The competitive vulnerability of distance teaching universities

References and Notes

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• In this article the term university is used partly for convenience, but also because the majority of higher education level distance teaching institutions have in fact the status of a university. Where appropriate, however, university can be substituted by the term polytechnic, college, etc
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• There was a short‐lived attempt to found a correspondence university at Ithaca, New York, in 1883
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• Discontinued, 1910
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• See Keegan, op. cit., pp. 76‐7 for an analysis of Peters’ work in English
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• Ibid, pp.73, 69
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• On the relative costs of the UK Open University and UK campus‐based universities, see Wagner, L. (1977) ‘The economics of the Open University revisited’, Higher Education, Vol.6.; Laidlaw, B. and Layard, R. (1974) ‘Traditional versus Open University teaching methods: a cost comparison’, Higher Education, Vol.3. On the relative costs of the UK Open University, Loughborough University and Middlesex Polytechnic, see Smith, R.C. (n.d. but circa 1985) ‘A comparative study of some performance indicators for a UGC funded university, a polytechnic and the Open University’, mimeo. On the relative costs of the Japanese DTU and various forms of campus‐based university education in Japan, see Muta, H. and Sakamoto, T. (1989) ‘The economics of the University of the Air of Japan revisited, Higher Education, Vol. 18. On the relative cost of the Korea Air and Correspondence University and Sukhothai Thammathirat Open University, see Kim, S. (1985) “The role of distance teaching universities in innovations of higher education today’, in Development of Higher Education in Korea, Seoul, Korean Council for University Education, and Srisa‐an, W. (1987) ‘Financing and cost‐effectiveness of distance education’, in Distance Education in Asia and Pacific, Vol.1., Manila, Asian Development Bank
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• Derived from Muta and Sakamoto, op. cit., pp.595, 597, 600
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• Based on Taylor and White, op. cit., p.33
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• ibid, p.27
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• Further information from another source may ultimately become available when and if Deakin University, an Australian DMU, completes and publishes the results of its activity costing exercise. Preliminary results are available in Deakin University (1989) Further investigations into activity costing in a mixed mode institution, n.p., Department of Employment, Education and Training, Commonwealth of Australia. The preliminary study had apportioned 89 percent of Deakin's costs between the three output areas of teaching, research, and community service, and had further apportioned teaching costs between on‐ and off‐campus studies, by School. However, the report does not provide an analysis of the reasons why the differences in cost per equivalent full‐time student on‐ and off‐campus varies significantly from School to School
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• Smith and Saunders, op. cit., pp.86‐7
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• Johnson , R. 1991 . ‘The reorganisation of Australian distance education: some comments’ . Open Learning , 6 ( 3 ) : 53 See, for example, Jevons, op. cit., p.33; Campion and Kelly, op. cit, pp.188, 190‐1, 192‐3 on the Johnson Report (1983), Hudson Report (1986), and Dawkins Green Paper (1987)
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• Thompson , J.L. 1990 . Strategic management. Awareness and change , London : Chapman and Hall . for a theoretical discussion of the options briefly explored in this section
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• Peters , T.J. and Waterman , R.H. 1982 . In search of excellence. Lessons from America's best‐run companies , New York : Harper and Row .
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• Smith and Saunders, op. cit., p.31
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• Innes , S. 1992 . “ ‘The Open College’ ” . In Vocational education at a distance: international perspectives , Edited by: Rumble , G. and Oliveira , J. London : Kogan Page . 1992
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• Ohmae, op. cit., p.58
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• ibid, p.58
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• Rumble , G. 1988b . The organisation of academic work in distance teaching universities: do we need new structures? , 13 – 20 . Hagen : FemUniversität, Zentrales Institut für Fernstudienforschung . ZIFF Papiere 72
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• In 1964 NEC acquired a correspondence college ‐the University Correspondence College, established in 1887 but in the early 1960s in decline. In 1984 it took over, with the agreement of British Telecommunications plc, BT's distance learning Technician Training Scheme
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• For example, the Taught Masters in Distance Education programme, jointly developed by Deakin University and the University of South Australia
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