Lines across the desert: mobile phone use and mobility in the context of trans-Saharan migration

References

• Abler , R. 1977 . “ The telephone and the evolution of the American Metropolitan System ” . In Massachusetts Institute of technology bicentennial studies: The social impact of the telephone , Edited by: de Pool , I. 318 – 341 . Cambridge , MA : MIT Press .
   Google Scholar
• Barros , L. , Lahlou , M. , Escoffier , C. , Pumares , P. and Ruspini , P. 2002 . L'immigration irrégulière subsaharienne à travers et vers le Maroc (Cahier des migrations internationales No. 54F) , Geneva : Bureau international du travail .
   Google Scholar
• Bensaâd , A. 2005 . “ Les migrations transsahariennes, une mondialisation par la marge ” . In Marges et Mondialisation. Les Migrations Transsahariennes , Edited by: Bensaâd , A. 13 – 36 . Paris : Choiseul .
   Google Scholar
• Bensaâd , A. 2009a . “ Introduction – immigration sur émigration: le Maghreb entre ‘rétrécissement’ du monde et mutations socio-spatiales ” . In Le Maghreb à l'épreuve des migrations subsahariennes: Immigration sur émigration , Edited by: Bensaâd , A. 5 – 14 . Paris : Karthala .
   Google Scholar
• Bensaâd , A. 2009b . “ L'immigration en Algérie: une réalité prégnante et son occultation officielle ” . In Le Maghreb à l'épreuve des migrations subsahariennes': Immigration sur émigration , Edited by: Bensaâd , A. 15 – 44 . Paris : Karthala .
   Google Scholar
• Bensaâd , A. 2009c . Ancrages territoriaux, réseaux sociaux et initiatives des acteurs migrants: cas des constructions des itinéraires transsahariens . Méditerranée. Revue géographique des pays méditerranéens/Journal of Mediterranean geography , 113 : 127 – 138 .
   Google Scholar
• Bilger , V. , Hoffmann , M. and Jandl , M. 2006 . Human smuggling as a transnational service industry: Evidence from Austria . International Migration , 44 ( 4 ) : 60 – 93 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boubakri , H. and Mazzella , S. 2005 . “ La Tunisie entre transit et immigration: politiques migratoires et conditions d'accueil des migrants africains à Tunis ” . In Migrations entre les deux rives du Sahara , Edited by: Bredeloup , S. and Pliez , O. 149 – 166 . Paris : Armand Colin/IRD .
   Google Scholar
• Boyd , M. 1989 . Family and personal networks in international migration: Recent developments and new agendas . International Migration Review , 23 ( 3 ) : 638 – 670 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brachet , J. 2005 . “ Migrants, transporteurs et agents de l'État: rencontre sur l'axe Agadez-Sebha ” . In Migrations entre les deux rives du Sahara , Edited by: Bredeloup , S. and Pliez , O. 43 – 62 . Paris : Armand Colin/IRD .
   Google Scholar
• Brachet , J. 2007 . Un désert cosmopolite: Migration de transit dans la région d'Agadez (Sahara nigérien) (PhD thesis) , Paris : Université Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne, École doctorale de géographie de Paris .
   Google Scholar
• Brachet , J. 2009 . “ Irrégularité et clandestinité de l'immigration au Maghreb: Cas de l'Algérie et de la Libye ” . In Le Maghreb à l'épreuve des migrations subsahriennes: Immigration sur émigration , Edited by: Bensaâd , A. 109 – 135 . Paris : Karthala .
   Google Scholar
• Bredeloup , S. and Pliez , O. 2005a . “ Migrations entre les deux rives du Sahara ” . In Migrations entre les deux rives du Sahara , Edited by: Bredeloup , S. and Pliez , O. 3 – 20 . Paris : Armand Colin/IRD .
   Google Scholar
• Bredeloup , S. and Pliez , O. 2005b . “ Migrations entre les deux rives du Sahara ” . In Autrepart , Edited by: Bredeloup , S. and Pliez , O. Vol. 36 , Paris : Armand Colin/IRD .
   Google Scholar
• Bredeloup , S. and Zongo , M. 2005 . “ Quand les frères burkinabès de la petite Jamahiriya s'arrêtent à Tripoli ” . In Migrations entre les deux rives du Sahara , Edited by: Bredeloup , S. and Pliez , O. 123 – 148 . Paris : Armand Colin/ IRD .
   Google Scholar
• Brinkman , I. , de Bruijn , M. and Bilal , H. 2009 . “ The mobile phone, ‘modernity’ and change in Khartoum, Sudan ” . In Mobile phones: The new talking drums of everyday Africa , Edited by: de Bruijn , M. , Nyamnjoh , F. and Brinkman , I. 69 – 91 . Bamenda : Cameroon; Langaa Publishers .
   Google Scholar
• de Bruijn , M. 2008 . The telephone has grown legs: Communication and social change in the margins of African society , Leiden : African Studies Center Leiden (Inaugural Address) .
   Google Scholar
• Carling , J. 2006 . Migration, human smuggling and trafficking from Nigeria to Europe , Geneva : International Organization for Migration .
   Google Scholar
• Carling , J. 2007 . The merits and limitations of Spain's high-tech border control (Migration Information Source). Migration Policy Institute
   Google Scholar
• Carrera , S. 2007 . The EU border management strategy: FRONTEX and the challenges of irregular immigration in the Canary Islands (CEPS Working Document No. 261). Centre for European Policy Studies
   Google Scholar
• Castells , M. , Fernandez-Ardevol , M. , Qiu , J. L. and Sey , A. 2007 . Mobile communication and society: A global perspective , Cambridge, MA; London : MIT Press .
   Google Scholar
• Choplin , A. 2008 . L'immigré, le migrant, l'allochtone: circulations migratoires et figures de l'étranger en Mauritanie . Politique africaine , 109 : 73 – 90 . Retrieved from http://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00411084/
   Google Scholar
• Collyer , M. 2006 . States of insecurity: Consequences of Saharan transit migration (Working Papers No. 31). Centre on Migration, Policy and Society, University of Oxford
   Google Scholar
• Collyer , M. 2007 . In-between places: Trans-Saharan transit migrants in Morocco and the fragmented journey to Europe . Antipode , 39 ( 4 ) : 668 – 690 . doi:10.1111/j.1467-8330.2007.00546.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Donner , J. Paper submitted to Wireless Communication and Development: A Global Perspective, Annenberg Research Network on International Communication Workshop . 7–8 October 2005 . The use of mobile phones by microentrepreneurs in Kigali, Rwanda: Changes to social and business networks ,
   Google Scholar
• Donner , J. 2006 . The use of mobile phones by microentrepreneurs in Kigali, Rwanda: Changes to social and business networks . Information Technologies and International Development , 3 ( 2 ) : 3 – 19 . Retrieved from http://dev-ejournals.library.gatech.edu/redesign/index.php/itid/article/viewArticle/221
   Google Scholar
• Donner , J. Paper presented on conference ICT: Africa's Revolutionary Tools for the 21st Century? . 4th–5th May 2010 . Mobile phone's dual heritage and the M4D discourse , John McIntyre Conference Centre, University of Edinburgh
   Google Scholar
• Geser , H. 2004 . Towards a sociological theory of the mobile phone University of Zurich
   Google Scholar
• Goldschmidt , É. 2002 . Migrants congolais en route vers l'Europe . Les Temps Modernes , 57 ( 620–621 ) : 208 – 239 .
   Google Scholar
• Granovetter , M. S. 1973 . The strength of weak ties . The American Journal of Sociology , 78 ( 6 ) : 1360 – 1380 . Retrieved from http://www.jstor.org/stable/2776392
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• GSMA . 2005 . GSM world poster 2005A , Retrieved May 11, 2010, from http://www.coveragemaps.com/gsmposter_world.htm
   Google Scholar
• GSMA . 2009 . GSM world poster 2009A , Retrieved May 11, 2010, from http://www.coveragemaps.com/gsmposter_world.htm
   Google Scholar
• de Haas , H. 2006 . Trans-Saharan migration to North Africa and the EU: Historical roots and current trends Migration Policy Institute
   Google Scholar
• de Haas , H. 2008 . The myth of invasion: the inconvenient realities of African migration to Europe . Third World Quarterly , 29 ( 7 ) : 1305 – 1322 . doi:10.1080/01436590802386435
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• de Haas , H. 2010 . Migration and development: A theoretical perspective . International Migration Review , 44 ( 1 ) : 1 – 38 . doi:10.1111/j.1747-7379.2009.00804.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hahn , H. P. and Kibora , L. 2008 . The domestication of the mobile phone: Oral society and new ICT in Burkina Faso . Journal of Modern African Studies , 46 ( 1 ) : 87 – 109 . doi:10.1017/S0022278X07003084
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hamood , S. 2006 . African transit migration through Libya to Europe: The human cost The American University in Cairo.
   Google Scholar
• Hannam , K. , Sheller , M. and Urry , J. 2006 . Editorial: Mobilities, immobilities and moorings . Mobilities , 1 ( 1 ) : 1 – 22 . doi:10.1080/17450100500489189
   Google Scholar
• Herman , E. 2006 . Migration as a family business: The role of personal networks in the mobility phase of migration . International Migration , 44 ( 4 ) : 191 – 230 . doi:10.1111/j.1468-2435.2006.00384.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Içduygu , A. and Toktas , S. 2002 . How do smuggling and trafficking operate via irregular border crossings in the middle east?: Evidence from fieldwork in turkey . International Migration , 40 ( 6 ) : 25 – 54 . doi:10.1111/1468-2435.00222
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kibora , L. 2009 . “ Téléphonie mobile: L'appropriation du SMS par une ‘société de l'oralité’ ” . In Mobile phones: The new talking drums of everyday Africa , Edited by: de Bruijn , M. , Nyamnjoh , F. and Brinkman , I. 110 – 124 . Bamenda : Cameroon; Langaa Publishers .
   Google Scholar
• Lahlou , M. 2005 . Les migration irrégulières entre le Maghreb et l'union européenne: évolutions récentes (Rapports de recherche No. 2005/3). Institut Universitaire Européen, Robert Schuman Centre for Advanced Studies
   Google Scholar
• Levinson , P. 2006 . “ The little big blender: How the cellphone integrates the digital and the physical, everywhere ” . In Digital formations: Vol. 34. The cell phone reader. Essays in social transformation , Edited by: Kavoori , A. P. and Arceneaux , N. 9 – 18 . New York : Lang .
   Google Scholar
• Licoppe , C. and Heurtin , J.-P. 2002 . “ France: Preserving the image ” . In Perpetual contact. Mobile communication, private talk, public performance , Edited by: Katz , J. E. and Aakhus , M. A. 94 – 169 . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Ling , R. and Yttri , B. 2002 . “ Hyper-coordination via mobile phones in Norway ” . In Perpetual contact: Mobile communication, private talk, public performance , Edited by: Katz , J. and Aakhus , M. 139 – 169 . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press .
   Google Scholar
• MacDonald , J. and MacDonald , L. 1964 . Chain migration, ethnic neighborhood formation and social networks . The Milbank Memorial Fund Quarterly , 42 ( 1 ) : 82 – 97 . doi:10.2307/3348581
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Manvell , A. 2006 . Sahelian action spaces: An examination of livelihood configurations in a rural Hausa community . Journal of International Development , 18 ( 6 ) : 803 – 818 . doi:10.1002/jid.1315
   Google Scholar
• Maroon , B. 2006 . “ Mobile sociality in urban Morocco ” . In Digital formations: Vol. 34. The cell phone reader. Essays in social transformation , Edited by: Kavoori , A. P. and Arceneaux , N. 189 – 204 . New York : Lang .
   Google Scholar
• Massey , D. S. , Arango , J. , Hugo , G. , Kouaouchi , A. H. , Pellegrino , A. and Taylor , J. E. 2006 [1993] . “ Theories of international migration: A review and appraisal ” . In The migration reader: Exploring politics and policies , Edited by: Messina , A. M. and Lahav , G. 34 – 62 . Boulder, Colo : Rienner .
   Google Scholar
• Mbarika , V. , Okoli , C. and Byrd , T. 2005 . The neglected continent of IS research: A research agenda for sub-Saharan Africa . Journal of the Association for Information Systems , 6 ( 5 ) : 130 – 170 . Retrieved from http://aisel.aisnet.org/jais/vol6/iss5/6/
   Google Scholar
• Médecins Sans Frontières. (MSF) . 2005 . Violence and immigration: Report on illegal sub-Saharan immigrants (ISSs) in Morocco , Retrieved from http://www.statewatch.org/news/2005/oct/MSF-morocco-2005.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Médecins Sans Frontières (MSF) . 2010 . Sexual violence and migration: The hidden reality of Sub-Saharan women trapped in Morocco en route to Europe , Retrieved from http://www.doctorswithoutborders.org/publications/reports/2010/MSF-sexual-violence.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Mokhtarian , P. L. 1990 . A typology of relationships between telecommunications and transportation . Transportation Research , 24A ( 3 ) : 231 – 242 . doi:16/0191-2607(90)90060-J
   Google Scholar
• Molony , T. 2006 . ‘I don't trust the phone; It always lies’: Trust and information and communication technologies in Tanzanian micro- and small enterprises . Information Technologies and International Development , 3 ( 4 ) : 67 – 83 . doi:10.1162/itid.2007.3.4.67
   Google Scholar
• Molony , T. 2008 . Running out of credit: The limitations of mobile telephony in an East African agricultural marketing system . Journal of Modern African Studies , 46 ( 4 ) : 522 – 544 . doi:10.1017/S0022278X08003510
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Molony , T. 2009 . Carving a Niche: ICT, social capital and trust in the shift from personal to impersonal training in Tanzania . Information Technology for Development , 15 ( 4 ) : 283 – 301 . doi:10.1002/itdj.20127
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• van Moppes , D. and Schapendonk , J. 2007a . Migration and Migrants’ Economic Activities (Working Papers Migration and Development Series No. 18). Radboud University, Nijmegen
   Google Scholar
• van Moppes , D. and Schapendonk , J. 2007b . Migration as booming business Working Papers Migration and Development Series No. 19. Radboud University, Nijmegen
   Google Scholar
• Nadi , D. 2007 . “ Installations dans une ville de transit migratoire: Le cas de la ville de Tamanrasset en Algérie ” . In Les nouveaux urbains dans l'espace Sahara-Sahel: Un cosmopolitisme par le bas , Edited by: Boesen , E. and Marfaing , L. 279 – 294 . Paris : Karthala .
   Google Scholar
• Ndiaye , M. and Robin , N. 2009 . Les migrations internationales en Afrique de l'Ouest: Une dynamique de régionalisation articulée à la mondialisation UMR CEPED/Université Paris Descartes-INED-IRD
   Google Scholar
• Papadopoulou , A. 2004 . Smuggling into Europe: Transit migrants in Greece . Journal of Refugee Studies , 17 ( 2 ) : 168 – 184 . doi: 10.1093/jrs/17.2.167
   Google Scholar
• Pian , A. 2005 . “ Aventuriers et commerçants sénégalais à Casablanca: des parcours entrecroisés ” . In Migrations entre les deux rives du Sahara , Edited by: Bredeloup , S. and Pliez , O. Paris : Armand Colin/IRD .
   Google Scholar
• Pian , A. 2009 . Aux nouvelles frontières de l'Europe: L'aventure incertaine des Sénégalais au Maroc , Paris : La Dispute/SNÉDIT .
   Google Scholar
• Pliez , O. 2004 . “ De l'immigration au transit? La Libye, dans l'espace migratoire Euro-Africa ” . In La nouvelle Libye: sociétés, espaces et géopolitique au lendemain de l‘embargo , Edited by: Pliez , O. 138 – 155 . Paris : Karthala Editions .
   Google Scholar
• de Pool , I. S. 1977 . The social impact of the telephone , Cambridge , MA : MIT Press .
   Google Scholar
• Prina , F. 2003 . Trade and exploitation of minors and young Nigerian women for prostitution in Italy Research Report. University of Turin
   Google Scholar
• Roman , H. 2006 . Transit Migration in Egypt . (CARIM Research Reports No. 2006/01). European University Institute, RSCAS: Florence, Italy. Retrieved from http://cadmus.eui.eu/bitstream/handle/1814/6276/CARIM-RR_2006_01.pdf?sequence=1
   Google Scholar
• Salt , J. and Stein , J. 1997 . Migration as business: The case of trafficking . International Migration , 35 ( 4 ) : 467 – 492 . doi: 10.1111/1468-2435.00023
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schapendonk , J. 2010 . “ Staying put in moving sands: The stepwise migration process of sub-Saharan African migrants heading north ” . In African–Europe group for interdisciplinary studies: Vol. 4. Respacing Africa , Edited by: Engel , U. and Nugent , P. 113 – 139 . Leiden , Boston : Brill .
   Google Scholar
• Schapendonk , J. and van Moppes , D. 2007a . Migration and information: Images of Europe, migration encouraging factors and en route information sharing Working Papers Migration and Development Series No. 16. Radboud University, Nijmegen
   Google Scholar
• Schapendonk , J. and van Moppes , D. 2007b . The migration process: The balance between migrants' flexibility and dependency Working Papers Migration and Development Series No. 17. Radboud University, Nijmegen
   Google Scholar
• Slater , D. and Kwami , J. 2005 . Embeddedness and escape: Internet and mobile use as poverty reduction strategies in Ghana Working Paper, 4. Information Society Research Group. Retrieved from http://www.dfid.gov.uk/r4d/PDF/Outputs/Mis_SPC/R8232-ISRGWP4.pdf
   Google Scholar
• de Souza e Silva, A. (2006). Interface of hybird spaces. In A.P. Kavoori & N. Arceneaux (Eds.). Digital formations: Vol, 34, The cell phone reader. Essays in social transformation (pp. 19–44). New York: Lang.
   Google Scholar
• Spiga , S. 2005 . “ Aménageurs et migrants dans les villes du Grand Sud algérien ” . In Migrations entre les deux rives du Sahara , Edited by: Bredeloup , S. and Pliez , O. 81 – 104 . Paris : Armand Colin/IRD .
   Google Scholar
• Streiff-Fénard , J. and Poutignat , P. 2006 . De l'aventurier au commerçant transnational: Trajectoires croisées et lieux intermédiaires à Nouadhibou (Mauritanie) . Cahiers de la Méditerranée , 73 Retrieved from http://cdlm.revues.org/index1553.html
   Google Scholar
• UNECA (United Nations Economic Commission for Africa) . 2000 . Status of information and communication technologies in Africa: The changing regulatory environment , Retrieved May 10, 2010, from http://www.uneca.org
   Google Scholar
• Urry , J. 2007 . Mobilities , Cambridge : Polity .
   Google Scholar
• Valley , K. L. , Moag , J. and Bazerman , M. H. 1998 . ‘A matter of trust’: Effects of communication on the efficiency and distribution of outcomes . Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization , 34 : 211 – 238 . doi: 16/S0167-2681(97)00054-1
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wilson , T. D. 1994 . What determines where transnational labor migrants go?: Modifications in migration theories . Human Organization , 53 ( 3 ) : 269 – 278 . Retrieved from http://sfaa.metapress.com/link.asp?id=y288421640633168
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yükseker , H. and Brewer , K. T. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the American Sociological Association, Montreal convention Center . Aug 10 2006 , Montreal , Quebec , Canada. The unending migration process: African refugees and illegal migrants in Istanbul waiting to leave for Europe , Retrieved May 24, 2009, from http://www.allacademic.com/meta/p105362_index.html
   Google Scholar