The role of openness in the effect of ICT on governanceFootnote^*

* Sajda Qureshi is the accepting Editor-in-Chief for this article.

References

• Amavilah, A., Asongu, S. A., & Andrés, A. R. (2014). Globalization, peace & stability, governance, and knowledge economy (African Governance and Development Institute Working Paper No. 14/012). Yaoundé.
   Google Scholar
• Andrés, R. A., Asongu, S. A., & Amavilah, V. H. (2015). The impact of formal institutions on knowledge economy. Journal of the Knowledge Economy, 6(4), 682–703.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Anyanwu, J. C. (2012). Developing knowledge for the economic advancement of Africa. International Journal of Academic Research in Economics and Management Sciences, 1(2), 73–111.
   Google Scholar
• Anyanwu, J., & Erhijakpor, A. (2014). Does oil wealth affect democracy in Africa? African Development Review, 26(1), 15–37.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Arellano, M., & Bond, S. (1991). Some tests of specification for panel data: Monte Carlo evidence and an application to employment equations. The Review of Economic Studies, 58(2), 277–297.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Arellano, M., & Bover, O. (1995). Another look at the instrumental variable estimation of error-components models. Journal of Econometrics, 68(1), 29–51.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Asiedu, E. (2014). Does foreign aid in education promote economic growth? Evidence from sub-Saharan Africa. Journal of African Development, 16(1), 37–59.
   Google Scholar
• Asongu, S. A. (2013). How has Mobile phone penetration stimulated financial development in Africa? Journal of African Business, 14(1), 7–18.
   Google Scholar
• Asongu, S. A. (2014a). Globalization (fighting), corruption and development Journal of Economic Studies, 41(3), 346–369.
   Google Scholar
• Asongu, S. A. (2014b). African development: Beyond income convergence. South African Journal of Economics, 82(3), 334–353.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Asongu, S. A. (2015). The impact of mobile phone penetration on African inequality. International Journal of Social Economics, 42(8), 706–716.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Asongu, S. A. (2016). Determinants of growth in fast-developing countries: Evidence from bundling and unbundling institutions. Politics & Policy, 44(1), 97–134.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Asongu, S. A. (2017a). Conditional determinants of mobile phones penetration and mobile banking in sub-Saharan Africa. Journal of the Knowledge Economy. doi: 10.1007/s13132-015-0322-z
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Asongu, S. A. (2017b). Knowledge economy gaps, policy syndromes and catch-up strategies: Fresh South Korean lessons to Africa. Journal of the Knowledge Economy, 8(1), 211–253.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Asongu, S. A., Batuo, E., & Tchamyou, S. V. (2016). Bundling governance: Finance versus institutions in private investment promotion (African Governance and Development Institute Working Paper No. 15/051). Yaoundé.
   Google Scholar
• Asongu, S. A., & De Moor, L. (2015). Recent advances in finance for inclusive development: A survey (African Governance and Development Institute Working Paper No. 15/005). Yaoundé.
   Google Scholar
• Asongu, S. A., & De Moor, L. (2017). Financial globalisation dynamic thresholds for financial development: Evidence from Africa. The European Journal of Development Research, 29(1), 192–212.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Asongu, S. A., & Nwachukwu, J. (2016a). Revolution empirics: Predicting the Arab spring. Empirical Economics, 51(2), 439–482.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Asongu, S. A., & Nwachukwu, J. (2016b). Foreign aid and governance in Africa. International Review of Applied Economics, 30(1), 69–88.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Asongu, S. A., & Nwachukwu, J. (2016c). The role of lifelong learning on political stability and non violence: Evidence from Africa. Journal of Economic Studies, 43(1), 141–164.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Asongu, S. A., & Ssozi, J. (2016). Sino-African relations: Some solutions and strategies to the policy syndromes. Journal of African Business, 17(1), 33–51.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bai, J. (2003). Inferential theory for factor models of large dimensions. Econometrica, 71(1), 135–171.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bai, J. (2009). Panel data models with interactive fixed effects. Econometrica, 77(4), 1229–1279.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bai, J., & Ng, S. (2006). Confidence intervals for diffusion Index forecasts and inference for factor-augmented regressions. Econometrica, 74(4), 1133–1150.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bailard, C. S. (2009). Mobile phone diffusion and corruption in Africa. Political Communication, 26(3), 333–353.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baltagi, B. H. (2008). Forecasting with panel data. Journal of Forecasting, 27(2), 153–173.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barro, R. (1991). Economic growth in a cross section of countries. The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 196(2/May), 407–443.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barro, R. J., & Sala-i-Martin, X. (1992). Convergence. Journal of Political Economy, 100(2), 223–251.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barro, R. J., & Sala-i-Martin, X. (1995). Economic growth. Cambridge, MA: The MIT Press.
   Google Scholar
• Baumol, W. J. (1986). Productivity, growth, convergence and welfare: What the long run data show. American Economic Review, 76(5), 1072–1085.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Blundell, R., & Bond, S. (1998). Initial conditions and moment restrictions in dynamic panel data models. Journal of Econometrics, 87(1), 115–143.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bonaglia, F., Braga de Macedo, J., & Bussolo, M. (2001). How globalization improves governance (Working Paper No. 181). OECD Development Center. November.
   Google Scholar
• Bond, S., Hoeffler, A., & Tample, J. (2001). GMM estimation of empirical growth models. Oxford: University of Oxford.
   Google Scholar
• Boulianne, S. (2009). Does Internet use affect engagement? A meta-analysis of research. Political Communication, 26(2), 193–211.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brambor, T., Clark, W. M., & Golder, M. (2006). Understanding interaction models: Improving empirical analyses. Political Analysis, 14(1), 63–82.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Breuer, A., Landman, T., & Farquhar, D. (2012). Social media and protest mobilization: Evidence from the Tunisian revolution. Democratization, 22(4), 764–792.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bruno, G., De Bonis, R., & Silvestrini, A. (2012). Do financial systems converge? New evidence from financial assets in OECD countries. Journal of Comparative Economics, 40(1), 141–155.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Byrne, E., Nicholson, B., & Salem, F. (2011). Information communication technologies and the millennium development goals. Information Technology for Development, 17(1), 1–3.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carmody, P. (2013). A knowledge economy or an information society in Africa? Thintegration and the mobile phone revolution. Information Technology for Development, 19(1), 24–39.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chavula, H. K. (2013). Telecommunications development and economic growth in Africa. Information Technology for Development, 19(1), 5–23.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cheung, H. Y., & Chan, A. W. H. (2008). Corruption across countries: Impacts from education and cultural dimensions. The Social Science Journal, 45(2), 223–239.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Claus, I., & Grimes, A. (2003). Asymmetric information, financial intermediation and the monetary transmission mechanism: A critical review (NZ Treasury Working Paper No. 13/019). Wellington.
   Google Scholar
• Dewan, S., & Ramaprasad, J. (2014). Social media, traditional media and music sales. MIS Quarterly, 38(1), 101–121.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Diamond, J. L. (2010). Liberation technology. Journal of Democracy, 21(3), 69–83.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dixit, A. (2009). Governance institutions and economic activity. American Economic Review, 99(1), 5–24.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Efobi, U. (2015). Politicians’ attributes and institutional quality in Africa: A focus on corruption. Journal of Economic Issues, 49(3), 787–813.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fonchingong, C. (2014). Firming up institutional policy for deprived elderly in Cameroon. Politics & Policy, 42(6), 948–980.
   Google Scholar
• Fosu, A. K. (2013). Growth of African economies: Productivity, policy syndromes and the importance of institutions. Journal of African Economies, 22(4), 523–551.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fosu, A. K. (2015a). Growth, inequality and poverty in sub-Saharan Africa: Recent progress in a global context. Oxford Development Studies, 43(1), 44–59.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fosu, A. K. (2015b). Growth and institutions in African development. First edited by Augustin K. Fosu. New York, NY: Routledge Studies in Development Economics.
   Google Scholar
• Fosu, A. K. (2015c). Growth and institutions in African development, in growth and institutions in African development. First edited by Augustin K. Fosu, 2015, Chapter 1, 1–17. New York, NY: Routledge Studies in Development Economics.
   Google Scholar
• Fukuyama, F. (2013). What is governance? Governance, 26(3), 347–368.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fung, M. K. (2009). Financial development and economic growth: Convergence or divergence? Journal of International Money and Finance, 28(1), 56–67.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gagliardone, I. (2015). “Can you hear me?” Mobile–radio interactions and governance in Africa. new media and Society, 18, 2080–2095. doi: 10.1177/1461444815581148
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gani, A. (2011). Governance and growth in developing countries. Journal of Economic Issues, 45(1), 19–40.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goredema, C. (2009). Recovery of proceeds of crime: Observations on practical challenges in sub-Saharan Africa. In Basel Institute on Governance, Tracing Stolen Assets: A Practitioner’s Handbook. Retrieved from http://www.baselgovernance.org/fileadmin/docs/publications/books/asset-tracing_web-version.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Greenaway-McGrevy, R., Han, C., & Sul, D. (2012). Asymptotic distribution of factor augmented estimators for panel regression. Journal of Econometrics, 169(1), 48–53.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grossman, G., Humphreys, M., & Sacramone-Lutz, G. (2014). “I wld like u WMP to extend electricity 2 our village”: On information technology and interest articulation. American Political Science Review, 108(3), 688–705.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hellstrom, J. (2008). Mobile phones for good governance – challenges and way forward. Stockholm University/UPGRAID. Retrieved from http://www.w3.org/2008/10/MW4D_WS/papers/hellstrom_gov.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Jolliffe, I. T. (2002). Principal component analysis (2nd ed.). New York, NY: Springer.
   Google Scholar
• Kaffenberger, M. (2012). The effect of educational attainment on corruption participation in sub-Saharan Africa. Nashville, TN: Graduate School of Vanderbilt University.
   Google Scholar
• Kaiser, H. F. (1974). An index of factorial simplicity. Psychometrika, 39(1), 31–36.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kamel, S. (2005). The use of information technology to transform the banking sector in developing nations. Information Technology for Development, 11(4), 305–312.
   Google Scholar
• Kaufmann, D., Kraay, A., & Mastruzzi, M. (2007a). Growth and governance: A reply. The Journal of Politics, 69(2), 555–562.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kaufmann, D., Kraay, A., & Mastruzzi, M. (2007b). Growth and governance: A rejoinder. The Journal of Politics, 69(2), 570–572.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kaufmann, D., Kraay, A., & Mastruzzi, M. (2010). The worldwide governance indicators: Methodology and analytical Issues (World Bank Policy Research Working Paper No 5430). Washington.
   Google Scholar
• Kivunike, F. N., Ekenberg, L., Danielson, M., & Tusubira, F. F. (2011). Perceptions of the role of ICT on quality of life in rural communities in Uganda. Information Technology for Development, 17(1), 61–80.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Klitgaard, R. (1988). Controlling corruption. Berkeley: University of California Press.
   Google Scholar
• Kuada, J. (2015). Private enterprise-led economic development in sub-Saharan Africa the human side of growth. First edition by Kuada, J. New York, NY: Palgrave Macmillan.
   Google Scholar
• Kurtz, M., & Schrank, A. (2007a). Growth and governance: Models, measures, and mechanisms. The Journal of Politics, 69(2), 538–554.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kurtz, M., & Schrank, A. (2007b). Growth and governance: A defense. The Journal of Politics, 69(2), 563–569.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lalountas, D. A., Manolas, G. A., & Vavouras, I. S. (2011). Corruption, globalization and development: How are these three phenomena related? Journal of Policy Modeling, 33, 636–648.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lederman, D., Loayza, N. V., & Soares, R. R. (2005). Accountability and corruption: Political institutions matter. Economics and Politics, 7(1), 1–35.
   Google Scholar
• Levendis, J., & Lee, S. H. (2013). On the endogeneity of telecommunications and economic growth: Evidence from Asia. Information Technology for Development, 19(1), 62–85.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Love, I., & Zicchino, L. (2006). Financial development and dynamic investment behavior: Evidence from panel VAR. The Quarterly Review of Economics and Finance, 46(2), 190–210.
   Google Scholar
• Manacorda, M., & Tesei, A. (2016). Liberation technology: Mobile phones and political mobilization in Africa. Queen Mary University of London. Retrieved from http://personal.lse.ac.uk/manacorm/liberation_technology.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Mankiw, N. G., Romer, D., & Weil, D. N. (1992). A contribution to the empirics of economic growth. The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 107(May), 407–437.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Matthias, M. (2012). Connectivity and accountability in Africa. The Futurist, 46(1), 6–7.
   Google Scholar
• Mayer-Foulkes, D. (2010). Divergences and convergences in Human Development (UNDP Human Development Research Paper 2010/20). Paris.
   Google Scholar
• McKenzie, C. R, & McAleer, M. (1997). On efficient estimation and correct inference in models with generated regressors: A general approach. The Japanese Economic Review, 48(4), 368–389.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McMillan, M. S. (2013). The changing structure of Africa’s economies. Background Paper for African Economic Outlook 2013. African Development Bank, OECD Development Center, and United Nations Development Program. Revised version. Retrieved from http://legacy.wlu.ca/documents/57803/McMil­lian_ChangingAfrica_140317.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Michel, J. (2016). Beyond aid: The integration of sustainable development in a coherent international agenda. Centre for International Private Enterprises. Retrieved from http://www.cipe.org/publications/detail/beyond-aid-integration-sustainable-development-coherent-international-agenda
   Google Scholar
• Mocan, N. (2008). What determines corruption? International evidence from microdata. Economic Inquiry, 46(4), 493–510.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mpogole, H., Usanga, H., & Tedre, M. (2008). Mobile phones and poverty alleviation: A survey study in rural Tanzania. Proceedings of M4D 2008, Sweden, Karlstad University, 62–72.
   Google Scholar
• Narayan, P. K., Mishra, S., & Narayan, S. (2011). Do market capitalization and stocks traded converge? New global evidence. Journal of Banking and Finance, 35(10), 2771–2781.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Okada, K., & Samreth, S. (2012). The effect of foreign aid on corruption: A quantile regression approach. Economics Letters, 115(2), 240–243.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Oluwatobi, S., Efobi, U. R., Olurinola, O. I., & Alege, P. (2015). Innovation in Africa: Why institutions matter. South African Journal of Economics, 83(3), 390–410.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Oxley, L., & McAleer, M. (1993). Econometric issues in macroeconomic models with generated regressors. Journal of Economic Surveys, 7(1), 1–40.
   Google Scholar
• Pagan, A. (1984). Econometric issues in the analysis of regressions with generated regressors. International Economic Review, 25(1), 221–247.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Penard, T., Poussing, N., Yebe, G. Z., & Ella, P. N. (2012). Comparing the determinants of internet and cell phone Use in Africa: Evidence from Gabon. Communications & Strategies, 86(Second Quarter), 65–83.
   Google Scholar
• Pesaran, M. H. (2006). Estimation and inference in large heterogeneous panels with a multifactor error structure. Econometrica, 74(4), 967–1012.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Petrakis, P. E., & Stamatakis, D. (2002). Growth and educational levels: A comparative analysis. Economics of Education Review, 21(2), 513–521.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pierskalla, J. H., & Hollenbach, F. M. (2013). Technology and collective action: The effect of cell phone coverage on political violence in Africa. American Political Science Review, 107(2), 207–224.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ponelis, S. R., & Holmner, M. A. (2013a). ICT in Africa: Enabling a better life for all. Information Technology for Development, 21(1), 1–11.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ponelis, S. R., & Holmner, M. A. (2013b). ICT in Africa: Enabling a better life for all. Information Technology for Development, 21(1), 163–177.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Porter, G., Hampshire, K., Milner, J., Munthali, A., Robson, E., De Lannoy, A., … Abane, A. (2016). Mobile phones and education in sub-Saharan Africa: From youth practice to public policy. Journal of International Development, 28(1), 22–39.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Qureshi, S. (2013a). What is the role of mobile phones in bringing about growth? Information Technology for Development, 19(1), 1–4.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Qureshi, S. (2013b). Networks of change, shifting power from institutions to people: How are innovations in the use of information and communication technology transforming development? Information Technology for Development, 19(2), 97–99.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Qureshi, S. (2013c). Information and communication technologies in the midst of global change: How do we know when development takes place? Information Technology for Development, 19(3), 189–192.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roodman, D. (2009a). A note on the theme of too many instruments. Oxford Bulletin of Economics and Statistics, 71(1), 135–158.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roodman, D. (2009b). How to do xtabond2: An introduction to difference and system GMM in Stata. Stata Journal, 9(1), 86–136.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sayari, S. (1977). Political patronage in Turkey. In E. Gellner, & J. Waterbury (Eds.), Patrons and clients in Mediterranean societies (pp. 103–113). London: Duckworth.
   Google Scholar
• Scott, J. C. (1972). Comparative political corruption. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.
   Google Scholar
• Solow, R. M. (1956). A contribution to the theory of economic growth. The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 70(1), 65–94.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stock, J. H., & Watson, M. W. (2002). Forecasting using principal components from a large number of predictors. Journal of the American Statistical Association, 97(460), 1167–1179.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Suarez, S. L. (2006). Mobile democracy: Text messages, voter turnout and the 2004 Spanish general election. Representation, 42(2), 117–128.
   Google Scholar
• Swan, T. (1956). Economic growth and capital accumulation. Economic Record, 32, 334–361. Retrieved from http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/saje.12100/abstract
   Google Scholar
• Tchamyou, V. S. (2015). The role of knowledge economy in African business (African Governance and Development Institute Working Paper, No. 15/049). Yaoundé.
   Google Scholar
• Tchamyou, V. S., & Asongu, S. A. (2017). Information sharing and financial sector development in Africa. Journal of African Business, 18(1), 24–49.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Treisman, D. (2000). The causes of corruption: A cross-national study. Journal of Public Economics, 76(3), 399–457.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Truex, R. (2011). Corruption, attitudes, and education: Survey evidence from Nepal. World Development, 39(7), 1133–1142.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tusalem, R. F. (2015). State regulation of religion and the quality of governance. Politics & Policy, 43(1), 94–141.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Varese, F. (1997). The transition to the market and corruption in post-socialist Russia. Political Studies, 45(3), 579–596.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wade, R. (1985). The market for public office: Why the Indian state is not better at development. World Development, 13(4), 467–497.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weidmann, J. N., & Shapiro, N. B. (2015). Is the phone mightier than the sword? Cellphones and insurgent violence in Iraq. International Organization, 69(2), 247–274.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Westerlund, J., & Urbain, J.-P. (2012). Cross-sectional averages versus principal components. Maastricht University, RM/11/053, Maastricht.
   Google Scholar
• Westerlund, J., & Urbain, J.-P. (2013a). On the estimation and inference in factor-augmented panel regressions with correlated loadings. Economics Letters, 119(3), 247–250.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Westerlund, J., & Urbain, J.-P. (2013b). On the implementation and use of factor-augmented regressions in panel data. Journal of Asian Economics, 28(October), 3–11.
   Google Scholar
• Weyland, K. (1998). The politics of corruption in Latin America. Journal of Democracy, 9(2), 108–121.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• World Bank. (2015). World Development Indicators. World Bank Publications. Retrieved from http://www.gopa.de/fr/news/world-bank-release-world-development-indicators-2015
   Google Scholar
• Yerrabati, S., & Hawkes, D. (2015). Economic governance and economic growth in south and east Asia & Pacific region: Evidence from systematic literature reviews and meta-analysis. Advances in Economics and Business, 3(1), 1–21.
   Google Scholar