Publication Cover
Work & Stress
An International Journal of Work, Health & Organisations
Volume 37, 2023 - Issue 1
1,436
Views
13
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Articles

Job demands, not resources, predict worsening psychological distress during the early phase of the COVID-19 pandemic

ORCID Icon, ORCID Icon & ORCID Icon
Pages 55-77 | Received 10 May 2021, Accepted 23 Aug 2022, Published online: 03 Sep 2022

References

  • Aguinis, H., & Bakker, R. M. (2020). Time is of the essence: Improving the conceptualization and measurement of time. Human Resource Management Review, 31(2), 100763. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hrmr.2020.100763
  • Aiello, J. R., & Kolb, K. J. (1995). Electronic performance monitoring and social context: Impact on productivity and stress. Journal of Applied Psychology, 80(3), 339–353. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.80.3.339
  • Akkirman, A. D., & Harris, D. L. (2005). Organizational communication satisfaction in the virtual workplace. Journal of Management Development, 24(5), 397–409. https://doi.org/10.1108/02621710510598427
  • Asparouhov, T., & Muthén, B. (2014). Auxiliary variables in mixture modeling: Three-step approaches using M plus. Structural Equation Modeling: A Multidisciplinary Journal, 21(3), 329–341. https://doi.org/10.1080/10705511.2014.915181
  • Australian Bureau of Statistics. (2012). Information paper: Use of the Kessler Psychological Distress Scale in ABS Health Surveys, Australia, 2007–08 (ABS cat.no. 4817.0.55.001). ABS.
  • Bakker, A. B., & Demerouti, E. (2007). The job demands-resources model: State of the art. Journal of Managerial Psychology, 22(3), 309–328. https://doi.org/10.1108/02683940710733115
  • Bandura, A. (1989). Human agency in social cognitive theory. American Psychologist, 44(9), 1175–1184. https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.44.9.1175
  • Brauchli, R., Schaufeli, W. B., Jenny, G. J., Füllemann, D., & Bauer, G. F. (2013). Disentangling stability and change in job resources, job demands, and employee well-being—A three-wave study on the Job-Demands Resources model. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 83(2), 117–129. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvb.2013.03.003
  • Brosschot, J. F., Gerin, W., & Thayer, J. F. (2006). The perseverative cognition hypothesis: A review of worry, prolonged stress-related activation, and health. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 60(2), 113–124. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpsychores.2005.06.074
  • Bryant, R. A., Nickerson, A., Creamer, M., O'Donnell, M., Forbes, D., Galatzer-Levy, I., McFarlane, A. C., & Silove, D. (2015). Trajectory of post-traumatic stress following traumatic injury: 6-year follow-up. The British Journal of Psychiatry, 206(5), 417–423. https://doi.org/10.1192/bjp.bp.114.145516
  • Carlson, D. S., Kacmar, K. M., & Williams, L. J. (2000). Construction and initial validation of a multidimensional measure of work-family conflict. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 56(2), 249–276. https://doi.org/10.1006/jvbe.1999.1713
  • Cham, B. S., Andrei, D. M., Griffin, M. A., Grech, M., & Neal, A. (2021). Investigating the joint effects of overload and underload on chronic fatigue and wellbeing. Work & Stress, 1–14. https://doi.org/10.1080/02678373.2021.1888822
  • Charalampous, M., Grant, C. A., Tramontano, C., & Michailidis, E. (2019). Systematically reviewing remote e-workers’ well-being at work: A multidimensional approach. European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology, 28(1), 51–73. https://doi.org/10.1177/1529100615593273
  • Chiaburu, D. S., & Harrison, D. A. (2008). Do peers make the place? Conceptual synthesis and meta-analysis of coworker effects on perceptions, attitudes, OCBs, and performance. Journal of Applied Psychology, 93(5), 1082–1103. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.93.5.1082
  • Cousins, R., Mackay, C. J., Clarke, S. D., Kelly, C., Kelly, P. J., & McCaig, R. H. (2004). Management standards’ work-related stress in the UK: Practical development. Work & Stress, 18(2), 113–136. https://doi.org/10.1080/02678370410001734322
  • Day, A., Paquet, S., Scott, N., & Hambley, L. (2012). Perceived information and communication technology (ICT) demands on employee outcomes: The moderating effect of organizational ICT support. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 17(4), 473–491. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0029837
  • Delanoeije, J., & Verbruggen, M. (2020). Between-person and within-person effects of telework: A quasi-field experiment. European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology, 29(6), 795–808. https://doi.org/10.1080/1359432X.2020.1774557
  • Diener, E., Suh, E. M., Lucas, R. E., & Smith, H. L. (1999). Subjective well-being: Three decades of progress. Psychological Bulletin, 125(2), 276–302. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.125.2.276
  • Emerson, R. (1976). Social exchange theory. Annual Review of Sociology, 2(1), 335–362. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.so.02.080176.002003
  • Fisher, C. D. (1987). Boredom: Construct, causes, and consequences (Technical report ONR-9). Texas A&M University.
  • Fisher, C. D. (1993). Boredom at work: A neglected topic. Human Relations, 46(3), 395–417. https://doi.org/10.1177/001872679304600305
  • Ford, M. T., Matthews, R. A., Wooldridge, J. D., Mishra, V., Kakar, U. M., & Strahan, S. R. (2014). How do occupational stressor-strain effects vary with time? A review and meta-analysis of the relevance of time lags in longitudinal studies. Work & Stress, 28(1), 9–30. https://doi.org/10.1080/02678373.2013.877096
  • Frederick, S., & Loewenstein, G. (1999). Hedonic adaptation. In D. Kahneman, E. Diener, & N. Schwarz (Eds.), Well-being: Foundations of hedonic psychology (pp. 302–329). Russell Sage.
  • Frese, M., & Zapf, D. (1988). Methodological issues in the study of work stress: Objective vs subjective measurement of work stress and the question of longitudinal studies. In C. L. Cooper, & R. Payac (Eds.), Causes, coping and consequences of stress at work (pp. 375–411). John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
  • Ganster, D. C., & Rosen, C. C. (2013). Work stress and employee health: A multidisciplinary review. Journal of Management, 39(5), 1085–1122. https://doi.org/10.1177/0149206313475815
  • Garst, H., Frese, M., & Molenaar, P. (2000). The temporal factor of change in stressor–strain relationships: A growth curve model on a longitudinal study in east Germany. Journal of Applied Psychology, 85(3), 417–438. https://doi.org/10.1037//0021-9010.85.3.417
  • George, J. M., & Zhou, J. (2001). When openness to experience and conscientiousness are related to creative behavior: An interactional approach. Journal of Applied Psychology, 86(3), 513–524. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.86.3.513
  • Golden, T. D., Veiga, J. F., & Simsek, Z. (2006). Telecommuting's differential impact on work-family conflict: Is there no place like home? Journal of Applied Psychology, 91(6), 1340–1350. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.91.6.1340
  • Gonzalez-Mulé, E., Kim, M(M), & Ryu, J. W. (2020). A meta-analytic test of multiplicative and additive models of Job demands, resources, and stress. Journal of Applied Psychology, 106(9), 1391–1411. https://doi.org/10.1037/apl0000840
  • Grant, A. M., & Parker, S. K. (2009). 7 redesigning work design theories: The rise of relational and proactive perspectives. Academy of Management Annals, 3(1), 317–375. https://doi.org/10.1080/19416520903047327
  • Gump, B. B., & Matthews, K. A. (1999). Do background stressors influence reactivity to and recovery from acute stressors? Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 29(3), 469–494. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1559-1816.1999.tb01397.x
  • Hershcovis, M. S., & Barling, J. (2010). Towards a multi-foci approach to workplace aggression: A meta-analytic review of outcomes from different perpetrators. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 31(1), 24–44. https://doi.org/10.1002/job.621
  • Hobfoll, S. E. (2001). The influence of culture, community, and the nested-self in the stress process: Advancing conservation of resources theory. Applied Psychology, 50(3), 337–421. https://doi.org/10.1111/1464-0597.00062
  • Holman, D. (2006). Employee wellbeing in call centres. Human Resource Management Journal, 12(4), 35–50. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1748-8583.2002.tb00076.x
  • Hu, L. T., & Bentler, P. M. (1999). Cutoff criteria for fit indexes in covariance structure analysis: Conventional criteria versus new alternatives. Structural Equation Modeling: A Multidisciplinary Journal, 6(1), 1–55. https://doi.org/10.1080/10705519909540118
  • Karasek, R. A. (1979). Job demands, Job decision latitude, and mental strain: Implications for Job redesign. Administrative Science Quarterly, 24(2), 285–308. https://doi.org/10.2307/2392498
  • Keller, A. C., Igic, I., Meier, L. L., Semmer, N. K., Schaubroeck, J. M., Brunner, B., & Elfering, A. (2017). Testing job typologies and identifying at-risk subpopulations using factor mixture models. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 22(4), 503–517. https://doi.org/10.1037/ocp0000038
  • Kessler, R. C., Barker, P. R., Colpe, L. J., Epstein, J. F., Gfroerer, J. C., Hiripi, E., Howes, M. J., Normand, S.-L. T., Manderscheid, R. W., Walters, E. E., & Zaslavsky, A. M. (2003). Screening for serious mental illness in the general population. Archives of General Psychiatry, 60(2), 184–189. https://doi.org/10.1001/archpsyc.60.2.184
  • Knight, C., Olaru, D., Lee, J. A., & Parker, S. K. (May 2022). The loneliness of the hybrid worker. MIT Sloan Management Review.
  • Lapierre, L. M., Van Steenbergen, E. F., Peeters, M. C., & Kluwer, E. S. (2016). Juggling work and family responsibilities when involuntarily working more from home: A multiwave study of financial sales professionals. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 37(6), 804–822. https://doi.org/10.1002/job.2075
  • Lee, R. T., & Ashforth, B. E. (1996). A meta-analytic examination of the correlates of the three dimensions of job burnout. Journal of Applied Psychology, 81(2), 123–133. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.81.2.123
  • Lesener, T., Gusy, B., & Wolter, C. (2019). The job demands-resources model: A meta-analytic review of longitudinal studies. Work & Stress, 33(1), 76–103. https://doi.org/10.1080/02678373.2018.1529065
  • Lindorff, M. (2000). Is it better to perceive than receive? Social support, stress and strain for managers. Psychology, Health & Medicine, 5(3), 271–286. https://doi.org/10.1080/713690199
  • Masyn, K. E. (2013). Latent class analysis and finite mixture modelling. In T. D. Little (Ed.), The Oxford handbook of quantitative methods in psychology, Vol 2 (pp. 551–611). Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/978019993489801300.
  • Mauno, S., Mäkikangas, A., & Kinnunen, U. (2016). A longitudinal person-centred approach to the job demands-control model. European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology, 25(6), 914–927. https://doi.org/10.1080/1359432X.2016.1187135
  • McLarnon, M. J., & O’Neill, T. A. (2018). Extensions of auxiliary variable approaches for the investigation of mediation moderation and conditional effects in mixture models. Organizational Research Methods, 21(4), 955–982. https://doi.org/10.1177/1094428118770731
  • Meijman, T. F., & Mulder, G. (1998). Psychological aspects of workload. In P. J. D. Drenth, & H. Thierry (Eds.), Handbook of work and organizational psychology, vol. 2: Work psychology (pp. 5–33). Psychology Press.
  • Morgeson, F. P., & Humphrey, S. E. (2006). The Work Design Questionnaire (WDQ): developing and validating a comprehensive measure for assessing job design and the nature of work. Journal of Applied Psychology, 91(6), 1321–1339. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.91.6.1321
  • Morin, A. J., Morizot, J., Boudrias, J. S., & Madore, I. (2011). A multifoci person-centered perspective on workplace affective commitment: A latent profile/factor mixture analysis. Organizational Research Methods, 14(1), 58–90. https://doi.org/10.1177/1094428109356476
  • Muthén, L. K., & Muthén, B. O. (1998–2017). Mplus user’s guide (8th ed.).
  • Newman, D. A. (2014). Missing data: Five practical guidelines. Organizational Research Methods, 17(4), 372–411. https://doi.org/10.1177/1094428114548590
  • Nixon, A. E., Mazzola, J. J., Bauer, J., Krueger, J. R., & Spector, P. E. (2011). Can work make you sick? A meta-analysis of the relationships between job stressors and physical symptoms. Work & Stress, 25(1), 1–22. https://doi.org/10.1080/02678373.2011.569175
  • O'Connor, R. C., Wetherall, K., Cleare, S., McClelland, H., Melson, A. J., Niedzwiedz, C. L., O’Carroll, R. E., O’Connor, D. B., Platt, S., Scowcroft, E., Watson, B., Zortea, T., Ferguson, E., & Robb, K. A. (2020). Mental health and well-being during the COVID-19 pandemic: Longitudinal analyses of adults in the UK COVID-19 Mental Health & Wellbeing study. The British Journal of Psychiatry, 218(6), 326–333. https://doi.org/10.1192/bjp.2020.212
  • Oakman, J., Kinsman, N., Stuckey, R., Graham, M., & Weale, V. (2020). A rapid review of mental and physical health effects of working at home: How do we optimise health? BMC Public Health, 20(1), 1–13. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-020-09875-z
  • Parker, S. K. (2014). Beyond motivation: Job and work design for development, health, ambidexterity, and more. Annual Review of Psychology, 65(1), 661–691. http://psych.annualreviews.org https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-psych-010213-115208
  • Parker, S. K., Knight, C., & Keller, A. C. (2020). Remote managers are having trust issues. Harvard Business Review. https://hbr.org/2020/07/remote-managers-are-having-trust-issues
  • Pierce, M., Hope, H., Ford, T., Hatch, S., Hotopf, M., John, A., Kontopantelis, W., Wessely, R., McManus, S., & Abel, S., & M, K. (2020). Mental health before and during the COVID-19 pandemic: A longitudinal probability sample survey of the UK population. The Lancet Psychiatry, 7(10), 883–892. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2215-0366(20)30308-4
  • Pindek, S., Arvan, M. L., & Spector, P. E. (2019). The stressor–strain relationship in diary studies: A meta-analysis of the within and between levels. Work & Stress, 33(1), 1–21. https://doi.org/10.1080/02678373.2018.1445672
  • Ployhart, R. E., & Vandenberg, R. J. (2010). Longitudinal research: The theory, design, and analysis of change. Journal of Management, 36(1), 94–120. https://doi.org/10.1177/0149206309352110
  • Schafer, J. L., & Graham, J. W. (2002). Missing data: Our view of the state of the art. Psychological Methods, 7(2), 147–177. https://doi.org/10.1037/1082-989X.7.2.147
  • Shockley, K. M., Clark, M. A., Dodd, H., & King, E. B. (2021). Work-family strategies during COVID-19: Examining gender dynamics among dual-earner couples with young children. Journal of Applied Psychology, 106(1), 15–28. https://doi.org/10.1037/apl0000857
  • Sonnentag, S., Binnewies, C., & Mojza, E. J. (2010). Staying well and engaged when demands are high: The role of psychological detachment. Journal of Applied Psychology, 95(5), 965–976. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0020032
  • Sonnentag, S., & Frese, M. (2012). Stress in organizations. In N. W. Schmitt, & S Highhouse (Eds.), Handbook of psychology, Vol. 12: Industrial and organizational psychology (pp. 560–92). Wiley.
  • Sonnentag, S., & Fritz, C. (2007). The recovery experience questionnaire: Development and validation of a measure for assessing recuperation and unwinding from work. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 12(3), 204–221. https://doi.org/10.1037/1076-8998.12.3.204
  • Sonnentag, S., & Fritz, C. (2015). Recovery from job stress: The stressor-detachment model as an integrative framework. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 36(S1), S72–S103. https://doi.org/10.1002/job.1924
  • Spector, P. E., & Jex, S. M. (1998). Development of four self-report measures of job stressors and strain: Interpersonal conflict at work scale, organizational constraints scale, quantitative workload inventory, and physical symptoms inventory. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 3(4), 356–367. https://doi.org/10.1037/1076-8998.3.4.356
  • Spreitzer, G. M., Kizilos, M. A., & Nason, S. W. (1997). A dimensional analysis of the relationship between psychological empowerment and effectiveness satisfaction, and strain. Journal of Management, 23(5), 679–704. https://doi.org/10.1177/014920639702300504
  • Staples, D. S. (2001). A study of remote and their differences from non-remote workers. Journal of Organizational and End User Computing, 13(2), 3–14. https://doi.org/10.4018/joeuc.2001040101
  • Tims, M., Bakker, A. B., & Derks, D. (2013). The impact of job crafting on job demands, job resources, and well-being. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 18(2), 230–240. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0032141
  • Tomczak, D. L., Lanzo, L. A., & Aguinis, H. (2018). Evidence-based recommendations for employee performance monitoring. Business Horizons, 61(2), 251–259. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bushor.2017.11.006
  • Van den Broeck, A., Ferris, D. L., Chang, C. H., & & Rosen, C. C. (2016). A review of self-determination theory’s basic psychological needs at work. Journal of Management, 42(5), 1195–1229. https://doi.org/10.1177/0149206316632058
  • Van Hooff, M. L., & Van Hooft, E. A. (2014). Boredom at work: Proximal and distal consequences of affective work-related boredom. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 19(3), 348–359. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0036821

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.