3,616
Views
16
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Articles

Analytic objectivity and science: evaluating the US Intelligence Community’s approach to applied epistemology

Bibliography

  • Adams, S. A. War of Numbers: An Intelligence Memoir. Hanover, NH: Steerforth, 1994.
  • Betts, R. K. “American Strategic Intelligence: Politics, Priorities, and Direction.” In Intelligence Policy and National Security, edited by R. L. Pfaltzgraff Jr and U. Ra’anan, 245–267. London: The Macmillan Press, 1981.
  • Bimber, B. “A Theory of the Politicization of Expertise.” The Politics of Expertise in Congress: The Rise and Fall of the Office of Technology Assessment. SUNY Press, New York, 1996.
  • Boatner, H. L. “The Evaluation of Intelligence.” Studies in Intelligence 28/2 (1984): 67.
  • Chang, W., E. Berdini, D. R. Mandel, and P. E. Tetlock. “Restructuring Structured Analytic Techniques in Intelligence.” Intelligence and National Security 33, no. 3, (April 16, 2018): 337–356. doi:10.1080/02684527.2017.1400230.
  • Coates, J. F. “What Is a Public Policy Issue?” In Judgement and Decision in Public Policy Formulation, edited by K. R. Hammond, 33–69. Boulder, CO: American Association for the Advancement of Science, Westview Press, 1976.
  • Davis, J. “Improving CIA Analytic Performance: Analysts and the Policymaking Process.” CIA/Sherman Kent Center for Intelligence Analysis Occasional Papers 1, no. 2 (2002): 1–9.
  • Davis, J. “Intelligence Analysts and Policymakers: Benefits and Dangers of Tensions in the Relationship.” Intelligence and National Security 21, no. 6 (2006): 999–1021. doi:10.1080/02684520601046325.
  • Fingar, T. “Intelligence and Grand Strategy.” Orbis 56, no. 1 (2012): 118–134. doi:10.1016/j.orbis.2011.10.006.
  • Ford, H. P. Estimative Intelligence: The Purposes and Problems of National Intelligence Estimating. Lanham, New York: University Press of America, 1993.
  • Gates, R. M “Guarding Against Politicization.” Studies in Intelligence 36, no. 5 (1992): 5–13.
  • Gates, R. M. “The CIA and American Foreign Policy.” Foreign Affairs 66, no. 2 (1987–1988): 215–230. doi:10.2307/20043370.
  • Gill, P., and M. Phythian. “Issues in the Theorisation of Intelligence.” Paper Presented at the International Studies Association Conference, Montreal, 2004.
  • Hastedt, G. P. “The New Context of Intelligence Estimating: Politicization or Publicizing?” In Intelligence and Intelligence Policy in a Democratic Society, edited by S. J. Cimbala, 47–67. Dobbs Ferry, NY: Transnational Publishers, Inc, 1987.
  • Henig, J. “Politicization of Evidence: Lessons for an Informed Democracy.” Educational Policy 23, no. 1 (2009): 137–160. doi:10.1177/0895904808328525.
  • Herman, M. “Threat Assessments and the Legitimation of Policy?” Intelligence and National Security 18, no. 3 (2003): 174–178. doi:10.1080/02684520412331306980. Autumn.
  • Heuer, R. Psychology of Intelligence Analysis. Washington, DC: Center for the Study of Intelligence, 1999.
  • Heuer, R. J., Jr. “Limits of Intelligence Analysis.” Orbis 49 ( Winter 2005): 75–94. doi:10.1016/j.orbis.2004.10.007.
  • Hilsman, R. “Intelligence and Policy-Making in Foreign Affairs.” World Politics 5, no. 1 (1952): 1–45. doi:10.2307/2009086.
  • Hilsman, R. Strategic Intelligence and National Decisions. Glencoe, Illinois: The Free Press, 1956.
  • Holmes, B. 2016. “Pathos, Where Art Thou? Intelligence Analysis and Ethical Persuasion.” War on the Rocks, September 7.
  • Hoppe, R. “Rethinking the Science-Policy Nexus: From Knowledge Utilization and Science Technology Studies to Types of Boundary Arrangements.” Poiesis & Praxis : International Journal of Ethics of Science and Technology Assessment 3 (2005): 199–215. doi:10.1007/s10202-005-0074-0.
  • Horowitz, R. “A Framework for Understanding Intelligence.” International Journal of Intelligence and Counterintelligence 8, no. 4 (1995): 389–409. doi:10.1080/08850609508435295.
  • Hughes, T. L. The Fate of Facts in a World of Men: Foreign Policy and Intelligence-Making. Foreign Policy Association, New York, 1976.
  • Kaplan, A. The Conduct of Inquiry: Methodology for Behavioral Science, 127–128. New York: Transaction Publishers, 1998.
  • Katz, B. M. Foreign Intelligence: Research and Analysis in the Office of Strategic Services 1942–1945. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1989.
  • Kendall, W. “The Function of Intelligence.” World Politics 1, no. 4 (1949): 542–552. doi:10.2307/2008837.
  • Kent, S. Strategic Intelligence for American World Policy. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press, 1951. ( second printing).
  • Kerbel, J., and A. Olcott. “The Intelligence-Policy Nexus.” Studies in Intelligence 54, no. 4 (2010): 1–13.
  • Knorr, K. 1964. “Foreign Intelligence and the Social Sciences.” Research Monograph No. 17. Center of International Studies, Woodrow Wilson School of Public and International Affairs, Princeton University, June 1.
  • Lowenthal, M. M. Intelligence: From Secrets to Policy. 5th ed. Washington DC: SAGE/CQ Press, 2012.
  • MacEachin, D. “The Tradecraft of Analysis.” In US Intelligence at the Crossroads: Agendas for Reform, edited by R. Godson, E. R. May, and G. Schmitt, 63–74. Washington, DC: Brassey’s, 1995.
  • Marchio, J. 2018. “Personal Correspondence with the Author.” August 13.
  • Marchio, J. “Analytic Tradecraft and the Intelligence Community: Enduring Value, Intermittent Emphasis.” Intelligence and National Security 29, no. 2 (2014): 159–183. doi:10.1080/02684527.2012.746415.
  • Marengo, L., D. Moor, R. Ober, and D. Wood. “National Estimates: An Assessment of the Product and the Process.” Studies in Intelligence 21, no. Spring (1977): 29–71.
  • Marrin, S. “At Arm‘s Length or at the Elbow?: Explaining the Distance between Analysts and Decisionmakers.” International Journal of Intelligence and Counterintelligence 20, no. 3 (2007): 401–414. doi:10.1080/08850600701249733.
  • Marrin, S. “Intelligence Analysis and Decisionmaking: Methodological Challenges.” In Intelligence Theory: Key Questions and Debates, edited by P. Gill, S. Marrin, and M. Phythian, 131–150. Abingdon: Routledge, 2008.
  • Marrin, S. Improving Intelligence Analysis: Bridging the Gap between Scholarship & Practice. Routledge, London, 2011.
  • Marrin, S. “Rethinking Analytic Politicization.” Intelligence and National Security 28, no. 1 (2013): 32–54. doi:10.1080/02684527.2012.749064.
  • Marrin, S., and P. H. J. Davies. “National Assessment by the National Security Council Staff 1968–80: An American Experiment in a British Style of Analysis?” Intelligence and National Security 24, no. 5, Oct. (2009): 644–673. doi:10.1080/02684520903209407.
  • Megill, T. “Introduction: Four Senses of Objectivity.” In Rethinking Objectivity, edited by A. Megill, 1–20. Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 1994.
  • Moore, M. H. “Social Science and Policy Analysis: Some Fundamental Differences.” In Ethics, the Social Sciences, and Policy Analysis, edited by D. Callahan and B. Jennings, 271–291. New York: Plenum Publishing, 1983.
  • Novick, P. That Noble Dream: The “Objectivity Question” and the American Historical Profession. New York: Cambridge University Press, 1988.
  • Pielke, R. A. “When Scientists Politicize Science.” Regulation9, no. 1 ( Spring 2006): 28–34.
  • Pielke, R. A. “Science and Politics: Accepting a Dysfunctional Union.” Harvard International Review30, no. 2 ( Summer 2008): 36–41.
  • Platt, W. Strategic Intelligence Production: Basic Principles. USA: Praeger, 1957.
  • Ransom, H. H. The Intelligence Establishment. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1970.
  • Scowcroft, B. “The Value of Intelligence Analysis.” Presentation at a Workshop organized by the Committee on Behavioral and Social Science Research to Improve Intelligence Analysis for National Security, Washington, DC: National Academy of Sciences, May 15, 2009.
  • Sims, J. E. “A Theory of Intelligence and International Politics.” In National Intelligence Systems: Current Research and Future Prospects, edited by G. F. Treverton and W. Agrell, 58–92. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2009.
  • Stanford University Encyclopedia on Philosophy. “Scientific Objectivity.” Center for the Study of Language and Information, Stanford University. 2014. https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/scientific-objectivity/
  • Treverton G. F., S. G. Jones, S. Boraz, and P. Lipscy. Toward a Theory of Intelligence. Santa Monica, CA:  RAND Corporation, National Security Research Division, Workshop Report,  2006.
  • US Central Intelligence Agency. 1977. “Report of a Seminar on Bias in Intelligence Analysis.” CIA/Center for the Study of Intelligence. Central Intelligence Agency.
  • US Director of Central Intelligence. 1976. Review of National Intelligence. Vol. 2. No. 1, August.
  • US Office of the Director of National Intelligence. 2006. “Report on the Progress of the Director of National Intelligence in Implementing the “Intelligence Reform and Terrorism Prevention Act of 2004”.” May.
  • US Office of the Director of National Intelligence. 2007. “Intelligence Community Directive 203.” Washington, DC.
  • US Office of the Director of National Intelligence. 2008. “Analytic Transformation: Unleashing the Potential of a Community of Analysts.”
  • US Office of the Director of National Intelligence. 2014. “Principles of Professional Ethics for the Intelligence Community.” The National Intelligence Strategy of the United States of America.
  • US Office of the Director of National Intelligence. 2015. “Intelligence Community Directive 203.” Washington, DC.
  • US Office of the Undersecretary of Defense for Intelligence and The MITRE Corporation. Analytic Objectivity Symposium Registration Website, September 2016. Accessed January 3, 2020. https://register.mitre.org/analytic-objectivity-symposium/
  • Vogel, K. M. “Expert Knowledge in Intelligence Assessments: Bird Flu and Bioterrorism.” International Security 38, no. 3 ( Winter 2013–14): 39–71. doi:10.1162/ISEC_a_00150.
  • Webster’s Dictionary.
  • Weiss, C. “Communicating Uncertainty in Intelligence and Other Professions.” International Journal of Intelligence and CounterIntelligence 21, no. 1 (2008): 57–85. doi:10.1080/08850600701649312.
  • Wippl, J. W., and D. D’Andrea. “The Qualities that Make a Great Collection Management Officer.” International Journal of Intelligence and CounterIntelligence 27, no. 4 (2014): 806–814. doi:10.1080/08850607.2014.924821.
  • Wirtz, J. J. “Intelligence to Please? the Order of Battle Controversy during the Vietnam War.” Political Science Quarterly 106 ( Summer 1991): 239–263. doi:10.2307/2152228.
  • Woodard, N. “Tasting the Forbidden Fruit: Unlocking the Potential of Positive Politicization.” Intelligence and National Security 28, no. 1 (2013): 91–108. doi:10.1080/02684527.2012.749066.

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.