References
- 1900 . Characteristics of Men, Morals, Opinions, and Times 220 London Anthony Ashley Cooper, edited by J. M. Robertson, p.
- McKeon , Michael . 1987 . The Origins of the English Novel, 1600–1740 100 – 104 . (Baltimore and London,), pp.
- Mezciems , Jenny . 1982 . “ ‘”Tis not to divert the Reader”: Moral and literary determinants in some early travel narratives’, in ” . In The Art of Travel: Essays on Travel Writing 2 – 19 . London edited by Phillip Dodd, pp.
- Said , Edward . 1985 . Orientalism 210 – 29 . London ‘Orientalism Reconsidered’, in Literature Politics and Theory. Papers from the Essex conference, 1976–1984, edited by Francis Barker, Peter Hulme, Margaret Iversen and Diana Loxley (London and New York, 1986), pp. Ranajit Guha and Gyatri Chakravorty Spivak (eds), Selected Subaltern Studies, (New York and Oxford, 1988).
- Hulme , Peter . Colonial Encounters. Europe and the Native Caribbean, 1492–1797 (London and New York, 1986); Stephen Greenblatt, Marvellous Possessions. The wonder of the New World (Oxford, 1991); Wild Majesty. Encounters with Caribsfrom Columbus to the present day, edited by Peter Hulme and Neil L. Whitehead (Oxford, 1992).
- Critical Inquiry , 12 Mary Louise Pratt, ‘Scratches on the face of the country; or, what Mr. Barrow saw in the land of the Bushmen’, (1985), 138–62; Imperial Eyes. Travel writing and transculturation (London and New York, 1992); J. M. Coetzee, White Writing. On the culture of letters in South Africa (New Haven and London, 1988); Jean and John Comaroff, Of Revelation and Revolution. Christianity, colonialism and consciousness in South Africa (Chicago and London, 1991).
- Africa , 58 Quotations from voyagers’ tales will show that they use a variety of terms by which to describe the people of the Cape. While the dominant modern usage by European, as well as South African, historians and cultural critics has hitherto tended to be the derogatory term ‘Hottentot’, my preference is to use the term ‘Khoikhoin’ or ‘Khoikhoi’, the name by which that side of my ancestors who were there to meet those others who arrived by ship called themselves. For some of the current debates concerning nomenclature, see A. Barnard in (1988), 29–50; Andrew B. Smith, South African Historical Journal, 23 (1990), 3–14; H. C. Bredenkamp, ibid, 25 (1991), 61–76.
- Locke , John . Of Property #35.
- MacPherson , C. B. 1962 . The Political Theory of Possessive Individualism. Hobbes to Locke Oxford Barrington Moore, Jr., Social Origins of Dictatorship and Democracy (London, 1966).
- Herbert , Thomas . 1634 . A Relation of Some Yeares Travaile, beginning Anno 1626, into Afrique and the Greater Asia, especially the territories of the persian monarchy: and some parts of the Oriental indies, and Isles adjacent 13 London Herbert not only records that he had annexed the Cape on behalf of the English monarch by planting a flag on Table Mountain; his illustration, ‘A Man and woman of the Cape’ shows that he had also proceeded to give the name ‘Herbert's Mount’ to that feature of the mountain known as ‘Devil's Peak’: a fascinating pointer to the diplomat's efforts at self-fashioning.
- Humphrey Fitzherbert and Andrew Shillinge, the commanders of two fleets on their way to Surat and Bantam, in July 1620, annexed the Cape on behalf of King James; their justification was’…as that, at present, no Christian Prince or potentate have any fort, or garrison, for plantation within the limits aforesaid: and our Sovereign lord the King be thereto entitled Lord, or Prince, or by any other name or title whatsoever that he shall deem best unto His gracious wisdom’.
- Bhabha , Homi . 1994 . The Location of Culture 66 – 84 . ‘The Other Question. Difference, Discrimination, and the Discourse of Colonialism’ in Barker et al., supra, p 148; also as ‘The Other Question. Stereotype, Discrimination and the Discourse of Colonialism’ in Homi Bhabha, (London and New York,), pp.
- Bhabha . 199 ibid., p.
- Young , Robert . 1990 . White Mythologies. Writing history and the West (London and New York,), pp. 144, 146.
- Boyle , Robert . 1692 . General Heads for the Natural History of a Country, Great or Small; drawn out for the use of travellers and navigators. Imparted by the late Honourable Robert Boyle, Esq., Fellow of the Royal Society London
- A Briefe Description of the Whole Worlde. Wherein is particularly described all the monarchies, empires, and kingdomes of the same, with seueral titles and scituations thereunto adioyning (London, 1599).
- Meriton , George . 1674 . A Geographical Description of the World. With a brief account of the several empires, dominions, and parts thereof. As also the natures of the people, the customs, manners, and commodities of the several countreys. With a description of the principal cities in each dominion. Together with a short direction for travellers. The second edition, enlarged and amended 268 London
- Heylyn , Peter . 1652 . Cosmographie…containing the chorographie and history of the world 770 London 260
- Hacke , William . 1699 . A Collection of Original Voyages London
- Hakluyt , Richard . 1589 . The Principal Navigations, Voiages and Discoveries of the English Nation London The Principal Navigations, Voiages, Traffiques and Discoveries, 2 vols (London, 1598), II, Part 2, pp 99–102; Thomas Purchas, Hakluytus Posthumous (Glasgow, 1905), IV, 232.
- Purchas , Thomas . 1625 . Purchas his Pilgrimage 118 London 1905 edition, II, 308–9.
- Purchas . 1625, III, 133; 1905, XI, 347.
- Homer . 1980 . The Odyssey Oxford translated by Walter Shewring, pp. 1, 37.
- Purchas . 1905, IV, 180. But recall that when the Greeks spoke about ‘Ethiopians’ they usually meant black people from Africa (itself a Roman naming); furthermore, in Homer the Ethiopians are not only regularly described as ‘blameless’, but Ethiopia is the place to which the gods like to go when they are on holiday. While it is doubtful that any early modern geographer or explorer would have taken Homer's Ethiopians seriously, my point is really about the tenacity with which the term continued in use in the early modern period. (Here, and in several other instances, I am grateful for unstinting support from, and reliance upon, the encyclopaedic knowledge of Maurice Pope.)
- Theoria , 68 Malvern Van Wyk Smith, ‘”Waters from Darkness”: The Two Ethiopias in the Early European Image of Africa’, (1986), 70.
- Speed , John . Africa 5 – 7 . (1626), pp.
- 9 – 10 . That did not prevent later commentators either. One of the most eminent and influential—as well as arguably one of the most racist—of white South African historians, George McCall Theal, transfers the description by Herodotus to the ‘Bushman race’, when he observes that’…though Herodotus never saw one, he obtained information that enabled him [my emphasis] to give a most graphic description of them. He described them as troglodytes, that is dwellers in caves or caverns, as eating serpents, lizards and other reptiles, as being the fleetest of foot of any people he had ever heard of, and whose language was like the squeaking of bats. It would be hardly possible to express in fewer words a description of the Bushman race’ (George McCall Theal, The Yellow and Dark-Skinned People of Africa, South of the Zambesi (London, 1910), pp.—).
- Curtin , Philip . 1964 . The Image of Africa. British Ideas and Actions, 1780–1850 41 (Madison, Wisconsin,), p.
- 1992 . History and Anthropology , 5 M. Van Wyk Smith, ‘”The Most Wretched of the Human Race”: The Iconography of the Khoikhoin (Hottentots) 1500–1800’, (1992), 285–330.1 am grateful to Malvern Van Wyk Smith for being able to see an early version of that paper at the time when I was working on the initial version of this paper, first presented at the Essex Symposium: Writing Travels
- Greenblatt . Marvellous Possessions 7
- Adams , Percy G. 1962 . Travellers and Travel Liars, 1660–1800 Berkeley
- Greenblatt . 7 op. cit., p.
- 6 Mary Louise Pratt, op cit., p.
- Purchas . 1625,111, 149.
- Purchas . ibid.
- Purchas . 392 – 4 . 1905, p.; Markham, 1877, pp. 2-. Theal will use almost identical words to those of Markham about the Khoi to describe the ‘Bushman race’ (see note 27, above).
- Barclay , Patrick . 1735 . The Universal Traveller: or, a Complete account of the most remarkable voyages and travels of eminent men of our and other nations, to the present time 373 London
- Terry , Edward . 1655 . A Voyage to East India 3 London
- Terry . ibid.
- Navigantium atque Itinerarium Biblioteca. Or, a Compleat Collection of Voyages and Travels Following upon the first edition in 1634, there were further editions in 1638, 1665, and 1667. Herbert's tale was also included in collections, including that by John Harris, 2 vols (1705); reprinted 1744–8; 1764.
- Bulletin of the Institute of Historical Research , 29 For biographical details on Sir Thomas Herbert, see Norman McKenzie, ‘Sir Thomas Herbert of Tintern: a parliamentary “royalist”’, no. 79 (1956); Boies Penrose, Urbane Travellers 1591–1635 (Philadelphia, 1942). Herbert had been included in the party to Persia, led by Sir Dodmore Cotton, because of the influence of his kinsman, William Herbert, 3rd Earl of Pembroke. During the Civil War he was to be on the side of Parliament, on whose behalf he completed several diplomatic missions. Arguably Herbert's greatest claim to fame is that, appointed by Charles I as one of his grooms of the bedchamber, he had to be in attendance on the day of his monarch's execution, and subsequent burial.
- 578 – 79 . See, for instance, Lancaster on Khoi apparel and the Cape as a ‘terrestrial paradise’ (1613, pp.—); De Bry on the Khoi anointing their bodies with grease, of the charge that they ate, uncooked, the innards of animals (1613, p. 579). It is also arguably John Davis who is the source of Herbert's view of Khoi colour ('olive blacke, blacker then the Brasilians’ is a direct repetition) and speech (1617, p. 865), in the same way as the stories of the ‘Flemmings’ told by Middleton and Michelbourne, and the quality of the air, told by Copland (1617, pp. 865, 867).
- Herbert . 14 – 15 . 1634, pp.
- Without wishing to exaggerate Herbert's interest in the subject, it is, nevertheless, noteworthy that he tends to refer to it in the most unlikely places. One example will suffice: in the extensive rewriting that became the 1677 edition, a lengthy catalogue of what can be found in the rivers at the Cape concludes:’…crayfish, cockle, mudssel, lympit, tortoise, which be very final and curiously coloured, and oysters (which though they have no discriminate sex) are as good as can be’ (p. 16).
- 1990 . Blaeu's the Grand Atlas of the 17th Century World London See also John Goss and Peter Clark,.
- 1992 . 292 Van Wyk Smith, p.
- The Voyage of John Huyghen van Linschoten to the East Indies. From the Old English translation of 1598, 2 vols, Vol. I edited by Arthur Coke Burnell; Vol. II by P. A. Thiele, (London, 1885).
- 6 lohn Hvighen van Linschoten his discours of voyages into ye Easte & Weste Indies (London, 1598), p., col. 2; p. 171, col.1.
- Discours 75, col. 2—77, col. 1.
- Herbert . 1989 . L1634, ibid. Maurice Pope, referring to Herbert's interest in decipherment (Maurice Pope, ‘Problems of Decipherment’ . Bibliothèque des cahiers de l'institut de linguistique de Louvain , 49 26, 28, observes that the voyager seems willing to consider the possibility of Khoikhoi speech being ‘beneficiali’. Might one possible speculation be, he writes to me, that because Khoi speech could be construed by Europeans as being pre-Babel, it was therefore worthy of study by Europeans?
- Herbert . 17 1634, p.
- The Cruelty of the Spaniards in Peru Maurice Pope reminds me of one typical example of English national self-fashioning at that time: the production, by Davenant, in 1658, at the Cockpit in Drury Lane, of the proto-opera which ends with the English evicting the tyrannical and torturing Spaniards and restoring to the Inca people their former liberties. I am deeply indebted to Maurice Pope for his always helpful commentary on this paper, at various times.
- Herbert . 17 1677, p. It is perhaps needful not to underestimate the seriousness of the problem that encounter with these new lands and peoples created, especially in the early modern period, particularly in the context of the adoption by the Christian Church of the literal truth of the Genesis story. How were these new peoples, so different from Adam, to be related to him? Failure to find an answer left the door open to atheism and the doctrines of the likes of Epicurus and Lucretius. The evidence that the Khoi (and others) lacked a concept of a godhead was therefore a proof of the extent to which they had degenerated; and the theory that these peoples were the outcome of interbreeding with apes or monkeys would therefore offer a satisfactory explanation—as well as a suitable justification for European intervention.
- Purchas . 1704 . “ 1625, IV, 536; Awnsham and John Churchill ” . In A Collection of Voyages and Travels London I, 676–77.
- There is an unresolved crux, about which I have not found any scholarly commentary: parts of the accounts published by Terry (1655) and by Roe (1665) are word-for-word identical. Roe had returned to England from Surat in 1619, but had then gone as Ambassador to Constantinople between 1621 and 1628, followed by further missions to Sweden and to the Turkish Empire. Since publication of Terry's account precedes that by Roe, the question arises about how much the latter is indebted to the former—as Roe, clearly, is to Herbert.
- 1655 . The Travels of Sig. Pietro della Valle, a noble Roman into East india and Arabia Deserta…whereunto is added a relation of Sir Thomas Roe's voyage to the East Indies 331 London
- Roe . 332 – 33 . ibid., pp.
- Stillingleet , Edward . 1710 . Works London
- Locke , John . 449 – 50 . 1699, pp.
- Ovington , John . 1696 . A Voyage to Suratt, in the year 1689 489 London
- The two accounts differ about the date of landing. In Purchas, 1905, IV, Downton's account gives 15 June 1614, whereas that of Walter Peyton gives 5 June 1614: an instance of inaccurate transcription, or proofreading!
- Purchas . 290 – 91 . 1905, IV, pp.
- Barclay . 432 1735, p., col. 2.
- Purchas . 867 1617, p.
- Herbert . 1979 . “ 1677, p.; Hans W. Debrunner ” . In Presence and Prestige. A History of Africans in Europe before 1918 19 Basel 58
- 1887 . Letters received by the East India Company from its servants in the East, transcribed from the ‘original’ correspondence in the India Office records London Extract from a letter by Edward Blitheman to Sir T[homas] S[mythe], dated Bantam, 20 February 1614, in edited by William Foster, XI (1613–1615), 330–31.
- 1985 . The Journal of John Jourdain 341 – 42 . 1608–1617. Describing his experiences in Arabia, India, and the Malay Archipelago, edited by William Forster (Cambridge: Hakluyt Society,), pp.
- 1988 . Marxism and the Interpretation of Culture 271 – 313 . Basingstoke Gaytri Chakravorty Spivak, ‘Can the Subaltern Speak?’ in edited by C. Nelson and L. Grossberg, pp.
- Said , Edward . 210 – 29 . 1985, pp.
- Greenblatt . op. cit.
- Coetzee , J. M. 2 op. cit., p.
- Parker , Kenneth . “ ‘Fertile Land, Romantic Spaces, Uncivilized Peoples. British Travel Writing about the Cape of Good Hope, 1800–1850’, in ” . In The Expansion of England. Essays in the Cultural History of Race and Ethnicity (London: Routledge, 1995).