Theorising open and distance education

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• The details of these references are: Evans, T.D. and Nation, D.E. (1989a) ‘Dialogue in the Theory, Practice and Research of Distance Education’, Open Learning, Vol.4, No.2, pp. 37‐46; Evans, T.D. and Nation, D.E. (eds.) (1989a) Critical Reflections on Distance Education, London, Falmer Press, especially chapters 1,2, and 12
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• Earlier versions of this paper were presented at the Conference on the Student, Community and Curriculum: International Perspectives on Open and Distance Learning, Robinson College, University of Cambridge, 10‐13 September, 1991 and a seminar at the Institute of Educational Technology, The Open University, Milton Keynes, 16 September, 1991. The authors would like to acknowledge the assistance of valuable comments offered by participants in both events and especially those provided by Margaret Haughey, Alan Mandell, Alistair Morgan and Mary Thorpe
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• Ibid, p. 82
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• Ibid, pp. 94‐95
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• Ibid, p. 66
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• Ibid, p. 56
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• Ibid, p. 57
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• Ibid, pp. 57‐61
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• Ibid, pp. 63‐64
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• Ibid, p. 64
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• Ibid, pp. 65‐66
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• Chapters by Andrew Feenberg, Paul Levinson and Linda Harasim are relevant particularly to this paper
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• It can be argued that distance education keeps students apart so that they cannot agitate against the authorities (Jarvis, P. (1985) The Sociology of Adult and Continuing Education, London, Croom Helm, pp. 163‐4) or, conversely, it could be argued that distance education and open learning have the capacity to assist people to become empowered. There are other viewpoints that can be expressed in this regard which may be influenced from the perspective one is taking, for example, feminist, conservative, critical or humanist
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• See note 12 above
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• Pred , A. 1977 . “The choreography of existence: Comments on Hagerstrands time‐geography and its usefulness’ . Economic Geography , 53 : 207 – 221 . Pred's work prompted me to title my first paper on this matter. “The dance of distance education: Theories of time‐space in relation to distance education’. A paper presented at the International Council of Distance Education Conference, University of Oslo, Norway, August 1988
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• Evans , T.D. 1989 . ‘Taking place: The social construction of place, time and space, and the remaking of distances in distance education’ . Distance Education , 10 (2) : 180
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• Karlene Faith's edited collection entitled Toward New Horizons for Women in Distance Education: International Perspectives (Routledge, London) was an important contribution to the inclusion in feminist perspectives in debates on distance education
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• Hamilton, D. (1989b) op. cit. p. 10
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• See note 2
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