References
- Thorowgood , Thomas . J ewes in America or, Probabilities that the Americans are of that Race (London: W.H. for The Slater, 1650); Thomas Thorowgood Jewes in America, or, Probabilities that the Americans are ofthat Race, 2nd edn (London: H. Broome, 1660).
- 1903 . Publications of the Jewish Historical Society 19 – 20 . For more information concerning the advocators of these different opinions see A.M. Hyamson, ‘The Lost Tribes, and the Influence of the Search for them on the Return of the Jews to England’, pp.
- 1836 . The Ten Tribes of Israel, Historically Identified with the Aborigines of the Western Hemisphere Barbara Anne Simon, (London, Thames Ditton,), pp. 41.
- Garcia , Gregorio . 1607 . Origen de los Indios de el nuevo Mondo, e Indias Occidentales 3 vols (Valencia, [n.pub.],), III, 119–23.
- 1951 . Historia de las Indias See Bartoleme de las Casas, 3 vols (Mexico: Fondo de Cultura Economica,).
- 1987 . The Languages of Political Theory in Early-Modern Europe 79 – 98 . For a full discussion of the legal and religious status of the Amerindians in Spanish debates during the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries see Anthony Pagden, ‘Dispossessing the barbarian: the language of Spanish Thomism and the debate over the property rights of the American Indians’, from edited by Anthony Pagden (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press,), pp.
- 1965 . Collected Essays For further details concerning this debate between Protestant theologians concerning the timetable for the end of the world see Christopher Hill, ‘Till the Conversion of the Jews’, 2 vols (Amherst: University of Massachusetts Press,), I, 269–300.
- Revelation of the Revelation Hill catalogues a register of subscribers for the calling of the Jews. From Andrew Willet in 1590, through William Perkins, Richard Hooker, Thomas Brightman and many others, the notion of Jewish conversion had a growing currency through the seventeenth century. After the breakdown of censorship in 1640, Thomas Brightman's influential but illegal was republished. Brightman's texts together with Joseph Mede's Key of the Revelation form the basis from which a host of millennial texts were spawned as these ideas circulated more widely and the apocalyptic years approached: Hill, I, 273–76.
- For a more detailed account of the diversity and intensity of this debate see Hill, I, 274–77.
- 1949 . J ewes in America 89 – 97 . Though writing after the first publication of Margaret Fell is a prime example of a writer who addressed the Jewish community in Amsterdam urging them to convert to Christianity. She wrote two pamphlets addressed to the Jews. The first, For Menasseh-ben-Israel the calling of the Jews out of Babylon was published in 1656. This pamphlet was written at the height of the debate concerning the possible re-admission of Jews to England. In 1657, following the breakdown of these discussions between the Amsterdam Jews and Cromwell's government, Fell published another pamphlet, A Loving Salutation to the Seed of Abraham amongst the Jews, now bemoaning the absence of a ‘home’ for Jewish peoples. In both texts the Jews were constructed as proto-Christians. For a biographical study of Fell see Isobel Ross, Margaret Fell, Mother of Quakerism (London: Longman, Green & Co,), pp.
- 1982 . Philo-semitism and the Readmission of the Jews to England 1603–1655 For more information on the relations between Christians and Jews in this period see David Katz, (Oxford: Clarendon Press,).
- Sadler , John . 1649 . Rights of the Kingdom, or Customs of our Ancestours (London: [n.pub.],).
- Winstanley , Gerard . 1989 . “ ‘The True Levellers Standard Advanced’, edited by Andrew Hopton ” . In Gerard Winstanley: Selected Writings 7 – 23 . (London: Aporia Press,), pp.
- Winstanley . 10
- Winstanley . 10
- Winstanley . 11
- Winstanley . 16
- 1914 . Encyclopedia Biblica: a Critical Dictionary of the Literary, Political and Religious History, the Archaeology, Geography and Natural History of the Bible 177 – 78 . Between c.598 B.C. and c.538 B.C. the Hebrews lived in captivity under Babylonian rule. When Jehoiakim, king of Jerusalem, refused to pay tribute to Nebuchadnezzar, the Chaldeans marched on Judea; the unpopular King was killed; and Jehoichim, the eighteen year old son and successor of Jehoiakim, surrendered in 598 B.C. The king, court, men of valour, craftsmen, and ironworkers were exiled to Babylonia. Only the poor and incompetent remained in Jerusalem. King Zedekiah, the new appointee of Nebuchadnezzar, rallied the remaining inhabitants, who moved into the abandoned homes of the exiles. Strong nationalist feelings led Zedekiah to rebel against Nebuchadnezzar. After a seige attended by famine, Nebuchadnezzar captured Jerusalem in August 587 B.C. King Zedekiah was killed, the Temple and palaces were plundered and burned, and the entire population taken to Babylonia. The Exiles were usually placed in colonies, like Tel Abib by the River Chebar, near Nippur. The treatment they received and their reactions to their new home varied. Some possessed houses, married, made money, obtained high position in the state: others, probably the poor, suffered harsh treatment. For further details of this history see edited by T.K. Cheyne and J. Sutherland Black (London: A. & C. Black,), pp.
- 1968 . Moderation Justified, and the Lords being at hand Emproved: in a Sermon…before the hon. House of Commons. Preached at the late Solemne Fast, Dec 25 1644 Biographical information about Thomas Thorowgood is scarce. Thomas Thorowgood (or Thurgood) was educated at Queens’ College, Cambridge, receiving his B.A. degree in 1613–1614, and his M.A. in 1617. He was incorporated at Oxford in 1622, and awarded the degree Bachelor of Divinity in 1624. He was ordained in 1618 and became Rector of the parish of Little Massingham in Norfolk in 1620. In 1625 he became Rector of Grimston as well; and in 1661 added the parish of Great Cressingham, also in Norfolk, to his duties. He was a member of the Assembly of Divines in 1643, and at Christmas 1644 he preached a sermon before the House of Commons. The sermon was published the following year. See Thomas Thorowgood, (London: [n.pub.], 1645). Thorowgood continued his duties as rector in Norfolk until his death in 1669. For more information see: Alumni Oxonienses: The Members of the University of Oxford 1500–1714: Their Parentage, Birthplace, and Year of Birth, with a Record of their Degree, edited by Joseph Foster, 2 vols (Nendeln: Kraus,), II, 1482; Francis Blomefield, History of Norfolk, 11 vols (London: William Miller, 1805–1810), VIII, 201. See also S.A. Allibone, A Critical Dictionary of English Literature and British and American Authors, 3 vols (Philadelphia: J.B. Lippincott & Co, 1880), III, 2411; and Anthony à Wood, Athenae Oxonienses: An Exact List of all the Writers and Bishops who have had their Education in the most Ancient and Famous University of Oxford from 1500 to end year 1690, 2 vols (London: Thomas Bennet, 1691), II, 224.
- 1994 . The Jews in the History of England, 1485–1850 15 – 189 . The Jews had been officially expelled by Edward I on 18 July 1290. For more detail of Jews living in England in the Renaissance and the readmission debate see David Katz, (Oxford: Clarendon Press,), pp.—(pp. 107–44).
- Thorowgood, sig. B3v.
- Thorowgood, sig. C2r.
- 1989 . Oxford English Dictionary 87 – 93 . For further details of the etymology of the term ‘culture’ see edited by J.A. Simpson and E.S.C. Weiner, 2nd edn, 20 vols (Oxford: Clarendon Press,), IV, 121–22. See also Raymond Williams, Keywords: A Vocabulary of Culture and Society, 2nd edn (London: Fontana Press, 1983), pp.
- Thorowgood, sig. C2r.
- Thorowgood, sig. C2v.
- 84 – 86 . See Pagden, pp.
- Thorowgood, sig. I2v.
- Thorowgood, ‘The Epistle Dedicatory’, sig. B2r.
- Social History , 16 Michael Braddick describes the problem of defining the state and pinpointing a date for its emergence in this period. Though discussing the internal dynamics of state formation, Braddick points out the central importance of inter-state rivalries in the process of state formation. See Michael Braddick, ‘State formation and social change in early modern England: a problem stated and approaches suggested’, (1991), 1–16.
- Braddick . 7
- Americans no Jewes, or, Improbabilities that the Americans are of that Race Hamon L'Estrange, (London: W.W. for Henry Seile, 1651). Hamon L'Estrange, 1605–1660, was the second son of Sir Hamon L'Estrange of Hunstanton in Norfolk. Interestingly the L'Estrange family was resident in the same parish over which Thomas Thorowgood was rector, suggesting a more personal and intimate knowledge between the two than has previously been acknowledged. Hamon L'Estrange fought as a Colonel in the Royalist Army. From 1643 to 1651 he was declared a delinquent and his property was sequestered by the state. See Hamon L'Estrange, The Charge upon Sr Hamon L'Estrange together with his Vindication and Recharge (London: [n.pub.], 1649). Among his other writings, he published The Reign of King Charles, A History faithfully and Impartially delivered and disposed into Annals in 1655. For further details see DNB, XXXIII, 115–16.
- L'Estrange . 11
- L'Estrange . 9
- L'Estrange . 9
- Black's Bible Dictionary 492
- L'Estrange . 7
- Thorowgood , Thomas . 1660 . Jewes in America, or the Probabilities that the Americans are of that Race 9 2nd edn (London: H. Broome,), p. All subsequent references in the text are to this later edition.
- 9 Thorowgood, p.
- Milton and Republicanism For this history I am indebted to David Armitage, ‘John Milton: Poet Against Empire’ in edited by Armand Hiny and Quentin Skinner (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, forthcoming 1995).
- 1937 . The Works of John Milton 18 vols, edited by Thomas Olive Mabbott and J. Milton French (New York; [n.pub.],), XIII, 513, 555, 517.
- 1969 . The Western Design: An Account of Cromwell's Expedition to the Caribbean For a more detailed account of Oliver Cromwell's policy see S.A.G. Taylor, 2nd edn (London: Solstice Productions,).
- Thorowgood, sig. Blr.
- L'Estrange . 9
- Thorowgood . sig. B2v.
- Thorowgood . sig. H2r—L2v.
- Thorowgood, ‘Epistle Dedicatory, To the King's Most Excellent Majesty’, sig. A2r.
- The Resurrection of Dead Bones, or the Conversion of the Jews Thorowgood's arguments for the degeneracy of the native Americans and their partial loss of a Hebrew identity has correspondences with the arguments ‘J.J.’ constructed in his text, published in 1654/5 on the eve of the crucial date in the apocalyptic calendar of 1656. ‘J.J.’ believed that the retrogression of the Jews was a sign that their conversion was imminent. Thus he stated: ‘So according to human censure, Israel is past recovery, but according to the supernatural promises of God, they were never so near to their restoration as now, because they have fallen into the greatest desolation.’ J.J., ‘Preface to the Christian Reader’, The Resurrection of Dead Bones, or the Conversion of the Jews (London: [n.pub], 1654/5), sig. A3v.
- Thorowgood, sig. A2r.
- Sawday , Jonathan . ‘Re-writing a Revolution: History, Symbol and Text in the Restoration’ . The Seventeenth Century , 7 See (1992), 171–99 (p.174).
- Thorowgood, sig. A3v.