (Eds.), The psychology of intergroup relations (2nd ed., pp. 7–24). Chicago: Nelson-Hall Publishers.
  • Thylefors, I. (1987). Syndabockar. Om utstötning och mobbning i arbetslivet (Scapegoats. On expulsion and bullying in working life). Stockholm: Trycksakshuset AB/Modin-Tryck AB.
  • Turner, J. C., Hogg, M. A., Oakes, P. J., Reicher, S. D., & Wetherell, M. S. (1987). Rediscovering the social group: A self-categorization theory. Cambridge, MA: Blackwell.
  • Van Kleef, G. A., Steinel, W., Van Knippenberg, D., Hogg, M. A., & Svensson, A. (2007). Group member prototypicality and intergroup negotiation: How one's standing in the group affects negotiation behaviour. British Journal of Social Psychology, 46, 129–152. doi: 10.1348/014466605X89353
  • van Knippenberg, D., De Dreu, C. K. W., & Homan, A. C. (2004). Work group diversity and group performance: An integrative model and research agenda. Journal of Applied Psychology, 89, 1008–1022. doi: 10.1037/0021-9010.89.6.1008
  • van Knippenberg, D., & Schippers, M. C. (2007). Work group diversity. Annual Review of Psychology, 58, 515–541. doi: 10.1146/annurev.psych.58.110405.085546