Exclusion and inclusion in identification: regulation, displacement and data justice

References

• AFP. (2019, September 9). Bangladesh halts new SIM card sale in Rohingya camps. Agence France-Presse. https://news.yahoo.com/bangladesh-halts-sim-card-sale-rohingya-camps-130352363.html
   Google Scholar
• Ahmed, S. I., Hoque, M. R., Guha, S., Rifat, M. R., & Dell, N. (2017, May 6-11). Privacy, security, and surveillance in the Global South: A study of biometric mobile SIM registration in Bangladesh. Proceedings of the 2017 CHI conference on human factors in computing systems (pp. 906–918), Denver, Colorado: Association for Computing Machinery.
   Google Scholar
• Amoore, L. (2006). Biometric borders: Governing mobilities in the war on terror. Political Geography, 25(3), 336–351. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.polgeo.2006.02.001
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Arendt, H. (1958). The origins of totalitarianism. Harcourt Brace.
   Google Scholar
• Arora, P. (2019). Politics of algorithms, Indian citizenship and the colonial legacy. In A. Punathambekar & S. Mohan (Eds.), Global Digital Cultures: Perspectives From South Asia (pp. 37–52). University of Michigan Press. https://doi.org/10.3998/mpub.9561751
   Google Scholar
• Atabong, A. B. (2019, July 8). Cameroonian telcos in hot water over SIM card registration. IT Web Africa. http://www.itwebafrica.com/security/797-cameroon/246112-cameroonian-telcos-in-hot-water-over-sim-card-registration
   Google Scholar
• BBC News. (2015, October 26). Nigeria telecom giant MTN fined a record $5.2bn. British Broadcasting Corporation. https://www.bbc.com/news/business-34638595
   Google Scholar
• bdnews24. (2015, December 6). Bangladesh launches registration of mobile phone SIMs with biometric details. https://bdnews24.com/bangladesh/2015/12/16/bangladesh-launches-registration-of-mobile-phone-sims-with-biometric-details
   Google Scholar
• bdnews24. (2017, September 23). Bangladesh regulator bans selling mobile SIMs to Rohingya refugees. https://bdnews24.com/bangladesh/2017/09/23/bangladesh-regulator-bans-selling-mobile-sims-to-rohingya-refugees
   Google Scholar
• BFIU. (2019). Guidelines on electronic Know Your customer (e-KYC). Bangladesh Financial Intelligence Unit.
   Google Scholar
• Bowker, G. C., & Starr, S. L. (2000). Sorting things out: Classification and its consequences. MIT Press.
   Google Scholar
• Brinham, N. (2018, October 30). “Genocide cards”: Rohingya refugees on why they risked their lives to refuse IDs. Truthout. https://truthout.org/articles/genocide-cards-rohingya-refugees-on-why-they-risked-their-lives-to-refuse-ids
   Google Scholar
• Bushell-Embling, D. (2018, March 6). Bangladesh to block 3m registered SIMs. Telecom Asia. https://www.telecomasia.net/content/bangladesh-block-3m-registered-sims
   Google Scholar
• Cassan, G. (2015). Identity-based policies and identity manipulation: Evidence from colonial Punjab. American Economic Journal: Economic Policy, 7(4), 103–131. https://doi.org/10.1257/pol.20130290
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• CDAC. (2016). Strategic framework. Communicating with Disaster Affected Communities. http://www.cdacnetwork.org/contentAsset/raw-data/044f39c0-3c2c-4583-815b-7e8ea53b2522/attachedFile
   Google Scholar
• Daily Monitor. (2019, October 7). Refugee cards, OPM attestation letters no longer valid for SIM card registration, says UCC. https://www.monitor.co.ug/News/National/UCC-suspends-SIM-card-registration-refugee-cards-OPM-letters/688334-5302436-ftd3ejz/index.html
   Google Scholar
• The Daily Star. (2017, November 7). 5 Rohingyas jailed for selling mobile, SIMs. https://www.thedailystar.net/rohingya-crisis/5-rohingyas-jailed-selling-mobile-sims-1487776
   Google Scholar
• The Daily Star. (2019, January 23). One-third handsets imported illegally. https://www.thedailystar.net/business/telecom/bangladesh-telecom-regulator-mobile-phone-imei-database-launched-legal-import-mobile-handset-1691311
   Google Scholar
• de Koker, L., & Jentzsch, N. (2013). Financial inclusion and financial integrity: Aligned incentives? World Development, 44, 267–280. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2012.11.002.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dencik, L., Hintz, A., & Cable, J. (2016). Towards data justice? The ambiguity of anti-surveillance resistance in political activism. Big Data and Society, 3(2), 1–12. https://doi.org/10.1177/2053951716679678
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dhaka Tribune. (2016, April 13). Biometric SIM registration legal. https://www.dhakatribune.com/bangladesh/2016/04/13/biometric-sim-registration-legal
   Google Scholar
• Diaz, M. (2017). Data retention and registration of mobile phones: Chile in the Latin American context. Derechos Digitales. https://www.derechosdigitales.org/wp-content/uploads/Data-Retention-and-Registration-of-Mobile-Phones-.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Donovan, K. P., & Martin, A. K. (2014). The rise of African SIM registration: The emerging dynamics of regulatory change. First Monday, 19(2). https://doi.org/10.5210/fm.v19i2.4351
   Google Scholar
• Dunn, W. L. (2008). Public policy analysis: An introduction (4th ed.). Prentice Hall.
   Google Scholar
• The Economist. (2019, September 4). Bangladesh bans mobile phones for 1 m Rohingya refugees. https://www.economist.com/news/2019/09/04/bangladesh-bans-mobile-phones-for-1m-rohingya-refugees
   Google Scholar
• Farraj, A. (2010). Refugees and the biometric future: The impact of biometrics on refugees and asylum seekers. Columbia Human Rights Law Review, 42, 891–942.
   Google Scholar
• Foucault, M. (1976). The will to knowledge: The history of sexuality, volume 1 (trans. R. Hurley, 1998).
   Google Scholar
• Fraser, N. (2008). Abnormal justice. Critical Inquiry, 34(3), 393–422. https://doi.org/10.1086/589478
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gow, G., & Parisi, J. (2008). Pursuing the anonymous user: Privacy rights and mandatory registration of prepaid mobile phones. Bulletin of Science, Technology and Society, 28(1), 60–68. https://doi.org/10.1177/0270467607311487
   Google Scholar
• GSMA. (2016). Mandatory registration of prepaid SIM cards. GSM Association. https://www.gsma.com/publicpolicy/mandatory-registration-prepaid-sim-cards
   Google Scholar
• GSMA. (2017). Landscape report: Mobile money, humanitarian cash transfers and displaced populations. GSM Association. https://www.gsma.com/mobilefordevelopment/resources/mobile-money-humanitarian-cash-transfers/
   Google Scholar
• GSMA. (2018). Access to mobile services and proof-of-identity: Global policy trends, dependencies and risks. GSM Association. https://www.gsma.com/mobilefordevelopment/programme/digital-identity/access-mobile-services-proofidentity-global-policy-trends-dependencies-risks/
   Google Scholar
• GSMA. (2019a). Access to mobile services and proof of identity 2019: Assessing the impact on digital and financial inclusion. GSM Association. https://www.gsma.com/mobilefordevelopment/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/ProofofIdentity2019_WebSpreads.pdf
   Google Scholar
• GSMA. (2019b, September 10). The digital lives of refugees: Lessons from Uganda. GSM Association. https://www.gsma.com/mobilefordevelopment/country/uganda/the-digital-lives-of-refugees-lessons-from-uganda/
   Google Scholar
• Heeks, R., & Renken, J. (2018). Data justice for development. Information Development, 34(1), 90–102. https://doi.org/10.1177/0266666916678282
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Human Rights Watch. (2019, September 7). Bangladesh: Clampdown on Rohingya Refugees. https://www.hrw.org/news/2019/09/07/bangladesh-clampdown-rohingya-refugees
   Google Scholar
• Human Rights Watch. (2020, March 26). Bangladesh: Internet ban risks Rohingya lives. https://www.hrw.org/news/2020/03/26/bangladesh-internet-ban-risks-rohingya-lives
   Google Scholar
• ICRC. (2020). Handbook on data protection in humanitarian action (2nd ed.). International Committee of the Red Cross.
   Google Scholar
• ID4D. (2019). About us. World Bank. https://id4d.worldbank.org/about-us
   Google Scholar
• Internews. (2016). Strategic plan. https://internews.org/sites/default/files/Internews_strategic-framework.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Jentzsch, N. (2012). Implications of mandatory registration of mobile phone users in Africa. Telecommunications Policy, 36(8), 608–620. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.telpol.2012.04.002
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kaurin, D. (2019, July 8). Why libra needs a humanitarian fig leaf. Berkman Klein Center. https://medium.com/berkman-klein-center/why-libra-needs-a-humanitarian-fig-leaf-79ae6a463c8
   Google Scholar
• Kazeem, Y. (2019, May 16). MTN is finally listed on the Nigerian Stock Exchange—but its shares will likely be out of reach. Quartz Africa. https://qz.com/africa/1620856/mtn-shares-up-as-finally-listed-on-nigeria-stock-exchange/
   Google Scholar
• Latonero, M., Poole, D., & Berens, J. (2018). Refugee connectivity: A survey of mobile phones, mental health and privacy at a Syrian refugee camp in Greece. Harvard Humanitarian Initiative and Data and Society. https://datasociety.net/library/refugee-connectivity/
   Google Scholar
• Libra Association. (2019). Libra white paper. www.libra.org/en-US/white-paper
   Google Scholar
• Lyon, D. (2010). Surveillance, power and everyday life. In P. Kalantzis-Cope & K. Gherab-Martín (Eds.), Emerging digital spaces in contemporary society (pp. 107–120). Palgrave Macmillan.
   Google Scholar
• Malakata, M. (2018, May 10). Uganda’s comms regulator lifts SIM card ban. IT Web Africa. http://www.itwebafrica.com/security/813-uganda/244198-ugandas-comms-regulator-lifts-sim-card-ban
   Google Scholar
• Martin, A. (2019). Mobile money platform surveillance. Surveillance and Society, 17(1/2), 213–222. https://doi.org/10.24908/ss.v17i1/2.12924
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Martin, A., Van Brakel, R., & Bernhard, D. (2009). Understanding resistance to digital surveillance: Towards a multi-disciplinary, multi-actor framework. Surveillance and Society, 6(3), 213–232. https://doi.org/10.24908/ss.v6i3.3282
   Google Scholar
• Milko, V. (2019, September 3). ‘Genocide card’: Myanmar Rohingya verification scheme condemned. Al Jazeera. https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2019/09/genocide-card-myanmar-rohingya-verification-scheme-condemned-190903012922259.html
   Google Scholar
• Muller, B. J. (2011, June 13). Governmentality and Biopolitics. Oxford Research Encyclopedia of International Studies. https://doi.org/ 10.1093/acrefore/9780190846626.013.50
   Google Scholar
• Murakami Wood, D., & Firmino, R. (2009). Empowerment or repression? Opening up questions of identification and surveillance in Brazil through a case of ‘identity fraud’. Identity in the Information Society, 2(3), 297–317. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12394-010-0038-y
   Google Scholar
• Privacy International. (2019, August 5). Africa: SIM card registration only increases monitoring and exclusion. https://privacyinternational.org/long-read/3109/africa-sim-card-registration-only-increases-monitoring-and-exclusion
   Google Scholar
• Rahman, Z. (2019, September 3). Bangladesh cuts access to mobile phone services for the Rohingya. Global Voices. https://globalvoices.org/2019/09/03/bangladesh-cuts-access-to-mobile-phone-services-for-the-rohingya/
   Google Scholar
• Ratcliffe, R., & Ahmed, R. (2020, June 11). Bangladesh urged to lift Rohingya internet ban as Covid-19 rumours swirl. The Guardian. https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/jun/11/internet-ban-sparks-covid-19-rumours-in-rohingya-camp
   Google Scholar
• Richards, D. (1996). Elite interviewing: approaches and pitfalls. Politics, 16(3), 199–204. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9256.1996.tb00039.x
   Google Scholar
• Rottenburg, R. (2009). Social and public experiments and new figurations of science and politics in postcolonial Africa. Postcolonial Studies, 12(4), 423–440. https://doi.org/10.1080/13688790903350666
   Google Scholar
• Sandvik, K. B., Jacobsen, K. L., & McDonald, S. M. (2017). Do no harm: A taxonomy of the challenges of humanitarian experimentation. International Review of the Red Cross, 99(904), 319–344. https://doi.org/10.1017/S181638311700042X
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Scott, J. C. (1998). Seeing like a state: How certain schemes to improve the human condition have failed. Yale University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Sen, A. (2007). Identity and violence: The illusion of destiny. Penguin Books India.
   Google Scholar
• Sengoopta, C. (2003). Imprint of the Raj: How fingerprinting was born in colonial India. Macmillan.
   Google Scholar
• Singh, R., & Jackson, S. J. (2017). From margins to seams: Imbrication, inclusion, and torque in the Aadhaar identification project. In Proceedings of the 2017 CHI Conference on Human factors in Computing systems (CHI ‘17) (pp. 4776–4824). Association for Computing Machinery. https://doi.org/10.1145/3025453.3025910
   Google Scholar
• Songwe, N. (2019). A digital Africa. Finance and Development, 56(2), 27–29. https://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/fandd/2019/06/digital-africa-songwe.htm
   Google Scholar
• Sumbwanyambe, M., & Nel, A. (2013, May 29-31). Assessing the implications of SIM card registration policy in the SADC region. IEEE IST-Africa conference and exhibition (IST-Africa) (pp. 1–9), Nairobi, Kenya, IEEE.
   Google Scholar
• Taylor, L. (2017). What is data justice? The case for connecting digital rights and freedoms globally. Big Data and Society, 4(2), 1–14.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Telecompaper. (2018, March 1). Ugandan govt warns operators of penalties or licence withdrawal for unregistered SIMs. https://www.telecompaper.com/news/ugandan-govt-warns-operators-of-penalties-or-licence-withdrawal-for-unregistered-sims–1234262
   Google Scholar
• UNCDF. (2018). Uganda country assessment on affordable and accessible remittances for forcibly displaced persons and host communities. United Nations Capital Development Fund. https://www.uncdf.org/download/file/127/6633/uganda-refugee-remittances-assessment-report0620v3pdf
   Google Scholar
• UNHCR. (2016). Connecting refugees. United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees. https://www.unhcr.org/5770d43c4.pdf
   Google Scholar
• UNHCR. (2019a). Displaced and disconnected. United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees. https://www.unhcr.org/innovation/displaced-and-disconnected/
   Google Scholar
• UNHCR. (2019b). Displaced and disconnected: Country reports. United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees. https://www.unhcr.org/innovation/displaced-and-disconnected/
   Google Scholar
• UNHCR. (2019c). Uganda. United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees. http://reporting.unhcr.org/node/5129?y=2019#year
   Google Scholar
• UNHCR. (2019d). Bangladesh. United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees. http://reporting.unhcr.org/node/2539?y=2019#year
   Google Scholar
• UNHCR. (2019e, August 20). UNHCR welcomes Uganda Communications Commission directive to improve refugees’ access to SIM cards. United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees. https://www.unhcr.org/afr/news/press/2019/8/5d5ba4274/unhcr-welcomes-uganda-communications-commission-directive-to-improve-refugees.html
   Google Scholar
• UNHCR. (2020, January). Uganda: Operational update. http://reporting.unhcr.org/sites/default/files/UNHCR%20Uganda%20Operational%20Update%20-%20January%202020_0.pdf
   Google Scholar
• UNSG. (2014). A world that counts: Mobilising the data revolution for sustainable development. United Nations secretary general. https://www.undatarevolution.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/12/A-World-That-Counts2.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Vassas, Q., & Laïda, N. (2018). Addressing customer due diligence obligation to promote rohingya financial inclusion. Cash Working Group. https://www.humanitarianresponse.info/sites/www.humanitarianresponse.info/files/documents/files/addressing_customer_due_diligence_obligations_to_promote_rohingya_financial_inclusion.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Walby, K. (2013). Institutional ethnography and data analysis: Making sense of data dialogues. International Journal of Social Research Methodology, 16(2), 141–154. https://doi.org/10.1080/13645579.2012.661207
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• World Bank. (2018, June 5). Cote d’Ivoire and Guinea to Kick-Start West Africa regional identification program. https://www.worldbank.org/en/news/press-release/2018/06/05/cote-divoire-and-guinea-to-kick-start-west-africa-regional-identification-program
   Google Scholar
• Yin, R. K. (2003). Case study research: Design and methods (3rd ed.). Sage.
   Google Scholar